Postpartum thyroiditis differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 17:33, 20 October 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Furqan M M. M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Postpartum thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of thyroiditis, such as De Quervain's thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis. Postpartum thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of thyroiditis, such as De Quervain's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis. Postpartum thyroiditis must also be differentiated from other diseases which cause hypothyroidism. As Postpartum thyroiditis may cause transient thyrotoxic symptoms, the diseases causing thyrotoxicosis must also be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Differentiating Postpartum Thyroiditis from other Diseases

Differentiating postpartum thyroiditis from other causes of thyroiditis

Postpartum thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of thyroiditis, such as De Quervain's thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis.^[1]

Conditions	Causes	Age at onset	Pathological findings	Diagnostic approach
Hashimoto's thyroiditis	Autoimmune	All ages, peak at 30-50	Lymphocytic infiltration Germinal centers Fibrosis (in some variants)	Increased TSH (hypothyroidism) TPO antibodies present in high titer I-123 uptake usually decreased
Painful subacute (De Quervain's) thyroiditis	Unknown	20-60	Giant cells Granulomas	Increased TSH (hypothyroidism) and/or Decreased TSH (Thyrotoxicosis) TPO antibodies absent or very low titer I-123 uptake decreased
Silent thyroiditis	Autoimmune	All ages, peak at 30-40	Lymphocytic infiltration Lymphoid follicles	Increased TSH (hypothyroidism) and/or Decreased TSH (transient hypothyroidism) TPO antibodies present in high titer I-123 uptake usually decreased
Postpartum thyroiditis	Autoimmune	Childbearing age	Lymphocytic infiltration	Increased TSH (hypothyroidism) and/or Decreased TSH (transient hypothyroidism) TPO antibodies present in high titer I-123 uptake usually decreased
Riedel's thyroiditis	Unknown	30-60	Dense fibrosis	Normal TSH (euthyroidism) TPO antibodies usually present I-123 uptake decreased or normal
Suppurative thyroiditis	Infection	Children, 20-40	Abscess formation	Normal TSH (euthyroidism) TPO antibodies absent I-123 uptake normal

Differentiating postpartum thyroiditis from other causes of hypothyroidism

Postpartum thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of hypothyroidism on the basis of history and symptoms and laboratory findings:^[2]^[3]^[1]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Disease		History and symptoms		Laboratory findings							Additional findings
Disease		Fever	Pain	TSH	Free T4	T3	T3RU†	Thyroglobin	TRH	TPOAb^	Additional findings
Primary hypothyroidism	Autoimmune (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)	-	-	↑*	↓	Normal/↓	Normal/↓	Normal/↑	Normal	Present (high titer)	May be accompanied by other autoimmune diseases
	Riedel's thyroiditis	-	-	Normal/↑	Normal/↓	Normal/↓	Normal/↓	Normal	Normal	Usually present	Riedel's thyroiditis usually presents with hard and fixed thyroid mass.
	Infectious thyroiditis	+	+	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Absent	Infectious thyroiditis associated with neck pain
Transient hypothyroidism	Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis	+/-	+/-	↑/↓	↓/↑	Normal	↓	↑	Normal	Low/absent	May present primarily with hyperthyroidism
	Postpartum thyroiditis	+/-	+/-	↑/↓	↓/↑	Normal	↓	↑	Normal/↑	Present (high titer)	May present primarily with hyperthyroidism
	Silent thyroiditis	-	-	↑/↓	↓/↑	Normal	↓	↑	Normal	Present (high titer)	May present primarily with hyperthyroidism
Others	Drug-induced	-	-	↑/↓	↓/↑	Normal	↓	Normal/↑	Normal	Absent**	History of hyperthyroidism History of trauma History of drug use, surgery, or radiation
	Radiation-induced
	Trauma induced
	Radioiodine induced
	Thyroidectomy
	Subclinical hypothyroidism	-	-	↑	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal/↑	Asymptomatic

(†)T3RU; Triiodothyronine Resin uptake. (^)TPOAb; Thyroid peroxidase antibodies. (*)TSH may be decreased transiently in the thyrotoxicosis. (**)TPOAb may be present in drug-induced hypo/hyperthyroidism such as Interferon-alpha, interleukin-2, and lithium.

Differentiating postpartum thyroiditis from other causes of thyrotoxicosis

Postpartum thyroiditis can initially present with thyrotoxicosis which must be differentiated from other causes of thyrotoxicosis.^[2]^[3]^[1]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Disease		History and symptoms		Laboratory findings								Additional findings
Disease		Fever	Pain	TSH	Free T4	T3	T3RU†	Thyroglobin	TRH	TSH Receptor Antibody	TPOAb^	Additional findings
Thyroiditis	Postpartum thyroiditis	+/-	+/-	↑/↓	↓/↑	Normal	↓	↑	Normal/↑	Absent	Present (high titer)	May present with hypothyroidism
	Hashimoto's thyroiditis (Hashitoxicosis)	-	-	↑*	↓	Normal/↓	Normal/↓	Normal/↑	Normal	Absent	Present (high titer)	May be accompanied by other autoimmune diseases
	Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis	+/-	+/-	↑/↓	↓/↑	Normal	↓	↑	Normal	Absent	Low/absent	May present with hypothyroidism
	Silent thyroiditis	-	-	↑/↓	↓/↑	Normal	↓	↑	Normal	Absent	Present (high titer)	May present with hypothyroidism
Primary hyperthyroidism	Grave's disease	-	-	↓	↑	Normal/↑	↑	↑	Normal	Present	Absent	Patient may have opthalmopathy and dermopathy
Primary hyperthyroidism	Toxic thyroid nodule	-	-	↓	↑	Normal/↑	↑(hot nodule)	Normal/↑	Normal	Absent	Absent	-
Secondary hyperthyroidism	Pituitary adenoma	-	-	↑	↑	Normal/↑	↑	Normal/↑	Normal	Absent	Absent	Inappropriately normal or increased TSH
Tertiary hyperthyroidism	Tertiary hyperthyroidism	-	-	↑	↑	↑	↑	Normal/↑	↑	Absent	Absent	Inappropriately normal or increased TSH
Drug induced	Amiodarone type 1	-	-	↓	↑	Normal/↑	↓	Normal/↑	Normal	Absent	Absent	High urinary iodine
Drug induced	Amiodarone type 2	-	-	↓	↑	Normal/↑	Absent/↓	Normal/↑	Normal	Absent	Absent	High urinary iodine
Others	Factitious thyrotoxicosis	-	-	↓	↑	Normal/↑	↓	↓	Normal	Absent	Absent	Decreased thyroglobulin
	Trophoblastic disease	-	-	↓	↑	Normal/↑	↑	-	Normal	Absent	Absent	-
	Struma ovarii	-	-	↓	↑	Normal/↑	↓	-	Normal	Absent	Absent	-

(†)T3RU; Triiodothyronine Resin uptake. (^)TPOAb; Thyroid peroxidase antibodies.


		Fatiuge	Neck swelling	Low mood	Irritability
Persistent hyperthyroidism	Grave's disease	Present	Small painful mass	Present	Present early
Transient hyperthyroidism	Silent thyroiditis	Present	Small painless goiter	Present late	Present early
	Postpartum thyroiditis	Present	Small painless goiter	Present late	Present early
	Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis	Present	Small painful mass	Present late	Present early
	Factitious thyrotoxicosis	Present	Normal	Absent	Present early
	acute suppurative thyroiditis	Present	Small painful mass	Present late	Present early
Destructive hyperthyroidism	Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis	Present	Small painful mass	Present late	Present early
	Postpartum thyroiditis	Present	Small painless goiter	Present late	Present early
	acute suppurative thyroiditis	Present	Small painful mass	Present late	Present early
Transient hypothyroidism	Postpartum thyroiditis	Present	Small painless goiter	Present late	Present early
	Silent thyroiditis	Present	Small painless goiter	Present late	Present early
	Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis	Present	Small painful mass	Present late	Present early
	acute suppurative thyroiditis	Present	Small painful mass	Present late	Present early
Persistent hypothyroidism	Riedel's thyroiditis	Present	Small painful mass	Present late	Present early
	Postpartum thyroiditis	Present	Small painless goiter	Present late	Present early
	Hashimoto's thyroiditis	Present	Painful mass	Present late	Present early
	Acute suppurative thyroiditis	Present	Small painful mass	Present late	Present early

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 "Thyroiditis — NEJM".
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Bindra A, Braunstein GD (2006). "Thyroiditis". Am Fam Physician. 73 (10): 1769–76. PMID 16734054.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 McDermott MT (2009). "In the clinic. Hypothyroidism". Ann. Intern. Med. 151 (11): ITC61. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-11-200912010-01006. PMID 19949140.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Aoki Y, Belin RM, Clickner R, Jeffries R, Phillips L, Mahaffey KR (2007). "Serum TSH and total T4 in the United States population and their association with participant characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2002)". Thyroid. 17 (12): 1211–23. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0235. PMID 18177256.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Lania A, Persani L, Beck-Peccoz P (2008). "Central hypothyroidism". Pituitary. 11 (2): 181–6. doi:10.1007/s11102-008-0122-6. PMID 18415684.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Stockigt J. "Clinical Strategies in the Testing of Thyroid Function". PMID 25905413.
↑ "Clinical Finding and Thyroid Function in Women with Struma Ovarii".
↑ Vaidya B, Pearce SH (2014). "Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis". BMJ. 349: g5128. PMID 25146390.
↑ "Think thyrotoxicosis factitia - measure thyroglobulin | The BMJ".

Template:WH Template:WS

[urlThyroiditis_—_NEJM-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 "Thyroiditis — NEJM".

[pmid16734054-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Bindra A, Braunstein GD (2006). "Thyroiditis". Am Fam Physician. 73 (10): 1769–76. PMID 16734054.

[pmid19949140-3] 3.0 ^3.1 McDermott MT (2009). "In the clinic. Hypothyroidism". Ann. Intern. Med. 151 (11): ITC61. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-11-200912010-01006. PMID 19949140.

[pmid18177256-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Aoki Y, Belin RM, Clickner R, Jeffries R, Phillips L, Mahaffey KR (2007). "Serum TSH and total T4 in the United States population and their association with participant characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2002)". Thyroid. 17 (12): 1211–23. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0235. PMID 18177256.

[pmid18415684-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Lania A, Persani L, Beck-Peccoz P (2008). "Central hypothyroidism". Pituitary. 11 (2): 181–6. doi:10.1007/s11102-008-0122-6. PMID 18415684.

[pmid25905413-6] 6.0 ^6.1 De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Stockigt J. "Clinical Strategies in the Testing of Thyroid Function". PMID 25905413.

[urlClinical_Finding_and_Thyroid_Function_in_Women_with_Struma_Ovarii-7] "Clinical Finding and Thyroid Function in Women with Struma Ovarii".

[pmid25146390-8] Vaidya B, Pearce SH (2014). "Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis". BMJ. 349: g5128. PMID 25146390.

[urlThink_thyrotoxicosis_factitia_-_measure_thyroglobulin_|_The_BMJ-9] "Think thyrotoxicosis factitia - measure thyroglobulin | The BMJ".

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@@ Line 468: / Line 468: @@
 !Low mood
 !Irritability
-!early late
+!
 !
 !
@@ Line 480: / Line 480: @@
 ![[Grave's disease]]
 !Present
-!
+!Small painful mass
-!
+!Present
 !Present early
 !
@@ Line 495: / Line 495: @@
 ![[Silent thyroiditis]]
 !Present
-!
+!Small painless goiter
-!
+!Present late
 !Present early
 !
@@ Line 509: / Line 509: @@
 ![[Postpartum thyroiditis]]
 !Present
-!Present
+!Small painless goiter
 !Present late
 !Present early
@@ Line 523: / Line 523: @@
 ![[De Quervain's thyroiditis|Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis]]
 !Present
-!
+!Small painful mass
 !Present late
 !Present early
@@ Line 537: / Line 537: @@
 ![[Factitious thyrotoxicosis]]
 !Present
-!
+!Normal
-!
+!Absent
 !Present early
 !
@@ Line 551: / Line 551: @@
 !acute suppurative thyroiditis
 !Present
-!
+!Small painful mass
 !Present late
 !Present early
@@ Line 566: / Line 566: @@
 ![[De Quervain's thyroiditis|Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis]]
 !Present
-!
+!Small painful mass
 !Present late
 !Present early
@@ Line 580: / Line 580: @@
 ![[Postpartum thyroiditis]]
 !Present
-!
+!Small painless goiter
 !Present late
 !Present early
@@ Line 594: / Line 594: @@
 !acute suppurative thyroiditis
 !Present
-!
+!Small painful mass
 !Present late
 !Present early
@@ Line 609: / Line 609: @@
 |[[Postpartum thyroiditis]]
 |Present
-|Present
+|Small painless goiter
 |Present late
 |Present early
@@ Line 623: / Line 623: @@
 |[[Silent thyroiditis]]
 |Present
-|
+|Small painless goiter
 |Present late
 |Present early
@@ Line 637: / Line 637: @@
 |[[De Quervain's thyroiditis|Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis]]
 |Present
-|
+|Small painful mass
 |Present late
 |Present early
@@ Line 651: / Line 651: @@
 |[[Infectious thyroiditis|acute suppurative thyroiditis]]
 |Present
-|
+|Small painful mass
 |Present late
 |Present early
@@ Line 666: / Line 666: @@
 |[[Riedel's thyroiditis]]
 |Present
-|
+|Small painful mass
 |Present late
 |Present early
@@ Line 680: / Line 680: @@
 |[[Postpartum thyroiditis]]
 |Present
-|Present
+|Small painless goiter
 |Present late
 |Present early
@@ Line 694: / Line 694: @@
 |[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
 |Present
-|
+|Painful mass
 |Present late
 |Present early
@@ Line 708: / Line 708: @@
 |Acute suppurative thyroiditis
 |Present
-|
+|Small painful mass
 |Present late
 |Present early