Small intestine cancer differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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* [[Biopsy]] and [[histopathological]] analysis
* [[Biopsy]] and [[histopathological]] analysis
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Arteriovenous malformation]]<ref name="pmid28139503">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee HH, Kwon HM, Gil S, Kim YS, Cho M, Seo KJ, Chae HS, Cho YS |title=Endoscopic resection of asymptomatic, colonic, polypoid arteriovenous malformations: Two case reports and a literature review |journal=Saudi J Gastroenterol |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |date=2017 |pmid=28139503 |pmc=5329980 |doi=10.4103/1319-3767.199111 |url=}}</ref>
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* Normal
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* No pain
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* N/A
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* N/A
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* Bright red, flat lesions
* Rarely, polypoid
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* N/A
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* N/A
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* Aberrant vessels with thickened, hypertrophic walls in the mucosa and the submucosa.
* Arteries directly connected to veins without capillary beds
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* Accidental fining
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Infectious colitis]]<ref name="pmid22080825">{{cite journal |vauthors=DuPont HL |title=Approach to the patient with infectious colitis |journal=Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22080825 |doi=10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834d3208 |url=}}</ref>
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* [[Diarrhea]]
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* Diffuse abdominal
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* [[Fever]], [[Rigor|chills]]
* [[Nausea and vomiting|N/V]]
* [[Bloating]]
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* N/A
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* Patchy or diffuse [[Erythematous|erythematous mucosa]]
* Edema, [[hemorrhage]], with or without [[ulcers]] of mucosa
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* N/A
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* [[Stool culture|Stool cultures]] in adequate [[culture media]]
* Stool analysis: [[Leukocytosis]]
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* N/A
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* Stool culture
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]]<ref name="pmid27298573">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhong ME, Niu BZ, Ji WY, Wu B |title=Laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with synchronous rectal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=22 |pages=5293–6 |date=June 2016 |pmid=27298573 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i22.5293 |url=}}</ref><ref name="KopacovaTacheci20092">{{cite journal|last1=Kopacova|first1=Marcela|last2=Tacheci|first2=Ilja|last3=Rejchrt|first3=Stanislav|last4=Bures|first4=Jan|title=Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Diagnostic and therapeuticapproach|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=15|issue=43|year=2009|pages=5397|issn=1007-9327|doi=10.3748/wjg.15.5397}}</ref><ref name="GiardielloTrimbath2006">{{cite journal|last1=Giardiello|first1=F|last2=Trimbath|first2=J|title=Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome and Management Recommendations|journal=Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=4|issue=4|year=2006|pages=408–415|issn=15423565|doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2005.11.005}}</ref><ref name="BeggsLatchford2010">{{cite journal|last1=Beggs|first1=A. D.|last2=Latchford|first2=A. R.|last3=Vasen|first3=H. F. A.|last4=Moslein|first4=G.|last5=Alonso|first5=A.|last6=Aretz|first6=S.|last7=Bertario|first7=L.|last8=Blanco|first8=I.|last9=Bulow|first9=S.|last10=Burn|first10=J.|last11=Capella|first11=G.|last12=Colas|first12=C.|last13=Friedl|first13=W.|last14=Moller|first14=P.|last15=Hes|first15=F. J.|last16=Jarvinen|first16=H.|last17=Mecklin|first17=J.-P.|last18=Nagengast|first18=F. M.|last19=Parc|first19=Y.|last20=Phillips|first20=R. K. S.|last21=Hyer|first21=W.|last22=Ponz de Leon|first22=M.|last23=Renkonen-Sinisalo|first23=L.|last24=Sampson|first24=J. R.|last25=Stormorken|first25=A.|last26=Tejpar|first26=S.|last27=Thomas|first27=H. J. W.|last28=Wijnen|first28=J. T.|last29=Clark|first29=S. K.|last30=Hodgson|first30=S. V.|title=Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management|journal=Gut|volume=59|issue=7|year=2010|pages=975–986|issn=0017-5749|doi=10.1136/gut.2009.198499}}</ref><ref name="KopacovaTacheci20093">{{cite journal|last1=Kopacova|first1=Marcela|last2=Tacheci|first2=Ilja|last3=Rejchrt|first3=Stanislav|last4=Bures|first4=Jan|title=Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Diagnostic and therapeuticapproach|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=15|issue=43|year=2009|pages=5397|issn=1007-9327|doi=10.3748/wjg.15.5397}}</ref>
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* [[Constipation]]
and/or
* [[Diarrhea]]
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* Abdominal pain
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* [[Mucocutaneous]]  [[hyperpigmentation]] (mouth, hands, and feet)
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Weight loss]]
* [[Rectal prolapse]]
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* N/A
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* [[Hamartomatous intestinal polyposis|Multiple polyps]]
* [[mucocutaneous]] [[pigmentation]]
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*[[Polyps|Multiple polyps]]
*[[Intussusception]]
*[[Bowel obstruction]]
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* [[Barium enema]]: Multiple [[Polyp|polyps]].
* [[MRI]]: Multiple [[Hamartoma|hamartomatous]] polyps
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** [[Hamartoma|Hamartomatous]] [[Polyps|mucosal polyps]] with central core of branching smooth muscle associated with mucosa
** Smaller [[Polyp|polyps]] may lack the prominent arborizing smooth muscle
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*[[Genetic testing]] for [[STK11]]
*[[Colonoscopy]]
|-
|-
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Carcinoid|Carcinoids]]<ref name="pmid20011309">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung TP, Hunt SR |title=Carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumors of the colon and rectum |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=45–8 |date=May 2006 |pmid=20011309 |pmc=2780103 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-942343 |url=}}</ref><ref name="diagnostics">Diagnostics: Biochemical Markers, Imaging, and Approach. National cancer institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/gi-carcinoid-tumors/hp/gi-carcinoid-treatment-pdq</ref><ref name="pmid22525418">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rindi G, Falconi M, Klersy C, Albarello L, Boninsegna L, Buchler MW, Capella C, Caplin M, Couvelard A, Doglioni C, Delle Fave G, Fischer L, Fusai G, de Herder WW, Jann H, Komminoth P, de Krijger RR, La Rosa S, Luong TV, Pape U, Perren A, Ruszniewski P, Scarpa A, Schmitt A, Solcia E, Wiedenmann B |title=TNM staging of neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas: results from a large international cohort study |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=104 |issue=10 |pages=764–77 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22525418 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djs208 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28637502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fang C, Wang W, Zhang Y, Feng X, Sun J, Zeng Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Chen M, Zhou Z, Chen J |title=Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a multicenter study in South China |journal=Chin J Cancer |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=51 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28637502 |pmc=5480192 |doi=10.1186/s40880-017-0218-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="symptoms">Signs and symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/gi-carcinoid-tumors/patient/gi-carcinoid-treatment-pdq</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Carcinoid|Carcinoids]]<ref name="pmid20011309">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung TP, Hunt SR |title=Carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumors of the colon and rectum |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=45–8 |date=May 2006 |pmid=20011309 |pmc=2780103 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-942343 |url=}}</ref><ref name="diagnostics">Diagnostics: Biochemical Markers, Imaging, and Approach. National cancer institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/gi-carcinoid-tumors/hp/gi-carcinoid-treatment-pdq</ref><ref name="pmid22525418">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rindi G, Falconi M, Klersy C, Albarello L, Boninsegna L, Buchler MW, Capella C, Caplin M, Couvelard A, Doglioni C, Delle Fave G, Fischer L, Fusai G, de Herder WW, Jann H, Komminoth P, de Krijger RR, La Rosa S, Luong TV, Pape U, Perren A, Ruszniewski P, Scarpa A, Schmitt A, Solcia E, Wiedenmann B |title=TNM staging of neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas: results from a large international cohort study |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=104 |issue=10 |pages=764–77 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22525418 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djs208 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28637502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fang C, Wang W, Zhang Y, Feng X, Sun J, Zeng Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Chen M, Zhou Z, Chen J |title=Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a multicenter study in South China |journal=Chin J Cancer |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=51 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28637502 |pmc=5480192 |doi=10.1186/s40880-017-0218-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="symptoms">Signs and symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/gi-carcinoid-tumors/patient/gi-carcinoid-treatment-pdq</ref>
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* [[Biopsy]] and [[Histopathology|histopathological analysis]]
* [[Biopsy]] and [[Histopathology|histopathological analysis]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Juvenile polyposis syndrome|Juvenile Polyposis Coli]]<ref name="pmid7054044">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grotsky HW, Rickert RR, Smith WD, Newsome JF |title=Familial juvenile polyposis coli. A clinical and pathologic study of a large kindred |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=494–501 |date=March 1982 |pmid=7054044 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22171123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brosens LA, Langeveld D, van Hattem WA, Giardiello FM, Offerhaus GJ |title=Juvenile polyposis syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=17 |issue=44 |pages=4839–44 |date=November 2011 |pmid=22171123 |pmc=3235625 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v17.i44.4839 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22965402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Latchford AR, Neale K, Phillips RK, Clark SK |title=Juvenile polyposis syndrome: a study of genotype, phenotype, and long-term outcome |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=1038–43 |date=October 2012 |pmid=22965402 |doi=10.1097/DCR.0b013e31826278b3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid229654023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Latchford AR, Neale K, Phillips RK, Clark SK |title=Juvenile polyposis syndrome: a study of genotype, phenotype, and long-term outcome |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=1038–43 |date=October 2012 |pmid=22965402 |doi=10.1097/DCR.0b013e31826278b3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid229654022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Latchford AR, Neale K, Phillips RK, Clark SK |title=Juvenile polyposis syndrome: a study of genotype, phenotype, and long-term outcome |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=1038–43 |date=October 2012 |pmid=22965402 |doi=10.1097/DCR.0b013e31826278b3 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[MALT lymphoma|Intestinal Lymphoma]]<ref name="pmid20011310">{{cite journal |vauthors=Quayle FJ, Lowney JK |title=Colorectal lymphoma |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=49–53 |date=May 2006 |pmid=20011310 |pmc=2780105 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-942344 |url=}}</ref><ref name="QuayleLowney2006">{{cite journal|last1=Quayle|first1=Frank|last2=Lowney|first2=Jennifer|title=Colorectal Lymphoma|journal=Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery|volume=19|issue=2|year=2006|pages=049–053|issn=1531-0043|doi=10.1055/s-2006-942344}}</ref>
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* [[Diarrhea]]
* Normal
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* Diffuse abdominal pain
* Depending on location
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* Prolapsing [[polyp]]
* Weight loss
* [[Intussusception]]
* [[Macrocephalus]]
* [[Hypotonia]]
* [[Intestinal obstruction|Bowel obstruction]]
* Heart or brain abnormalities
* Cleft palate
* Polydactyly
* Abnormalities of the genitalia or urinary tract.
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* N/A
* Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: CD-20
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* >5 juvenile [[Polyp|polyps]] in the [[colon]] and [[rectum]]
* Polypoid or ulcerated mass, intramural lesion, aphthous ulcer, stricture, extraluminal mass, or diffuse, multiple polypoid lesions
* Multiple [[Polyps|juvenile polyps]] in [[gastrointestinal tract]]
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* M[[Polyps|ultiple polyps]] in [[gastrointestinal tract]]
* CT scan: polypoid mass, circumferential-cavitary lesions, focal mucosal nodularity, diffuse ulcerative or nodular lesions, regional lymph node involvement
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* Barium study: Multiple polyps in GI tract
* Biopsy:  
* Stool DNA test: ''SMAD4'' or ''BMPR1A''
** [[Diffuse large B cell lymphoma|Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]]
* Diagnose if any of the following positive:
** [[MALT lymphoma|Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT)]]
** More than five juvenile polyps of the colorectum
** [[Mantle cell lymphoma]]
** Multiple juvenile polyps throughout the GI tract
** [[Burkitt's lymphoma|Burkitt’s lymphoma]]
** Any number of juvenile polyps and a family history of juvenile polyposis
** [[Follicular lymphoma]]
** Heterozygous pathogenic variant in ''SMAD4'' or ''BMPR1A''
* Double-contrast enema: Subtle mucosal changes, gross tumor morphology
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* Numerous cystic and dilated crypts or glands with inspissated mucin and intraluminal neutrophils
* [[Diffuse large B cell lymphoma|Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]]:
* Lamina propria edematous with associated lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and neutrophils
* [[MALT lymphoma|Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT)]]
* Filiform, multilobated forms with increased glandular-to-stroma ratio in nonclassic or atypical polyps
* [[Mantle cell lymphoma]]
* Areas of conventional dysplasia
* [[Burkitt's lymphoma|Burkitt’s lymphoma]]
* [[Follicular lymphoma]]
*  
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* If any of the following positive:
* Biopsy
** More than five juvenile polyps of the colorectum
** Multiple juvenile polyps throughout the GI tract
** Any number of juvenile polyps and a family history of juvenile polyposis
** Heterozygous pathogenic variant in ''SMAD4'' or ''BMPR1A''
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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor|Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)]]<ref name="pmid24778074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kaley K, Saif MW |title=Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of colon: a case report and review of literature |journal=Anticancer Res. |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=2547–50 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24778074 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid247780742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kaley K, Saif MW |title=Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of colon: a case report and review of literature |journal=Anticancer Res. |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=2547–50 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24778074 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15223958">{{cite journal |vauthors=Medeiros F, Corless CL, Duensing A, Hornick JL, Oliveira AM, Heinrich MC, Fletcher JA, Fletcher CD |title=KIT-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors: proof of concept and therapeutic implications |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=889–94 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15223958 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16222452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kamiyama Y, Aihara R, Nakabayashi T, Mochiki E, Asao T, Kuwano H, Oriuchi N, Endo K |title=18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: useful technique for predicting malignant potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors |journal=World J Surg |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1429–35 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16222452 |doi=10.1007/s00268-005-0045-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15613856">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miettinen M, Sobin LH, Lasota J |title=Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 1765 cases with long-term follow-up |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=52–68 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15613856 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor|Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)]]<ref name="pmid24778074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kaley K, Saif MW |title=Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of colon: a case report and review of literature |journal=Anticancer Res. |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=2547–50 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24778074 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid247780742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Niazi AK, Kaley K, Saif MW |title=Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of colon: a case report and review of literature |journal=Anticancer Res. |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=2547–50 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24778074 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15223958">{{cite journal |vauthors=Medeiros F, Corless CL, Duensing A, Hornick JL, Oliveira AM, Heinrich MC, Fletcher JA, Fletcher CD |title=KIT-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors: proof of concept and therapeutic implications |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=889–94 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15223958 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16222452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kamiyama Y, Aihara R, Nakabayashi T, Mochiki E, Asao T, Kuwano H, Oriuchi N, Endo K |title=18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: useful technique for predicting malignant potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors |journal=World J Surg |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1429–35 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16222452 |doi=10.1007/s00268-005-0045-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15613856">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miettinen M, Sobin LH, Lasota J |title=Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 1765 cases with long-term follow-up |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=52–68 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15613856 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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* Endoscopic ultrasound with[[Biopsy]] and [[Histopathological|histopathological analysis]]
* Endoscopic ultrasound with[[Biopsy]] and [[Histopathological|histopathological analysis]]
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|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hamartoma]]<ref name="pmid26672891">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cauchin E, Touchefeu Y, Matysiak-Budnik T |title=Hamartomatous Tumors in the Gastrointestinal Tract |journal=Gastrointest Tumors |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=65–74 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26672891 |pmc=4668787 |doi=10.1159/000437175 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]]<ref name="pmid27298573">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhong ME, Niu BZ, Ji WY, Wu B |title=Laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with synchronous rectal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=22 |pages=5293–6 |date=June 2016 |pmid=27298573 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i22.5293 |url=}}</ref><ref name="KopacovaTacheci20092">{{cite journal|last1=Kopacova|first1=Marcela|last2=Tacheci|first2=Ilja|last3=Rejchrt|first3=Stanislav|last4=Bures|first4=Jan|title=Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Diagnostic and therapeuticapproach|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=15|issue=43|year=2009|pages=5397|issn=1007-9327|doi=10.3748/wjg.15.5397}}</ref><ref name="GiardielloTrimbath2006">{{cite journal|last1=Giardiello|first1=F|last2=Trimbath|first2=J|title=Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome and Management Recommendations|journal=Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=4|issue=4|year=2006|pages=408–415|issn=15423565|doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2005.11.005}}</ref><ref name="BeggsLatchford2010">{{cite journal|last1=Beggs|first1=A. D.|last2=Latchford|first2=A. R.|last3=Vasen|first3=H. F. A.|last4=Moslein|first4=G.|last5=Alonso|first5=A.|last6=Aretz|first6=S.|last7=Bertario|first7=L.|last8=Blanco|first8=I.|last9=Bulow|first9=S.|last10=Burn|first10=J.|last11=Capella|first11=G.|last12=Colas|first12=C.|last13=Friedl|first13=W.|last14=Moller|first14=P.|last15=Hes|first15=F. J.|last16=Jarvinen|first16=H.|last17=Mecklin|first17=J.-P.|last18=Nagengast|first18=F. M.|last19=Parc|first19=Y.|last20=Phillips|first20=R. K. S.|last21=Hyer|first21=W.|last22=Ponz de Leon|first22=M.|last23=Renkonen-Sinisalo|first23=L.|last24=Sampson|first24=J. R.|last25=Stormorken|first25=A.|last26=Tejpar|first26=S.|last27=Thomas|first27=H. J. W.|last28=Wijnen|first28=J. T.|last29=Clark|first29=S. K.|last30=Hodgson|first30=S. V.|title=Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management|journal=Gut|volume=59|issue=7|year=2010|pages=975–986|issn=0017-5749|doi=10.1136/gut.2009.198499}}</ref><ref name="KopacovaTacheci20093">{{cite journal|last1=Kopacova|first1=Marcela|last2=Tacheci|first2=Ilja|last3=Rejchrt|first3=Stanislav|last4=Bures|first4=Jan|title=Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Diagnostic and therapeuticapproach|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=15|issue=43|year=2009|pages=5397|issn=1007-9327|doi=10.3748/wjg.15.5397}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Constipation]]
and/or
* [[Diarrhea]]
* [[Diarrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Depending on location
* Abdominal pain
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Tenesmus]]
* [[Mucocutaneous]]  [[hyperpigmentation]] (mouth, hands, and feet)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Weight loss]]
* [[Rectal prolapse]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* S100 (mucosal Schwann cell hamartoma (MSCH))
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Large polypoid mass
* [[Hamartomatous intestinal polyposis|Multiple polyps]]
* [[mucocutaneous]] [[pigmentation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Isodense or hypodense solid [[Mass|masses]]
*[[Polyps|Multiple polyps]]
* [[Heterogeneous]] mass
*[[Intussusception]]
* Presence of [[fat]] in a well circumscribed nodule
*[[Bowel obstruction]]
* [[Calcification]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Biopsy: Proliferation of bland spindle cells in the lamina propria (mucosal Schwann cell hamartoma (MSCH))
* [[Barium enema]]: Multiple [[Polyp|polyps]].
* [[MRI]]: Multiple [[Hamartoma|hamartomatous]] polyps
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* poorly circumscribed, short fascicles of uniform spindle cells replacing the colonic lamina propria, separating and entrapping the crypts
** [[Hamartoma|Hamartomatous]] [[Polyps|mucosal polyps]] with central core of branching smooth muscle associated with mucosa
* The nuclei are bland and mostly uniform, occasional larger nuclei are found. The cytoplasmic borders are indistinct
** Smaller [[Polyp|polyps]] may lack the prominent arborizing smooth muscle
* Involvement of mucosa but never the submucosa
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Biopsy
*[[Genetic testing]] for [[STK11]]
*[[Colonoscopy]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[MALT lymphoma|Intestinal Lymphoma]]<ref name="pmid20011310">{{cite journal |vauthors=Quayle FJ, Lowney JK |title=Colorectal lymphoma |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=49–53 |date=May 2006 |pmid=20011310 |pmc=2780105 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-942344 |url=}}</ref><ref name="QuayleLowney2006">{{cite journal|last1=Quayle|first1=Frank|last2=Lowney|first2=Jennifer|title=Colorectal Lymphoma|journal=Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery|volume=19|issue=2|year=2006|pages=049–053|issn=1531-0043|doi=10.1055/s-2006-942344}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Juvenile polyposis syndrome|Juvenile Polyposis Coli]]<ref name="pmid7054044">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grotsky HW, Rickert RR, Smith WD, Newsome JF |title=Familial juvenile polyposis coli. A clinical and pathologic study of a large kindred |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=494–501 |date=March 1982 |pmid=7054044 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22171123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brosens LA, Langeveld D, van Hattem WA, Giardiello FM, Offerhaus GJ |title=Juvenile polyposis syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=17 |issue=44 |pages=4839–44 |date=November 2011 |pmid=22171123 |pmc=3235625 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v17.i44.4839 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22965402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Latchford AR, Neale K, Phillips RK, Clark SK |title=Juvenile polyposis syndrome: a study of genotype, phenotype, and long-term outcome |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=1038–43 |date=October 2012 |pmid=22965402 |doi=10.1097/DCR.0b013e31826278b3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid229654023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Latchford AR, Neale K, Phillips RK, Clark SK |title=Juvenile polyposis syndrome: a study of genotype, phenotype, and long-term outcome |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=1038–43 |date=October 2012 |pmid=22965402 |doi=10.1097/DCR.0b013e31826278b3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid229654022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Latchford AR, Neale K, Phillips RK, Clark SK |title=Juvenile polyposis syndrome: a study of genotype, phenotype, and long-term outcome |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=1038–43 |date=October 2012 |pmid=22965402 |doi=10.1097/DCR.0b013e31826278b3 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Normal
* [[Diarrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Depending on location
* Diffuse abdominal pain
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Weight loss
* Prolapsing [[polyp]]
* [[Intussusception]]
* [[Macrocephalus]]
* [[Hypotonia]]
* [[Intestinal obstruction|Bowel obstruction]]
* Heart or brain abnormalities
* Cleft palate
* Polydactyly
* Abnormalities of the genitalia or urinary tract.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: CD-20
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Polypoid or ulcerated mass, intramural lesion, aphthous ulcer, stricture, extraluminal mass, or diffuse, multiple polypoid lesions
* >5 juvenile [[Polyp|polyps]] in the [[colon]] and [[rectum]]
* Multiple [[Polyps|juvenile polyps]] in [[gastrointestinal tract]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* CT scan: polypoid mass, circumferential-cavitary lesions, focal mucosal nodularity, diffuse ulcerative or nodular lesions, regional lymph node involvement
* M[[Polyps|ultiple polyps]] in [[gastrointestinal tract]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Biopsy:  
* Barium study: Multiple polyps in GI tract
** [[Diffuse large B cell lymphoma|Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]]
* Stool DNA test: ''SMAD4'' or ''BMPR1A''
** [[MALT lymphoma|Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT)]]
* Diagnose if any of the following positive:
** [[Mantle cell lymphoma]]
** More than five juvenile polyps of the colorectum
** [[Burkitt's lymphoma|Burkitt’s lymphoma]]
** Multiple juvenile polyps throughout the GI tract
** [[Follicular lymphoma]]
** Any number of juvenile polyps and a family history of juvenile polyposis
* Double-contrast enema: Subtle mucosal changes, gross tumor morphology
** Heterozygous pathogenic variant in ''SMAD4'' or ''BMPR1A''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Diffuse large B cell lymphoma|Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]]:
* Numerous cystic and dilated crypts or glands with inspissated mucin and intraluminal neutrophils
* [[MALT lymphoma|Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT)]]
* Lamina propria edematous with associated lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and neutrophils
* [[Mantle cell lymphoma]]
* Filiform, multilobated forms with increased glandular-to-stroma ratio in nonclassic or atypical polyps
* [[Burkitt's lymphoma|Burkitt’s lymphoma]]
* Areas of conventional dysplasia
* [[Follicular lymphoma]]
*  
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Biopsy
* If any of the following positive:
** More than five juvenile polyps of the colorectum
** Multiple juvenile polyps throughout the GI tract
** Any number of juvenile polyps and a family history of juvenile polyposis
** Heterozygous pathogenic variant in ''SMAD4'' or ''BMPR1A''
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Kaposi's sarcoma]]<ref name="pmid20827371">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arora M, Goldberg EM |title=Kaposi sarcoma involving the gastrointestinal tract |journal=Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=459–62 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20827371 |pmc=2933764 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Kaposi's sarcoma]]<ref name="pmid20827371">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arora M, Goldberg EM |title=Kaposi sarcoma involving the gastrointestinal tract |journal=Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=459–62 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20827371 |pmc=2933764 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Line 401: Line 323:
* Premonitory sign (a neovascular lesion wrapped around a pre-existing space)
* Premonitory sign (a neovascular lesion wrapped around a pre-existing space)
* Intracytoplasmic PAS +ve [[hyaline]] globules
* Intracytoplasmic PAS +ve [[hyaline]] globules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Biopsy
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Arteriovenous malformation]]<ref name="pmid28139503">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee HH, Kwon HM, Gil S, Kim YS, Cho M, Seo KJ, Chae HS, Cho YS |title=Endoscopic resection of asymptomatic, colonic, polypoid arteriovenous malformations: Two case reports and a literature review |journal=Saudi J Gastroenterol |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |date=2017 |pmid=28139503 |pmc=5329980 |doi=10.4103/1319-3767.199111 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* No pain
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Bright red, flat lesions
* Rarely, polypoid
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Aberrant vessels with thickened, hypertrophic walls in the mucosa and the submucosa.
* Arteries directly connected to veins without capillary beds
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Accidental fining
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Infectious colitis]]<ref name="pmid22080825">{{cite journal |vauthors=DuPont HL |title=Approach to the patient with infectious colitis |journal=Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22080825 |doi=10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834d3208 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Diarrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Diffuse abdominal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Fever]], [[Rigor|chills]]
* [[Nausea and vomiting|N/V]]
* [[Bloating]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Patchy or diffuse [[Erythematous|erythematous mucosa]]
* Edema, [[hemorrhage]], with or without [[ulcers]] of mucosa
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Stool culture|Stool cultures]] in adequate [[culture media]]
* Stool analysis: [[Leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Stool culture
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hamartoma]]<ref name="pmid26672891">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cauchin E, Touchefeu Y, Matysiak-Budnik T |title=Hamartomatous Tumors in the Gastrointestinal Tract |journal=Gastrointest Tumors |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=65–74 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26672891 |pmc=4668787 |doi=10.1159/000437175 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Diarrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Depending on location
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Tenesmus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* S100 (mucosal Schwann cell hamartoma (MSCH))
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Large polypoid mass
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Isodense or hypodense solid [[Mass|masses]]
* [[Heterogeneous]] mass
* Presence of [[fat]] in a well circumscribed nodule
* [[Calcification]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Biopsy: Proliferation of bland spindle cells in the lamina propria (mucosal Schwann cell hamartoma (MSCH))
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* poorly circumscribed, short fascicles of uniform spindle cells replacing the colonic lamina propria, separating and entrapping the crypts
* The nuclei are bland and mostly uniform, occasional larger nuclei are found. The cytoplasmic borders are indistinct
* Involvement of mucosa but never the submucosa
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Biopsy
* Biopsy

Revision as of 15:58, 24 January 2019

Small intestine cancer Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Qurrat-ul-ain Abid, M.D.[2]Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [3]

Overview

Small intestine cancer must be differentiated from Crohn's disease, intestinal tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, large intestine cancer, peptic ulcer disease, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Differential Diagnosis

tab

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard
Symptoms
Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Constipation/Diarrhea Blood in stool Abdominal pain Other symptoms Anemia Tumor marker Colonoscopy CT scan Other diagnostic study
Adenocarcinoma[1]

and/or

+
  • Diffuse abdominal pain +/-
 +
  • Different grades of differentiation of glandular structures
    • Sheets or cords of malignant cells,
    • Cellular atypia, pleomorphism
    • High mitotic rate
  • Necrotic debris in glandular lumina
  • Desmoplastic reaction (sign of invasion)
Carcinoids[2][3][4][5][6] +/-
  • Abdominal pain
 +
  • Infiltrating, ulcerating or fungating lesions in the wall of colon
  • Well-defined single or multiple lesions
  • Round or ovoid in shape
  • Variable in size ranges between 2-5 cm
  • PET scan 11C-5-hydroxytryptophan (11C-5-HTP): Deetects metastasis
  • MRI:
    • Nodular mass originating from the bowel wall or regional uniform bowel wall thickening with moderate intense enhancement on post gadolinium T1-weighted fat-suppressed images
    • Mesenteric metastases presents as nodular masses with mesenteric stranding
    • Liver metastases may show hypointense precontrast T1- and hyperintense T2-weighted images
    • Liver metastases are commonly hypervascular
  • Ki-67 index
  • Solid or spongy nests of cells accentuated by neatly outlined luminal spaces
  • Peripheral nuclear palisading
  • Granular eosinophilic cytoplasm.
Intestinal Lymphoma[7][8]
  • Normal
 +/-
  • Depending on location
  • Weight loss
 +
  • Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: CD-20
  • Polypoid or ulcerated mass, intramural lesion, aphthous ulcer, stricture, extraluminal mass, or diffuse, multiple polypoid lesions
  • CT scan: polypoid mass, circumferential-cavitary lesions, focal mucosal nodularity, diffuse ulcerative or nodular lesions, regional lymph node involvement
  • Biopsy
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)[9][10][11][12][13] +/- +/-
  • No pain
  • Mostly asymptomatic
  • Are discovered incidentally
  • Non-specific symptoms
  • Early satiety and bloating
 +/-
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome[16][17][18][19][20]

and/or

+
  • Abdominal pain
 +
  • N/A
Juvenile Polyposis Coli[21][22][23][24][25] +
  • Diffuse abdominal pain
 +
  • N/A
  • Barium study: Multiple polyps in GI tract
  • Stool DNA test: SMAD4 or BMPR1A
  • Diagnose if any of the following positive:
    • More than five juvenile polyps of the colorectum
    • Multiple juvenile polyps throughout the GI tract
    • Any number of juvenile polyps and a family history of juvenile polyposis
    • Heterozygous pathogenic variant in SMAD4 or BMPR1A
  • Numerous cystic and dilated crypts or glands with inspissated mucin and intraluminal neutrophils
  • Lamina propria edematous with associated lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and neutrophils
  • Filiform, multilobated forms with increased glandular-to-stroma ratio in nonclassic or atypical polyps
  • Areas of conventional dysplasia
  • If any of the following positive:
    • More than five juvenile polyps of the colorectum
    • Multiple juvenile polyps throughout the GI tract
    • Any number of juvenile polyps and a family history of juvenile polyposis
    • Heterozygous pathogenic variant in SMAD4 or BMPR1A
Kaposi's sarcoma[26] +
  • Diffuse abdominal pain
 +
  • Localized purpuric lesion
  • N/A
  • Biopsy
Arteriovenous malformation[27]
  • Normal
 +
  • No pain
  • N/A
 +
  • N/A
  • Bright red, flat lesions
  • Rarely, polypoid
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Aberrant vessels with thickened, hypertrophic walls in the mucosa and the submucosa.
  • Arteries directly connected to veins without capillary beds
  • Accidental fining
Infectious colitis[28] +
  • Diffuse abdominal
 -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Stool culture
Hamartoma[29] +
  • Depending on location
 -
  • S100 (mucosal Schwann cell hamartoma (MSCH))
  • Large polypoid mass
  • Biopsy: Proliferation of bland spindle cells in the lamina propria (mucosal Schwann cell hamartoma (MSCH))
  • poorly circumscribed, short fascicles of uniform spindle cells replacing the colonic lamina propria, separating and entrapping the crypts
  • The nuclei are bland and mostly uniform, occasional larger nuclei are found. The cytoplasmic borders are indistinct
  • Involvement of mucosa but never the submucosa
  • Biopsy
Ulcerative colitis[30] + +
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Mucosal and submucosal inflammation[30]
  • Hemorrhage or inflammatory polymorphonuclear cells aggregate in the lamina propria
  • Distorted crypts
  • Crypt abscess
  • Endoscopy and a mucosal biopsy[31]
Crohn's disease[30] +
  • Lain in RQ
 +
  • N/A
  • Discontinuous lesions
  • Strictures
  • Linear ulcerations
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Transmural pattern of inflammation
  • Mucosal damage
  • Focal infiltration of leukocytes into the epithelium
  • Granulomas
  • Endoscopy and a mucosal biopsy
Irritable bowel syndrome[32]

and/or

+
  • Diffuse abdominal pain
 -
  • N/A
  • Not recommended
  • N/A
  • N/A
Bowel endometriosis[33]

and/or

+
  • Pelvic pain
  • Dyschezia
  • Tenesmus
 +
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Transvaginal ultrasonography: heterogeneous, hypoechoic, spiculated mass
  • Barium enema: Extrinsic mass compressing the bowel, fine crenulation of the mucosa, bowel strictures at the rectosigmoid junction
  • T1-weighted or fat-suppression T1-weighted MRIs: Contrast enhanced mass or hyperintense foci, hemorrhagic foci or hyperintense cavities
  • N/A
  • Transvaginal ultrasonography

References

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