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Revision as of 14:42, 4 January 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Jyostna Chouturi, M.B.B.S [2], João André Alves Silva, M.D. [3], Shadan Mehraban, M.D.[4]

Overview

Causes In Female

Life Threatening Causes

There are no life-threatening causes.^[1]

Common Causes In Female

The most common causes of breast lumps in females are:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] ^[5]

Causes In Female by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Angiosarcoma of the breast, Mondor's disease
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Breast abscess,Cysts of Montgomery, epithelioma of the nipple, hives, intraductal papilloma, lymphocytoma cutis, Paget's disease of the breast, retroareolar cyst, sclerosing adenosis, sebaceous cyst, skin lumps, Zuska's disease
Drug Side Effect	Aldactone, aldomet (alphamethyldopa),alefacept, beta blockers, bicalutamide, casodex, chlorpromazine, cyclosporine, dalmane , digitalis, estazolam, etonogestrel, hormone replacement therapy, efalizumab, estradiol, estrogen, estrogen and progestin, etanercept, etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol, flurazepam, flutamide, itraconazole, implanon, medroxyprogesterone, metoclopramide, norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol, nilandron, nizoral, oral contraceptive pills,progestin
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI), breast fibroadenoma, chronic cystic mastitis, fibro-adenosis of the newborn, fibroadenoma, galactocele, giant fibroadenoma, glandular thickening due to hormonal changes of pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy,hyalinized fibroadenoma, lactation, premenstrual syndrome, puberty, simple cyst
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic^[5]	Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI), adenoid cystic carcinoma, apocrine metaplasia, apocrine or squamous metaplasia, apocrine papillary carcinoma, ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity, breast cancer, cancer, colloidal breast cancer, Cowden syndrome, cyclosporine, cyst wall cancer, ductal carcinoma, extramedullary myeloid tumor, giant mammary hamartoma, hamartoma, hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, Hodgkin's disease, inflammatory breast cancer, juvenile secretory carcinoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, lymphoma, malignant carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, metastatic breast cancer, metastatic cancer, mucinous carcinoma, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, primary breast cancer, PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
Hematologic	Extramedullary myeloid tumor, Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, medullary carcinoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, venous thrombosis
Iatrogenic	Abscess, alefacept, breast abscess, breast fat necrosis, breast implant, complicated cyst, cyclosporine, efalizumab, estradiol, estrogen, estrogen and progestin, etanercept, etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol, hematoma, medroxyprogesterone, norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol, postoperative scar/hematoma, progestin, radial scar, radiation induced angiosarcoma of the breast
Infectious Disease^[6]	Abscess, acute mastitis, benign inflammatory periductal mastitis, breast abscess, breast cyst, breast infection, tuberculosis of the breast
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity
Nutritional/Metabolic	ginseng
Obstetric/Gynecologic^[7]	Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI), adenoid cystic carcinoma, apocrine metaplasia, apocrine or squamous metaplasia, apocrine papillary carcinoma, benign inflammatory periductal mastitis, breast abscess, breast cancer, breast duct papilloma, breast fat necrosis, breast fibroadenoma, breast implant, breast injury,breast trauma, chronic cystic mastitis, colloidal breast cancer, complicated cyst, cowden syndrome, cyst wall cancer, cystosarcoma phyllodes, cysts of Montgomery, duct ectasia of breast, ductal carcinoma, epithelioma of the nipple, fat necrosis, fibro-adeno-lipoma, fibro-adenosis of the newborn, fibroadenoma, galactocele, giant fibroadenoma, giant mammary hamartoma, glandular thickening due to hormonal changes of pregnancy, gynecomastia, hyalinized fibroadenoma, intraductal papilloma, lactation, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, lobular neoplasia, lymphocytic mastitis, mammary duct ectasia, mastitis, metastatic breast cancer, mucinous carcinoma, nipple conditions., paget's disease of the breast, periductal mastitis, phyllodes tumor, plasma cell mastitis, primary breast cancer, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, retroareolar cyst, ruptured cyst or duct, sclerosing adenosis, tuberculosis of the breast, Zuska's disease
Oncologic^[8]	Adenoid cystic carcinoma, angiosarcoma of the breast, apocrine papillary carcinoma, ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity, benign breast disease, breast cancer, cancer, colloidal breast cancer, cyst wall cancer, cystosarcoma phyllodes, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, ductal carcinoma, epithelioma of the nipple, extramedullary myeloid tumor, hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, Hodgkin's disease, inflammatory breast cancer, juvenile secretory carcinoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, lymphoma, malignant carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, metastatic breast cancer, metastatic cancer, metastatic cancer, mucinous carcinoma, paget's disease of the breast, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, phyllodes tumor, primary breast cancer, PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, radiation induced angiosarcoma of the breast, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, secretory breast carcinoma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Benign inflammatory periductal mastitis, cysts of Montgomery, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, hives, inflammatory breast cancer, intramammary lymph node, lymphatic obstruction, lymphocytoma cutis, lymphocytic mastitis, mastitis, Mondor's disease, periductal mastitis, plasma cell mastitis, Zuska's disease
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Breast fat necrosis, breast injury, breast trauma, blow on the breast, fat necrosis, hematoma, ruptured cyst or duct, traumatic fat necrosis,
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Fibro-adeno-lipoma, hypertrophy, lipoma, lymphatic obstruction, oil cyst, postoperative scar/hematoma, radial scar, ruptured cyst or duct, venous thrombosis,

Causes In Female In Alphabetical Order

3

Causes In Males

Life-Threatening Causes

There are no life-threatening causes.

Common Causes In Male

Breast enlargement in male adolescents is defined as gynecomastia. Common causes of breast lumps in male include:^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Adipose tissue
Aging- more common in older men as male hormones reduce.
Breast abscess
Breast cancer
Hepatoma
Hyperthyroidism
Hypogonadism
Metastatic cancer
Neurofibroma
XXY males

Causes in Male by Organ System

Cardiovascular^[15]	Cantalamessa-baldini-ambrosi syndrome
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Cantalamessa-baldini-ambrosi syndrome, gingival fibromatosis hypertrichosis, H syndrome, Pachydermoperiostosis ,
Drug Side Effect	Aldactone, bicalutamide, chloropromazine, cimetidine, flutamide, itraconazole, metoclopramide, nizoral
Ear Nose Throat	Gingival fibromatosis hypertrichosis, H syndrome, Retinitis pigmentosa, deafness, mental retardation, hypogonadism- syndrome
Endocrine^[16]	17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency , Androgen insensitivity syndrome , Brugschs syndrome, Camera-marugo-cohen syndrome, Cantalamessa-baldini-ambrosi syndrome, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, Empty sella syndrome , Feminization, Forbes-Albright syndrome , luteinizing hormone releasing hormone deficiency, Gynecomastia, H syndrome, Hanhart syndrome, Heller-nelson syndrome, Hormone replacement therapy, Hyperprolactinemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Lactotroph adenoma, Newborn infant breast swelling, Obal syndrome, Partial androgen insensitivity, Primrose syndrome, pseudohermaphroditism male,Puberty, Salvioli syndrome, Sohval-Soffer syndrome, Summitt syndrome, Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome, Vasquez Hurst Sotos syndrome, Wilson turner syndrome, XX male syndrome, de la chapelle syndrome
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Cirrhosis of the liver, Hepatocellular carcinoma (fibrolamellar variant), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome
Genetic^[12]	17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development, Androgen insensitivity syndrome , Brugschs syndrome, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, Fragile X syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome, Obal syndrome, Summitt syndrome, Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome, Vasquez Hurst Sotos syndrome, XX male syndrome, de la chapelle syndrome
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Lymphatic filariasis,
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Brugschs syndrome, Camera-marugo-cohen syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome, Salvioli syndrome, Sohval-Soffer syndrome,Summitt syndrome
Neurologic	Camera-marugo-cohen syndrome, Fragile X syndrome,progressive spinobulbar muscular atrophy, Retinitis pigmentosa, deafness, mental retardation, hypogonadism, Sohval-Soffer syndrome, Spinal muscular atrophy, Summitt syndrome, Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome, Vasquez Hurst Sotos syndrome, wilson turner syndrome,
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Breast cancer
Ophthalmologic	Cantalamessa-baldini-ambrosi syndrome, Obal syndrome, Retinitis pigmentosa, deafness, mental retardation, hypogonadism.
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	sexual arousal
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	sexual arousal
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Male in Alphabetical order

3

Causes in Children

Neonates and infants ^[17]
- Breast hypertrophy due to maternal hormones
Prepubertal and pubertal children^[18]^[19]
- Breast infection
- Hemangiomas and lymphangiomas
- Lipomastia
- Premature Thelarche and Thelarche
- Trauma

Causes in Male Adolescents

Breast enlargement in male adolescents is defined as gynecomastia:^[20]
- Persistent pubertal gynecomastia
- Drugs^[21]
  - spironolactone
  - Cimetidine
  - Ketoconazole
  - Recombinant human growth hormone,
  - Estrogens
  - Antiandrogens
  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists
  - 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
  - Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- Idiopathic
- Cirrhosis
- Malnutrition
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypogonadism
- Testicular tumors
- Chronic renal insufficiency

Causes in Female Adolescents

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Santen RJ. Benign Breast Disease in Women. [Updated 2018 May 25]. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278994/
↑ Rohan TE, Negassa A, Chlebowski RT, Lasser NL, McTiernan A, Schenken RS; et al. (2008). "Estrogen plus progestin and risk of benign proliferative breast disease". Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 17 (9): 2337–43. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0380. PMC 2584343. PMID 18725513.
↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMC 5922622. PMID https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ Ferzoco RM, Ruddy KJ (2016). "The Epidemiology of Male Breast Cancer". Curr Oncol Rep. 18 (1): 1. doi:10.1007/s11912-015-0487-4. PMID 26694922.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Informed Health Online [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Breast cancer: Overview. 2013 Nov 6 [Updated 2017 Jul 27]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279422/
↑ Gollapalli V, Liao J, Dudakovic A, Sugg SL, Scott-Conner CE, Weigel RJ (2010). "Risk factors for development and recurrence of primary breast abscesses". J Am Coll Surg. 211 (1): 41–8. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.04.007. PMID 20610247.
↑ Yu JH, Kim MJ, Cho H, Liu HJ, Han SJ, Ahn TG (2013). "Breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation". Obstet Gynecol Sci. 56 (3): 143–59. doi:10.5468/ogs.2013.56.3.143. PMC 3784111. PMID 24327995.
↑ Sharma GN, Dave R, Sanadya J, Sharma P, Sharma KK (2010). "Various types and management of breast cancer: an overview". J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 1 (2): 109–26. PMC 3255438. PMID 22247839.
↑ Ormandy CJ, Hall RE, Manning DL, Robertson JF, Blamey RW, Kelly PA; et al. (1997). "Coexpression and cross-regulation of the prolactin receptor and sex steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82 (11): 3692–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.82.11.4361. PMID 9360527.
↑ Durmaz E, Ozmert EN, Erkekoglu P, Giray B, Derman O, Hincal F; et al. (2010). "Plasma phthalate levels in pubertal gynecomastia". Pediatrics. 125 (1): e122–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0724. PMID 20008419.
↑ Braunstein GD (2007). "Clinical practice. Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 357 (12): 1229–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. PMID 17881754.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Swerdloff RS, Ng JCM. Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. [Updated 2015 Aug 3]. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/
↑ Johnson RE, Murad MH (2009). "Gynecomastia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management". Mayo Clin Proc. 84 (11): 1010–5. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60671-X. PMC 2770912. PMID 19880691.
↑ McKiernan JF, Hull D (1981). "Breast development in the newborn". Arch Dis Child. 56 (7): 525–9. PMC 1627340. PMID 7271286.
↑ Al Qassabi SS, Al-Harthi SM, Al-Osali ME (2015). "Mixed gynecomastia". Saudi Med J. 36 (9): 1115–7. doi:10.15537/smj.2015.9.11778. PMC 4613638. PMID 26318471.
↑ Ismail AA, Barth JH (2001). "Endocrinology of gynaecomastia". Ann Clin Biochem. 38 (Pt 6): 596–607. doi:10.1258/0004563011900993. PMID 11732643.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 Greydanus DE, Matytsina L, Gains M (2006). "Breast disorders in children and adolescents". Prim Care. 33 (2): 455–502. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2006.02.002. PMID 16713771.
↑ Kaplowitz P, Bloch C, Section on Endocrinology, American Academy of Pediatrics (2016). "Evaluation and Referral of Children With Signs of Early Puberty". Pediatrics. 137 (1). doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3732. PMID 26668298.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 De Silva NK, Brandt ML (2006). "Disorders of the breast in children and adolescents, Part 2: breast masses". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 19 (6): 415–8. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2006.09.002. PMID 17174833.
↑ Braunstein GD (2007). "Clinical practice. Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 357 (12): 1229–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. PMID 17881754.
↑ Deepinder F, Braunstein GD (2012). "Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review". Expert Opin Drug Saf. 11 (5): 779–95. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712109. PMID 22862307.
↑ Templeman C, Hertweck SP (2000). "Breast disorders in the pediatric and adolescent patient". Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 27 (1): 19–34. PMID 10693180.
↑ Sanders LM, Sharma P, El Madany M, King AB, Goodman KS, Sanders AE (2018). "Clinical breast concerns in low-risk pediatric patients: practice review with proposed recommendations". Pediatr Radiol. 48 (2): 186–195. doi:10.1007/s00247-017-4007-6. PMID 29080125.
↑ Parker SJ, Harries SA (2001). "Phyllodes tumours". Postgrad Med J. 77 (909): 428–35. PMC 1760996. PMID 11423590.
↑ Pistolese CA, Tanga I, Cossu E, Perretta T, Yamgoue M, Bonanno E; et al. (2009). "A phyllodes tumor in a child". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 22 (3): e21–4. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2007.11.006. PMID 19539191.
↑ Schwartz GF (1982). "Benign neoplasms and "inflammations" of the breast". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 25 (2): 373–85. PMID 6286199.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Santen RJ. Benign Breast Disease in Women. [Updated 2018 May 25]. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278994/

[pmid18725513-2] Rohan TE, Negassa A, Chlebowski RT, Lasser NL, McTiernan A, Schenken RS; et al. (2008). "Estrogen plus progestin and risk of benign proliferative breast disease". Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 17 (9): 2337–43. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0380. PMC 2584343. PMID 18725513.

[pmidDOI:_https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1-3] Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMC 5922622. PMID https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1 Check |pmid= value (help).

[pmid26694922-4] Ferzoco RM, Ruddy KJ (2016). "The Epidemiology of Male Breast Cancer". Curr Oncol Rep. 18 (1): 1. doi:10.1007/s11912-015-0487-4. PMID 26694922.

[:2-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Informed Health Online [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Breast cancer: Overview. 2013 Nov 6 [Updated 2017 Jul 27]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279422/

[pmid20610247-6] Gollapalli V, Liao J, Dudakovic A, Sugg SL, Scott-Conner CE, Weigel RJ (2010). "Risk factors for development and recurrence of primary breast abscesses". J Am Coll Surg. 211 (1): 41–8. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.04.007. PMID 20610247.

[pmid24327995-7] Yu JH, Kim MJ, Cho H, Liu HJ, Han SJ, Ahn TG (2013). "Breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation". Obstet Gynecol Sci. 56 (3): 143–59. doi:10.5468/ogs.2013.56.3.143. PMC 3784111. PMID 24327995.

[pmid22247839-8] Sharma GN, Dave R, Sanadya J, Sharma P, Sharma KK (2010). "Various types and management of breast cancer: an overview". J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 1 (2): 109–26. PMC 3255438. PMID 22247839.

[pmid9360527-9] Ormandy CJ, Hall RE, Manning DL, Robertson JF, Blamey RW, Kelly PA; et al. (1997). "Coexpression and cross-regulation of the prolactin receptor and sex steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82 (11): 3692–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.82.11.4361. PMID 9360527.

[pmid20008419-10] Durmaz E, Ozmert EN, Erkekoglu P, Giray B, Derman O, Hincal F; et al. (2010). "Plasma phthalate levels in pubertal gynecomastia". Pediatrics. 125 (1): e122–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0724. PMID 20008419.

[pmid178817542-11] Braunstein GD (2007). "Clinical practice. Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 357 (12): 1229–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. PMID 17881754.

[:1-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Swerdloff RS, Ng JCM. Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. [Updated 2015 Aug 3]. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

[pmid19880691-13] Johnson RE, Murad MH (2009). "Gynecomastia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management". Mayo Clin Proc. 84 (11): 1010–5. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60671-X. PMC 2770912. PMID 19880691.

[pmid7271286-14] McKiernan JF, Hull D (1981). "Breast development in the newborn". Arch Dis Child. 56 (7): 525–9. PMC 1627340. PMID 7271286.

[pmid26318471-15] Al Qassabi SS, Al-Harthi SM, Al-Osali ME (2015). "Mixed gynecomastia". Saudi Med J. 36 (9): 1115–7. doi:10.15537/smj.2015.9.11778. PMC 4613638. PMID 26318471.

[pmid11732643-16] Ismail AA, Barth JH (2001). "Endocrinology of gynaecomastia". Ann Clin Biochem. 38 (Pt 6): 596–607. doi:10.1258/0004563011900993. PMID 11732643.

[pmid16713771-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Greydanus DE, Matytsina L, Gains M (2006). "Breast disorders in children and adolescents". Prim Care. 33 (2): 455–502. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2006.02.002. PMID 16713771.

[pmid26668298-18] Kaplowitz P, Bloch C, Section on Endocrinology, American Academy of Pediatrics (2016). "Evaluation and Referral of Children With Signs of Early Puberty". Pediatrics. 137 (1). doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3732. PMID 26668298.

[pmid17174833-19] 19.0 ^19.1 De Silva NK, Brandt ML (2006). "Disorders of the breast in children and adolescents, Part 2: breast masses". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 19 (6): 415–8. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2006.09.002. PMID 17174833.

[pmid17881754-20] Braunstein GD (2007). "Clinical practice. Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 357 (12): 1229–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. PMID 17881754.

[pmid22862307-21] Deepinder F, Braunstein GD (2012). "Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review". Expert Opin Drug Saf. 11 (5): 779–95. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712109. PMID 22862307.

[pmid10693180-22] Templeman C, Hertweck SP (2000). "Breast disorders in the pediatric and adolescent patient". Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 27 (1): 19–34. PMID 10693180.

[pmid29080125-23] Sanders LM, Sharma P, El Madany M, King AB, Goodman KS, Sanders AE (2018). "Clinical breast concerns in low-risk pediatric patients: practice review with proposed recommendations". Pediatr Radiol. 48 (2): 186–195. doi:10.1007/s00247-017-4007-6. PMID 29080125.

[pmid11423590-24] Parker SJ, Harries SA (2001). "Phyllodes tumours". Postgrad Med J. 77 (909): 428–35. PMC 1760996. PMID 11423590.

[pmid19539191-25] Pistolese CA, Tanga I, Cossu E, Perretta T, Yamgoue M, Bonanno E; et al. (2009). "A phyllodes tumor in a child". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 22 (3): e21–4. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2007.11.006. PMID 19539191.

[pmid6286199-26] Schwartz GF (1982). "Benign neoplasms and "inflammations" of the breast". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 25 (2): 373–85. PMID 6286199.

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 ===Common Causes In Female===
-The most common causes of breast lumps in females are:<ref name=":0" /><ref name="pmid18725513">{{cite journal| author=Rohan TE, Negassa A, Chlebowski RT, Lasser NL, McTiernan A, Schenken RS et al.| title=Estrogen plus progestin and risk of benign proliferative breast disease. | journal=Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev | year= 2008 | volume= 17 | issue= 9 | pages= 2337-43 | pmid=18725513 | doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0380 | pmc=2584343 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18725513  }}</ref><ref name="pmidDOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1 | doi= | pmc=5922622 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26694922">{{cite journal| author=Ferzoco RM, Ruddy KJ| title=The Epidemiology of Male Breast Cancer. | journal=Curr Oncol Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 1 | pmid=26694922 | doi=10.1007/s11912-015-0487-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26694922  }}</ref> <ref>Informed Health Online [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Breast cancer: Overview. 2013 Nov 6 [Updated 2017 Jul 27]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279422/</ref>
+The most common causes of breast lumps in females are:<ref name=":0" /><ref name="pmid18725513">{{cite journal| author=Rohan TE, Negassa A, Chlebowski RT, Lasser NL, McTiernan A, Schenken RS et al.| title=Estrogen plus progestin and risk of benign proliferative breast disease. | journal=Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev | year= 2008 | volume= 17 | issue= 9 | pages= 2337-43 | pmid=18725513 | doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0380 | pmc=2584343 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18725513  }}</ref><ref name="pmidDOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00437-1 | doi= | pmc=5922622 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26694922">{{cite journal| author=Ferzoco RM, Ruddy KJ| title=The Epidemiology of Male Breast Cancer. | journal=Curr Oncol Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 1 | pmid=26694922 | doi=10.1007/s11912-015-0487-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26694922  }}</ref> <ref name=":2">Informed Health Online [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Breast cancer: Overview. 2013 Nov 6 [Updated 2017 Jul 27]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279422/</ref>
 * [[Mastitis|Benign inflammatory periductal mastitis]]
 * [[Breast abscess]]
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 |-
 |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Genetic'''
+| '''Genetic<ref name=":2" />'''
 | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Breast|Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI)]], [[adenoid cystic carcinoma]], [[metaplasia|apocrine metaplasia]], [[metaplasia|apocrine or squamous metaplasia]], [[papillary carcinoma of the breast|apocrine papillary carcinoma]], [[telangiectasia|ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity]], [[breast cancer]], [[cancer]], [[breast cancer|colloidal breast cancer]], [[Cowden syndrome]], [[cyclosporine]], [[breast cancer|cyst wall cancer]], [[ductal carcinoma]], [[extramedullary myeloid tumor]], [[hamartoma|giant mammary hamartoma]], [[hamartoma]], [[stomach cancer|hereditary diffuse gastric cancer]], [[Hodgkin's disease]], [[inflammatory breast cancer]], [[breast cancer|juvenile secretory carcinoma]], [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], [[lymphoma]], [[carcinoma|malignant carcinoma]], [[medullary carcinoma]], [[breast cancer|metastatic breast cancer]], [[metastatic cancer]], [[breast cancer|mucinous carcinoma]], [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[breast cancer|primary breast cancer]], [[multiple hamartoma syndrome|PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome]]
 |-
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 |-
 |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Infectious Disease'''
+| '''Infectious Disease'''<ref name="pmid20610247">{{cite journal| author=Gollapalli V, Liao J, Dudakovic A, Sugg SL, Scott-Conner CE, Weigel RJ| title=Risk factors for development and recurrence of primary breast abscesses. | journal=J Am Coll Surg | year= 2010 | volume= 211 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-8 | pmid=20610247 | doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.04.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20610247  }}</ref>
 | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Abscess]], [[mastitis|acute mastitis]], [[mastitis|benign inflammatory periductal mastitis]], [[breast abscess]], [[breast cyst]], [[breast infection]], [[tuberculosis|tuberculosis of the breast]]
@@ Line 100: / Line 100: @@
 |-
 |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''<ref name="pmid24327995">{{cite journal| author=Yu JH, Kim MJ, Cho H, Liu HJ, Han SJ, Ahn TG| title=Breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation. | journal=Obstet Gynecol Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 56 | issue= 3 | pages= 143-59 | pmid=24327995 | doi=10.5468/ogs.2013.56.3.143 | pmc=3784111 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24327995  }}</ref>
 | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Breast|Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI)]], [[adenoid cystic carcinoma]], [[metaplasia|apocrine metaplasia]], [[metaplasia|apocrine or squamous metaplasia]], [[papillary carcinoma of the breast|apocrine papillary carcinoma]], [[mastitis|benign inflammatory periductal mastitis]], [[breast abscess]], [[breast cancer]], [[papilloma|breast duct papilloma]], [[fat necrosis|breast fat necrosis]], [[fibroadenoma|breast fibroadenoma]], [[breast implant]], [[physical trauma|breast injury]],[[physical trauma|breast trauma]], [[chronic cystic mastitis]], [[breast cancer|colloidal breast cancer]], [[breast cyst|complicated cyst]], [[cowden syndrome]], [[breast cancer|cyst wall cancer]], [[cystosarcoma phyllodes]], [[glands of Montgomery|cysts of Montgomery]], [[duct ectasia of breast]], [[ductal carcinoma]], [[epithelioma|epithelioma of the nipple]], [[fat necrosis]], [[hamartoma|fibro-adeno-lipoma]], [[fibroadenoma|fibro-adenosis of the newborn]], [[fibroadenoma]], [[galactocele]], [[fibroadenoma|giant fibroadenoma]], [[hamartoma|giant mammary hamartoma]], [[pregnancy|glandular thickening due to hormonal changes of pregnancy]], [[gynecomastia]], [[fibroadenoma|hyalinized fibroadenoma]], [[intraductal papilloma]], [[lactation]], [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], [[breast cancer|lobular neoplasia]], [[mastitis|lymphocytic mastitis]], [[mammary duct ectasia]], [[mastitis]], [[breast cancer|metastatic breast cancer]], [[breast cancer|mucinous carcinoma]], [[mastalgia|nipple conditions]]., [[paget's disease of the breast]], [[mastitis|periductal mastitis]], [[phyllodes tumor]], [[mastitis|plasma cell mastitis]], [[breast cancer|primary breast cancer]], [[hyperplasia|pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia]], [[breast cyst|retroareolar cyst]], [[breast cyst|ruptured cyst or duct]], [[sclerosis|sclerosing adenosis]], [[tuberculosis|tuberculosis of the breast]], [[Zuska's disease]]
 |-
 |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Oncologic'''
+| '''Oncologic'''<ref name="pmid22247839">{{cite journal| author=Sharma GN, Dave R, Sanadya J, Sharma P, Sharma KK| title=Various types and management of breast cancer: an overview. | journal=J Adv Pharm Technol Res | year= 2010 | volume= 1 | issue= 2 | pages= 109-26 | pmid=22247839 | doi= | pmc=3255438 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22247839  }}</ref>
 | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]], [[hemangiosarcoma|angiosarcoma of the breast]], [[papillary carcinoma of the breast|apocrine papillary carcinoma]], [[telangiectasia|ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity]], [[breast cancer|benign breast disease]], [[breast cancer]], [[cancer]], [[breast cancer|colloidal breast cancer]], [[breast cancer|cyst wall cancer]], [[cystosarcoma phyllodes]], [[desmoplastic small round cell tumor]], [[ductal carcinoma]], [[epithelioma|epithelioma of the nipple]], [[extramedullary myeloid tumor]], [[stomach cancer|hereditary diffuse gastric cancer]], [[Hodgkin's disease]], [[inflammatory breast cancer]], [[breast cancer|juvenile secretory carcinoma]], [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], [[lymphoma]], [[carcinoma|malignant carcinoma]], [[medullary carcinoma]], [[breast cancer|metastatic breast cancer]], [[metastatic cancer]], [[metastatic cancer]], [[breast cancer|mucinous carcinoma]], [[paget's disease of the breast]], [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[phyllodes tumor]], [[breast cancer|primary breast cancer]], [[multiple hamartoma syndrome|PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome]], [[hemangiosarcoma|radiation induced angiosarcoma of the breast]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[sarcoma]], [[breast cancer|secretory breast carcinoma]]
 |-