Graves' disease natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Graves' disease}} | {{Graves' disease}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}};{{AE}}{{MehdiP}} | ||
== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis == | == Natural History, Complications and Prognosis == | ||
===Natural History=== | |||
If left untreated it may lead to serious complications such as, thyroid storm, life threatening arrhythmias, orbitopathies, weight loss and even osteoporosis. | |||
=== Complications === | |||
====Cardiac complications==== | |||
*Older patients are more vulnerable to develop cardiovascular complications comparing to young people.<ref name="pmid24766932">{{cite journal |vauthors=Devereaux D, Tewelde SZ |title=Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=277–92 |year=2014 |pmid=24766932 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2013.12.001 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*When compared with people older than 60 years with a healthy thyroid, those who are hyperthyroid have three times the risk of atrial fibrillation.<ref name="pmid7935681">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Baker E, Bacharach P, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB |title=Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=331 |issue=19 |pages=1249–52 |year=1994 |pmid=7935681 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199411103311901 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: | |||
* Complications from surgery, including: | * Complications from surgery, including: | ||
** Hoarseness from damage to the nerve leading to the voice box | ** Hoarseness from damage to the nerve leading to the voice box | ||
Revision as of 18:23, 15 December 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Overview
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Natural History
If left untreated it may lead to serious complications such as, thyroid storm, life threatening arrhythmias, orbitopathies, weight loss and even osteoporosis.
Complications
Cardiac complications
- Older patients are more vulnerable to develop cardiovascular complications comparing to young people.[1]
- When compared with people older than 60 years with a healthy thyroid, those who are hyperthyroid have three times the risk of atrial fibrillation.[2]
- Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy:
- Complications from surgery, including:
- Hoarseness from damage to the nerve leading to the voice box
- Low calcium levels from damage to the parathyroid glands (located near the thyroid gland)
- Scarring of the neck
- Eye problems (called Graves ophthalmopathy or exophthalmos
- Heart-related complications, including:
- Rapid heart rate
- Congestive heart failure (especially in the elderly)
- Atrial fibrillation
- Thyroid crisis (thyrotoxic storm), a severe worsening of overactive thyroid gland symptoms
- Increased risk for osteoporosis, if hyperthyroidism is present for a long time
- Complications related to thyroid hormone replacement
- If too little hormone is given, fatigue, weight gain, high cholesterol, depression, physical sluggishness, and other symptoms of hypothyroidism can occur
- If too much hormone is given, symptoms of hyperthyroidism will return
References
- ↑ Devereaux D, Tewelde SZ (2014). "Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 32 (2): 277–92. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2013.12.001. PMID 24766932.
- ↑ Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Baker E, Bacharach P, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB (1994). "Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons". N. Engl. J. Med. 331 (19): 1249–52. doi:10.1056/NEJM199411103311901. PMID 7935681.