Fat embolism syndrome physical examination: Difference between revisions
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=== Ophthalmological examination: === | === Ophthalmological examination: === | ||
Fundoscopic examination shows the following changes in the retina:<ref name="pmid4447657">{{cite journal| author=Murray DG, Racz GB| title=Fat-embolism syndrome (respiratory insufficiency syndrome). A rationale for treatment. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 1974 | volume= 56 | issue= 7 | pages= 1338-49 | pmid=4447657 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4447657 }} </ref> | Fundoscopic examination shows the following changes in the retina:<ref name="pmid4447657">{{cite journal| author=Murray DG, Racz GB| title=Fat-embolism syndrome (respiratory insufficiency syndrome). A rationale for treatment. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 1974 | volume= 56 | issue= 7 | pages= 1338-49 | pmid=4447657 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4447657 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4935648">{{cite journal| author=Herndon JH, Riseborough EJ, Fischer JE| title=Fat embolism: a review of current concepts. | journal=J Trauma | year= 1971 | volume= 11 | issue= 8 | pages= 673-80 | pmid=4935648 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4935648 }} </ref> | ||
* Exudates | * Exudates | ||
* Intravascular fat globules | * Intravascular fat globules | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]
Overview
Physical Examination
The classic triad of clinical manifestations seen on physical examination in fat embolism syndrome include the following:[1][2][3][4]
General physical examination:
- Petechiae: Non-palpable rash
- Appear within 24-36 hours and disappear within a week in 20-50% of patients.
- Classically seen in the non-dependent region such as:
- Axillae
- Conjunctivae
- Anterior thorax
- Head and neck
- Tachypnea
- Tachycardia
- Lethargy
- Cyanosis
Neurological exam findings:
The following physical exam findings are seen on neurological examination. They are present mainly due to cerebral edema.
- Focal neurological deficit
- Confusion
- Rigidity
- Convulsions
- Coma
Ophthalmological examination:
Fundoscopic examination shows the following changes in the retina:[7][8]
- Exudates
- Intravascular fat globules
- Edema
- Hemorrhage
References
- ↑ Jacobson DM, Terrence CF, Reinmuth OM (1986). "The neurologic manifestations of fat embolism". Neurology. 36 (6): 847–51. PMID 3703294.
- ↑ Scopa M, Magatti M, Rossitto P (1994). "Neurologic symptoms in fat embolism syndrome: case report". J Trauma. 36 (6): 906–8. PMID 8015021.
- ↑ Fu QZ (1988). "[Early diagnosis and treatment of fat embolism syndrome after multiple fractures]". Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 26 (12): 739–41, 782. PMID 3248470.
- ↑ Georgopoulos D, Bouros D (2003). "Fat embolism syndrome: clinical examination is still the preferable diagnostic method". Chest. 123 (4): 982–3. PMID 12684280.
- ↑ Bardana D, Rudan J, Cervenko F, Smith R (1998). "Fat embolism syndrome in a patient demonstrating only neurologic symptoms". Can J Surg. 41 (5): 398–402. PMC 3949781. PMID 9793509.
- ↑ Akhtar S (2009). "Fat embolism". Anesthesiol Clin. 27 (3): 533–50, table of contents. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2009.07.018. PMID 19825491.
- ↑ Murray DG, Racz GB (1974). "Fat-embolism syndrome (respiratory insufficiency syndrome). A rationale for treatment". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 56 (7): 1338–49. PMID 4447657.
- ↑ Herndon JH, Riseborough EJ, Fischer JE (1971). "Fat embolism: a review of current concepts". J Trauma. 11 (8): 673–80. PMID 4935648.