Small cell carcinoma of the lung historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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Important landmarks in the history of small cell carcinoma of the lung include the following:
Important landmarks in the history of small cell carcinoma of the lung include the following:


*1492: Christopher Columbus received tobacco as a gift, among other things, from the Native Americans.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal|author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 |pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref>
*1492: Christopher Columbus received [[tobacco]] as a gift, among other things, from the Native Americans.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal|author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 |pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref>
*1500s: Tobacco reached Europe and its use spreads.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal| author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 | pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref>
*1500s: Tobacco reached Europe and its use spreads.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal| author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 | pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref>
*1815: Laennec recognized lung cancer as a separate disease.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal| author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 | pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref>
*1815: Laennec recognized lung cancer as a separate disease.<ref name="pmid14213122">{{cite journal| author=ROSENBLATT MB| title=LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1964 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 395-425 | pmid=14213122 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14213122  }} </ref>
*1926: Barnard observed that  "oat-celled sarcomas of the [[mediastinum]]" were indeed lung [[neoplasms]].<ref name="Barnard1926">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=W. G.|title=The nature of the “oat-celled sarcoma” of the mediastinum|journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology|volume=29|issue=3|year=1926|pages=241–244|issn=0368-3494|doi=10.1002/path.1700290304}}</ref>   
*1926: Barnard observed that  "oat-celled sarcomas of the [[mediastinum]]" were indeed lung [[neoplasms]].<ref name="Barnard1926">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=W. G.|title=The nature of the “oat-celled sarcoma” of the mediastinum|journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology|volume=29|issue=3|year=1926|pages=241–244|issn=0368-3494|doi=10.1002/path.1700290304}}</ref>   
*1950: Doll and Hill described an association between smoking and lung cancer.<ref name="pmid14772469">{{cite journal| author=DOLL R, HILL AB|title=Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1950 | volume= 2 | issue= 4682 | pages= 739-48 |pmid=14772469 | doi= | pmc=PMC2038856 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14772469  }} </ref>
*1950: Doll and Hill described an association between [[smoking]] and lung cancer.<ref name="pmid14772469">{{cite journal| author=DOLL R, HILL AB|title=Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1950 | volume= 2 | issue= 4682 | pages= 739-48 |pmid=14772469 | doi= | pmc=PMC2038856 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14772469  }} </ref>
*1959-1962: Small cell lung cancer was recognized as separate from other types of lung cancers. Azzopardi described it microscopically and named six characteristic features of it.<ref name="pmid13795444">{{cite journal| author=AZZOPARDI JG| title=Oat-cell carcinoma of the bronchus. | journal=J Pathol Bacteriol| year= 1959 | volume= 78 | issue=  | pages= 513-9 | pmid=13795444 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13795444  }} </ref> The term "small cell carcinoma" began to become more popular between American authors, while Europeans continued to call it "oat cell carcinoma", because of the resemblance to oat grains.<ref name="Barnard1926">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=W. G.|title=The nature of the “oat-celled sarcoma” of the mediastinum|journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology|volume=29|issue=3|year=1926|pages=241–244|issn=0368-3494|doi=10.1002/path.1700290304}}</ref>
*1959-1962: Small cell lung cancer was recognized as separate from other types of lung cancers. Azzopardi described it microscopically and named six characteristic features of it.<ref name="pmid13795444">{{cite journal| author=AZZOPARDI JG| title=Oat-cell carcinoma of the bronchus. | journal=J Pathol Bacteriol| year= 1959 | volume= 78 | issue=  | pages= 513-9 | pmid=13795444 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13795444  }} </ref> The term "small cell carcinoma" began to become more popular between American authors, while Europeans continued to call it "oat cell carcinoma", because of the resemblance to oat grains.<ref name="Barnard1926">{{cite journal|last1=Barnard|first1=W. G.|title=The nature of the “oat-celled sarcoma” of the mediastinum|journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology|volume=29|issue=3|year=1926|pages=241–244|issn=0368-3494|doi=10.1002/path.1700290304}}</ref>
*1962: Watson and Berg described the unique features of small cell lung cancer, and proposed that small cell lung cancer should  be classified separately from other subtypes of lung cancer.<ref name="pmid14005321">{{cite journal| author=WATSON WL, BERG JW| title=Oat cell lung cancer. | journal=Cancer | year= 1962 | volume= 15 | issue=  | pages= 759-68 | pmid=14005321 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14005321  }} </ref>
*1962: Watson and Berg described the unique features of small cell lung cancer, and proposed that small cell lung cancer should  be classified separately from other subtypes of lung cancer.<ref name="pmid14005321">{{cite journal| author=WATSON WL, BERG JW| title=Oat cell lung cancer. | journal=Cancer | year= 1962 | volume= 15 | issue=  | pages= 759-68 | pmid=14005321 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14005321  }} </ref>
*1969: Green et al demonstrated a statistically significant survival benefit of [[cyclophosphamide]] in lung cancer patients.<ref name="pmid5791000">{{cite journal| author=Green RA, Humphrey E, Close H, Patno ME| title=Alkylating agents in bronchogenic carcinoma. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1969 | volume= 46 | issue= 4 | pages= 516-25 | pmid=5791000 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5791000  }} </ref>
*1969: Green et al demonstrated a statistically significant survival benefit of [[cyclophosphamide]] in lung cancer patients.<ref name="pmid5791000">{{cite journal| author=Green RA, Humphrey E, Close H, Patno ME| title=Alkylating agents in bronchogenic carcinoma. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1969 | volume= 46 | issue= 4 | pages= 516-25 | pmid=5791000 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5791000  }} </ref>
*1970s: It was observed that combination therapy is superior compared with single-agent therapy.<ref name="pmid224997">{{cite journal|author=Lowenbraun S, Bartolucci A, Smalley RV, Lynn M, Krauss S, Durant JR| title=The superiority of combination chemotherapy over single agent chemotherapy in small cell lung carcinoma. | journal=Cancer | year= 1979 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 406-13 | pmid=224997 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=224997  }} </ref>
*1970s: It was observed that combination therapy is superior compared with single-agent therapy.<ref name="pmid224997">{{cite journal|author=Lowenbraun S, Bartolucci A, Smalley RV, Lynn M, Krauss S, Durant JR| title=The superiority of combination chemotherapy over single agent chemotherapy in small cell lung carcinoma. | journal=Cancer | year= 1979 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 406-13 | pmid=224997 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=224997  }} </ref>
*1979: Concurrent chemotherapy with [[cyclophosphamide]]/[[doxorubicin]]/[[vincristine]] and radiation was tested, resulting in high toxicity but 100% complete remissions and projected 80% long-term survival.<ref name="pmid219690">{{cite journal| author=Greco FA, Richardson RL, Snell JD, Stroup SL, Oldham RK| title=Small cell lung cancer. Complete remission and improved survival. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1979 | volume= 66 | issue= 4 | pages= 625-30 | pmid=219690 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=219690  }} </ref>
*1979: Concurrent [[chemotherapy]] with [[cyclophosphamide]]/[[doxorubicin]]/[[vincristine]] and radiation was tested, resulting in high toxicity but 100% complete remissions and projected 80% long-term survival.<ref name="pmid219690">{{cite journal| author=Greco FA, Richardson RL, Snell JD, Stroup SL, Oldham RK| title=Small cell lung cancer. Complete remission and improved survival. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1979 | volume= 66 | issue= 4 | pages= 625-30 | pmid=219690 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=219690  }} </ref>
*1980s: Regimens built around [[etoposide]] become the treatment of choice.<ref name="pmid3020700">{{cite journal| author=Bunn PA, Greco FA, Einhorn L| title=Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide as first-line therapy in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer. | journal=Semin Oncol |year= 1986 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 Suppl 3 | pages= 45-53 | pmid=3020700 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3020700  }} </ref>
*1980s: Regimens built around [[etoposide]] become the treatment of choice.<ref name="pmid3020700">{{cite journal| author=Bunn PA, Greco FA, Einhorn L| title=Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide as first-line therapy in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer. | journal=Semin Oncol |year= 1986 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 Suppl 3 | pages= 45-53 | pmid=3020700 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3020700  }} </ref>
*1981: The WHO classified small cell lung cancer into three subtypes: (1) oat cell carcinoma (2) intermediate cell type, and (3) combined oat cell carcinoma.<ref name="pmid7064914">{{cite journal| author=| title=The World Health Organization histological typing of lung tumours. Second edition. | journal=Am J Clin Pathol | year= 1982 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 123-36 | pmid=7064914 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7064914  }} </ref>
*1981: The WHO classified small cell lung cancer into three subtypes: (1) oat cell carcinoma (2) intermediate cell type, and (3) combined oat cell carcinoma.<ref name="pmid7064914">{{cite journal| author=| title=The World Health Organization histological typing of lung tumours. Second edition. | journal=Am J Clin Pathol | year= 1982 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 123-36 | pmid=7064914 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7064914  }} </ref>
*1988: The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) proposed that the intermediate cell type category be eliminated. and a new category, "mixed" small/large-cell carcinoma, was added.<ref name="pmid2842029">{{cite journal| author=Hirsch FR, Matthews MJ, Aisner S, Campobasso O, Elema JD, Gazdar AF et al.| title=Histopathologic classification of small cell lung cancer. Changing concepts and terminology. | journal=Cancer |year= 1988 | volume= 62 | issue= 5 | pages= 973-7 | pmid=2842029 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2842029  }} </ref> But, because there were problems in reproductibility of all these subtypes, combined small cell lung cancer is the only subtype in the new WHO/IASLC classification.<ref name="pmid10929757">{{cite journal| author=Junker K, Wiethege T, Müller KM| title=Pathology of small-cell lung cancer. | journal=J Cancer Res Clin Oncol | year= 2000 | volume= 126 | issue= 7 | pages= 361-8 | pmid=10929757 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10929757  }} </ref>
*1988: The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) proposed that the intermediate cell type category be eliminated, and a new category, "mixed" small/large-cell carcinoma, was added.<ref name="pmid2842029">{{cite journal| author=Hirsch FR, Matthews MJ, Aisner S, Campobasso O, Elema JD, Gazdar AF et al.| title=Histopathologic classification of small cell lung cancer. Changing concepts and terminology. | journal=Cancer |year= 1988 | volume= 62 | issue= 5 | pages= 973-7 | pmid=2842029 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2842029  }} </ref> But, because there were problems in reproductibility of all these subtypes, combined small cell lung cancer is the only subtype in the new WHO/IASLC classification.<ref name="pmid10929757">{{cite journal| author=Junker K, Wiethege T, Müller KM| title=Pathology of small-cell lung cancer. | journal=J Cancer Res Clin Oncol | year= 2000 | volume= 126 | issue= 7 | pages= 361-8 | pmid=10929757 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10929757  }} </ref>
*1990s: The first lung cancer with identified genetic abnormalities in [[oncogenes]] and [[tumor suppressor genes]].<ref name="pmid1312896">{{cite journal| author=Miller CW, Simon K, Aslo A, Kok K, Yokota J, Buys CH et al.| title=p53 mutations in human lung tumors. | journal=Cancer Res | year= 1992 | volume= 52 | issue= 7 | pages= 1695-8 | pmid=1312896 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1312896  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9192669">{{cite journal| author=Helin K, Holm K, Niebuhr A, Eiberg H, Tommerup N, Hougaard S et al.| title=Loss of the retinoblastoma protein-related p130 protein in small cell lung carcinoma. |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 1997 | volume= 94 | issue= 13 | pages= 6933-8 | pmid=9192669 | doi= | pmc=PMC21262 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9192669  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10595998">{{cite journal| author=Fong KM, Sekido Y, Minna JD| title=Molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 1999 | volume= 118 | issue= 6 | pages= 1136-52 | pmid=10595998 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10595998  }} </ref>
*1990s: The first lung cancer with identified genetic abnormalities in [[oncogenes]] and [[tumor suppressor genes]].<ref name="pmid1312896">{{cite journal| author=Miller CW, Simon K, Aslo A, Kok K, Yokota J, Buys CH et al.| title=p53 mutations in human lung tumors. | journal=Cancer Res | year= 1992 | volume= 52 | issue= 7 | pages= 1695-8 | pmid=1312896 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1312896  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9192669">{{cite journal| author=Helin K, Holm K, Niebuhr A, Eiberg H, Tommerup N, Hougaard S et al.| title=Loss of the retinoblastoma protein-related p130 protein in small cell lung carcinoma. |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 1997 | volume= 94 | issue= 13 | pages= 6933-8 | pmid=9192669 | doi= | pmc=PMC21262 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9192669  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10595998">{{cite journal| author=Fong KM, Sekido Y, Minna JD| title=Molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 1999 | volume= 118 | issue= 6 | pages= 1136-52 | pmid=10595998 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10595998  }} </ref>
*1993: First published genome-wide analyssis of a lung cancer was in an small cell lung cancer line from a 55-year-old man.<ref name="pmid16616798">{{cite journal| author=Vestergaard J, Pedersen MW, Pedersen N, Ensinger C, Tümer Z, Tommerup N et al.| title=Hedgehog signaling in small-cell lung cancer: frequent in vivo but a rare event in vitro. | journal=Lung Cancer | year= 2006 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 281-90 | pmid=16616798 | doi=10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.12.014 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16616798  }} </ref>
*1993: First published genome-wide analyssis of a lung cancer was in a small cell lung cancer line from a 55-year-old man.<ref name="pmid16616798">{{cite journal| author=Vestergaard J, Pedersen MW, Pedersen N, Ensinger C, Tümer Z, Tommerup N et al.| title=Hedgehog signaling in small-cell lung cancer: frequent in vivo but a rare event in vitro. | journal=Lung Cancer | year= 2006 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 281-90 | pmid=16616798 | doi=10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.12.014 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16616798  }} </ref>
*1999: Prophylactic cranial irradiation is recognized as routine.<ref name="pmid10441603">{{cite journal| author=Aupérin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, Le Péchoux C, Gregor A, Stephens RJ et al.| title=Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1999 | volume= 341 | issue= 7 | pages= 476-84 |pmid=10441603 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199908123410703 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10441603  }} </ref>
*1999: Prophylactic cranial irradiation is recognized as routine.<ref name="pmid10441603">{{cite journal| author=Aupérin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, Le Péchoux C, Gregor A, Stephens RJ et al.| title=Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1999 | volume= 341 | issue= 7 | pages= 476-84 |pmid=10441603 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199908123410703 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10441603  }} </ref>
*2002: [[Etoposide]]/cysplatin were found to be superior to [[cyclophosphamide]]/epitubicin/[[vincristine]] <ref name="pmid12488411">{{cite journal| author=Sundstrøm S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S, Aasebø U, Hatlevoll R, Dahle R et al.| title=Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized phase III trial with 5 years' follow-up. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 24 | pages= 4665-72 | pmid=12488411 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12488411  }} </ref>
*2002: [[Etoposide]]/cysplatin were found to be superior to [[cyclophosphamide]]/epitubicin/[[vincristine]] <ref name="pmid12488411">{{cite journal| author=Sundstrøm S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S, Aasebø U, Hatlevoll R, Dahle R et al.| title=Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized phase III trial with 5 years' follow-up. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 24 | pages= 4665-72 | pmid=12488411 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12488411  }} </ref>

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Guillermo Rodriguez Nava, M.D. [2] Mirdula Sharma, MBBS [3]

Overview

Laennec first recognized lung cancer as a separate disease in 1815, in his work "Encephaloides" published in the Dictionnaire des sciences médicales.[1] Azzopardi, in 1959, distinguished small cell lung cancer (SCLC) from anaplastic adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma and described the clinical and biological features that characterize it as a separate disease.[2]

Historical Perspective

Important landmarks in the history of small cell carcinoma of the lung include the following:

  • 1492: Christopher Columbus received tobacco as a gift, among other things, from the Native Americans.[1]
  • 1500s: Tobacco reached Europe and its use spreads.[1]
  • 1815: Laennec recognized lung cancer as a separate disease.[1]
  • 1926: Barnard observed that "oat-celled sarcomas of the mediastinum" were indeed lung neoplasms.[3]
  • 1950: Doll and Hill described an association between smoking and lung cancer.[4]
  • 1959-1962: Small cell lung cancer was recognized as separate from other types of lung cancers. Azzopardi described it microscopically and named six characteristic features of it.[2] The term "small cell carcinoma" began to become more popular between American authors, while Europeans continued to call it "oat cell carcinoma", because of the resemblance to oat grains.[3]
  • 1962: Watson and Berg described the unique features of small cell lung cancer, and proposed that small cell lung cancer should be classified separately from other subtypes of lung cancer.[5]
  • 1969: Green et al demonstrated a statistically significant survival benefit of cyclophosphamide in lung cancer patients.[6]
  • 1970s: It was observed that combination therapy is superior compared with single-agent therapy.[7]
  • 1979: Concurrent chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine and radiation was tested, resulting in high toxicity but 100% complete remissions and projected 80% long-term survival.[8]
  • 1980s: Regimens built around etoposide become the treatment of choice.[9]
  • 1981: The WHO classified small cell lung cancer into three subtypes: (1) oat cell carcinoma (2) intermediate cell type, and (3) combined oat cell carcinoma.[10]
  • 1988: The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) proposed that the intermediate cell type category be eliminated, and a new category, "mixed" small/large-cell carcinoma, was added.[11] But, because there were problems in reproductibility of all these subtypes, combined small cell lung cancer is the only subtype in the new WHO/IASLC classification.[12]
  • 1990s: The first lung cancer with identified genetic abnormalities in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.[13][14][15]
  • 1993: First published genome-wide analyssis of a lung cancer was in a small cell lung cancer line from a 55-year-old man.[16]
  • 1999: Prophylactic cranial irradiation is recognized as routine.[17]
  • 2002: Etoposide/cysplatin were found to be superior to cyclophosphamide/epitubicin/vincristine [18]
  • 2006: "Sonic hedgehog" pathway related to the pathogenesis of small cell lung cancer.[16]
  • 2010: Signatures of tobacco exposure were found in thousands of mutations in a small cell lung cancer genome.[19]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 ROSENBLATT MB (1964). "LUNG CANCER IN THE 19TH CENTURY". Bull Hist Med. 38: 395–425. PMID 14213122.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 AZZOPARDI JG (1959). "Oat-cell carcinoma of the bronchus". J Pathol Bacteriol. 78: 513–9. PMID 13795444.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Barnard, W. G. (1926). "The nature of the "oat-celled sarcoma" of the mediastinum". The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology. 29 (3): 241–244. doi:10.1002/path.1700290304. ISSN 0368-3494.
  4. ↑ DOLL R, HILL AB (1950). "Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report". Br Med J. 2 (4682): 739–48. PMC 2038856. PMID 14772469.
  5. ↑ WATSON WL, BERG JW (1962). "Oat cell lung cancer". Cancer. 15: 759–68. PMID 14005321.
  6. ↑ Green RA, Humphrey E, Close H, Patno ME (1969). "Alkylating agents in bronchogenic carcinoma". Am J Med. 46 (4): 516–25. PMID 5791000.
  7. ↑ Lowenbraun S, Bartolucci A, Smalley RV, Lynn M, Krauss S, Durant JR (1979). "The superiority of combination chemotherapy over single agent chemotherapy in small cell lung carcinoma". Cancer. 44 (2): 406–13. PMID 224997.
  8. ↑ Greco FA, Richardson RL, Snell JD, Stroup SL, Oldham RK (1979). "Small cell lung cancer. Complete remission and improved survival". Am J Med. 66 (4): 625–30. PMID 219690.
  9. ↑ Bunn PA, Greco FA, Einhorn L (1986). "Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide as first-line therapy in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer". Semin Oncol. 13 (3 Suppl 3): 45–53. PMID 3020700.
  10. ↑ "The World Health Organization histological typing of lung tumours. Second edition". Am J Clin Pathol. 77 (2): 123–36. 1982. PMID 7064914.
  11. ↑ Hirsch FR, Matthews MJ, Aisner S, Campobasso O, Elema JD, Gazdar AF; et al. (1988). "Histopathologic classification of small cell lung cancer. Changing concepts and terminology". Cancer. 62 (5): 973–7. PMID 2842029.
  12. ↑ Junker K, Wiethege T, Müller KM (2000). "Pathology of small-cell lung cancer". J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 126 (7): 361–8. PMID 10929757.
  13. ↑ Miller CW, Simon K, Aslo A, Kok K, Yokota J, Buys CH; et al. (1992). "p53 mutations in human lung tumors". Cancer Res. 52 (7): 1695–8. PMID 1312896.
  14. ↑ Helin K, Holm K, Niebuhr A, Eiberg H, Tommerup N, Hougaard S; et al. (1997). "Loss of the retinoblastoma protein-related p130 protein in small cell lung carcinoma". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94 (13): 6933–8. PMC 21262. PMID 9192669.
  15. ↑ Fong KM, Sekido Y, Minna JD (1999). "Molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 118 (6): 1136–52. PMID 10595998.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Vestergaard J, Pedersen MW, Pedersen N, Ensinger C, Tümer Z, Tommerup N; et al. (2006). "Hedgehog signaling in small-cell lung cancer: frequent in vivo but a rare event in vitro". Lung Cancer. 52 (3): 281–90. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.12.014. PMID 16616798.
  17. ↑ Aupérin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, Le Péchoux C, Gregor A, Stephens RJ; et al. (1999). "Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group". N Engl J Med. 341 (7): 476–84. doi:10.1056/NEJM199908123410703. PMID 10441603.
  18. ↑ Sundstrøm S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S, Aasebø U, Hatlevoll R, Dahle R; et al. (2002). "Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized phase III trial with 5 years' follow-up". J Clin Oncol. 20 (24): 4665–72. PMID 12488411.
  19. ↑ Pleasance ED, Stephens PJ, O'Meara S, McBride DJ, Meynert A, Jones D; et al. (2010). "A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of tobacco exposure". Nature. 463 (7278): 184–90. doi:10.1038/nature08629. PMC 2880489. PMID 20016488.
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