Goiter causes: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Various factors have been associated with the cause of goiter such as hereditary, hormonal, dietary, pharmacological, physiological, environmental and pathological factors. The most common causes being, iodine deficiency, | Various factors have been associated with the cause of goiter such as [[hereditary]], [[hormonal]], [[dietary]], [[pharmacological]], [[physiological]], environmental and [[pathological]] factors. The most common causes being, [[iodine deficiency]], [[Graves' disease|Grave's disease]] and [[hashimoto's disease]]. Goiter may be caused by a [[mutation]] in the [[genes]] such as the [[thyroglobulin]] (Tg) gene, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor ([[TSHR]]) gene and the Na+/I- symporter (NIS) [[gene]]. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
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*'''''Hereditary factors:''''' | *'''''Hereditary factors:''''' | ||
**Inherited defect(Familial goiter) of thyroid hormone synthesis such as: | **Inherited defect(Familial goiter) of [[thyroid hormone]] [[synthesis]] such as: | ||
***Enzymatic defect deficiency | ***Enzymatic defect deficiency | ||
***[[Dyshormonogenesis]] | ***[[Dyshormonogenesis]] | ||
*'''''Hormonal factors:''''' | *'''''Hormonal factors:''''' | ||
**Thyroid hormone dysfunction: | **[[Thyroid hormone]] dysfunction: | ||
***[[Hyperthyroidism]] (overproduction of thyroid hormones) | ***[[Hyperthyroidism]] (overproduction of [[thyroid hormones]]) | ||
***[[Hypothyroidism]] (underproduction of thyroid hormones) | ***[[Hypothyroidism]] (underproduction of [[thyroid hormones]]) | ||
*'''''Dietary factors:''''' | *'''''Dietary factors:''''' | ||
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*'''''Pharmacological factors:''''' | *'''''Pharmacological factors:''''' | ||
**Use of [[goitrogen|goitrogenic]] drugs like | **Use of [[goitrogen|goitrogenic]] drugs like para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), [[thiocyanate]] and antithyroid drugs [e.g. [[thiouracil]], [[carbimazole]]] results in [[hypothyroidism]] | ||
*'''''Physiological factors:''''' | *'''''Physiological factors:''''' | ||
**Increased metabolic demand of thyroid hormones e.g. during [[pregnancy]] or [[puberty]] results in physiological goitre | **Increased metabolic demand of [[thyroid hormones]] e.g. during [[pregnancy]] or [[puberty]] results in physiological goitre | ||
*'''''Environmental factors:''''' | *'''''Environmental factors:''''' | ||
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*'''''Pathological factors:''''' | *'''''Pathological factors:''''' | ||
**Intrinsic thyroid gland diseases | **Intrinsic [[thyroid gland]] diseases | ||
***Inflammatory goitres | ***Inflammatory goitres | ||
***[[Neoplastic goitres]] | ***[[Neoplastic goitres]] | ||
**** | ****Benign adenoma (follicular adenoma) | ||
****[[Malignant]] | ****[[Malignant]] | ||
*****Primary: Well differentiated, | *****Primary: Well differentiated, poorly differentiated, arising from parafollicular cells | ||
*****Secondary | *****Secondary | ||
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===Genetic Causes=== | ===Genetic Causes=== | ||
*Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the following genes which vary from one family to the other: <ref name="pmid10821321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix TH, Hegedüs L |title=Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of simple goitre |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=153–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10821321 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Goiter may be caused by a [[mutation]] in the following [[genes]] which vary from one [[family]] to the other: <ref name="pmid10821321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix TH, Hegedüs L |title=Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of simple goitre |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=153–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10821321 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
:*[[Thyroglobulin]] (Tg) gene | :*[[Thyroglobulin]] (Tg) gene | ||
:*[[Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor]] ([[TSHR]]) gene | :*[[Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor]] ([[TSHR]]) gene | ||
:*[[Na+/I- symporter (NIS) gene]] | :*[[Na+/I- symporter (NIS) gene]] | ||
*[[Multinodular goiter]] marker 1 (MNG1) on chromosome 14 <ref name="pmid10821321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix TH, Hegedüs L |title=Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of simple goitre |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=153–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10821321 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *[[Multinodular goiter]] marker 1 (MNG1) on [[chromosome 14]] <ref name="pmid10821321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix TH, Hegedüs L |title=Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of simple goitre |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=153–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10821321 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== |
Revision as of 15:24, 13 October 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Various factors have been associated with the cause of goiter such as hereditary, hormonal, dietary, pharmacological, physiological, environmental and pathological factors. The most common causes being, iodine deficiency, Grave's disease and hashimoto's disease. Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the genes such as the thyroglobulin (Tg) gene, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene and the Na+/I- symporter (NIS) gene.
Causes
- Factors associated with goiter can be classified as follows:-
- Hereditary factors
- Hormonal factors
- Dietary factors
- Pharmacological factors
- Physiological factors
- Environmental factors
- Pathological factors
- Hereditary factors:
- Inherited defect(Familial goiter) of thyroid hormone synthesis such as:
- Enzymatic defect deficiency
- Dyshormonogenesis
- Inherited defect(Familial goiter) of thyroid hormone synthesis such as:
- Hormonal factors:
- Thyroid hormone dysfunction:
- Hyperthyroidism (overproduction of thyroid hormones)
- Hypothyroidism (underproduction of thyroid hormones)
- Thyroid hormone dysfunction:
- Dietary factors:
- Dietary iodine deficiency
- Goitrogens (play a major role in endemic goitre)
- Pharmacological factors:
- Use of goitrogenic drugs like para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), thiocyanate and antithyroid drugs [e.g. thiouracil, carbimazole] results in hypothyroidism
- Physiological factors:
- Increased metabolic demand of thyroid hormones e.g. during pregnancy or puberty results in physiological goitre
- Environmental factors:
- Exposure to radiations leading to:
- Pathological factors:
- Intrinsic thyroid gland diseases
- Inflammatory goitres
- Neoplastic goitres
- Benign adenoma (follicular adenoma)
- Malignant
- Primary: Well differentiated, poorly differentiated, arising from parafollicular cells
- Secondary
- Intrinsic thyroid gland diseases
Common Causes
Goiter may be caused by:
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of Goiter include:
- Pregnancy
- Radiation exposure
- Thyroid cancer
- Multinodular goiter
- Solitary thyroid nodules
Genetic Causes
- Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the following genes which vary from one family to the other: [1]
- Thyroglobulin (Tg) gene
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene
- Na+/I- symporter (NIS) gene
- Multinodular goiter marker 1 (MNG1) on chromosome 14 [1]