Oligodendroglioma pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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:*ATRX<ref name="pmid25427834">{{cite journal| author=Reuss DE, Sahm F, Schrimpf D, Wiestler B, Capper D, Koelsche C et al.| title=ATRX and IDH1-R132H immunohistochemistry with subsequent copy number analysis and IDH sequencing as a basis for an "integrated" diagnostic approach for adult astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2015 | volume= 129 | issue= 1 | pages= 133-46 | pmid=25427834 | doi=10.1007/s00401-014-1370-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25427834  }} </ref>
:*ATRX<ref name="pmid25427834">{{cite journal| author=Reuss DE, Sahm F, Schrimpf D, Wiestler B, Capper D, Koelsche C et al.| title=ATRX and IDH1-R132H immunohistochemistry with subsequent copy number analysis and IDH sequencing as a basis for an "integrated" diagnostic approach for adult astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2015 | volume= 129 | issue= 1 | pages= 133-46 | pmid=25427834 | doi=10.1007/s00401-014-1370-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25427834  }} </ref>
:*''[[Isocitrate dehydrogenase|IDH1]]''<ref name="pmid27780605">{{cite journal| author=Chen N, Yu T, Gong J, Nie L, Chen X, Zhang M et al.| title=IDH1/2 gene hotspot mutations in central nervous system tumours: analysis of 922 Chinese patients. | journal=Pathology | year= 2016 | volume= 48 | issue= 7 | pages= 675-683 | pmid=27780605 | doi=10.1016/j.pathol.2016.07.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27780605  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22113362">{{cite journal| author=Zhou YX, Wang JX, Feng M, Sun CM, Sun T, Chen GL et al.| title=Analysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation in 97 patients with glioma. | journal=J Mol Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 47 | issue= 3 | pages= 442-7 | pmid=22113362 | doi=10.1007/s12031-011-9681-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22113362  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19903171">{{cite journal| author=Capper D, Weissert S, Balss J, Habel A, Meyer J, Jäger D et al.| title=Characterization of R132H mutation-specific IDH1 antibody binding in brain tumors. | journal=Brain Pathol | year= 2010 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 245-54 | pmid=19903171 | doi=10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00352.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19903171  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19228619">{{cite journal| author=Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, McLendon R, Rasheed BA, Yuan W et al.| title=IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 360 | issue= 8 | pages= 765-73 | pmid=19228619 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0808710 | pmc=2820383 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19228619  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18985363">{{cite journal| author=Balss J, Meyer J, Mueller W, Korshunov A, Hartmann C, von Deimling A| title=Analysis of the IDH1 codon 132 mutation in brain tumors. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2008 | volume= 116 | issue= 6 | pages= 597-602 | pmid=18985363 | doi=10.1007/s00401-008-0455-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18985363  }} </ref>
:*''[[Isocitrate dehydrogenase|IDH1]]''<ref name="pmid27780605">{{cite journal| author=Chen N, Yu T, Gong J, Nie L, Chen X, Zhang M et al.| title=IDH1/2 gene hotspot mutations in central nervous system tumours: analysis of 922 Chinese patients. | journal=Pathology | year= 2016 | volume= 48 | issue= 7 | pages= 675-683 | pmid=27780605 | doi=10.1016/j.pathol.2016.07.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27780605  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22113362">{{cite journal| author=Zhou YX, Wang JX, Feng M, Sun CM, Sun T, Chen GL et al.| title=Analysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation in 97 patients with glioma. | journal=J Mol Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 47 | issue= 3 | pages= 442-7 | pmid=22113362 | doi=10.1007/s12031-011-9681-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22113362  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19903171">{{cite journal| author=Capper D, Weissert S, Balss J, Habel A, Meyer J, Jäger D et al.| title=Characterization of R132H mutation-specific IDH1 antibody binding in brain tumors. | journal=Brain Pathol | year= 2010 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 245-54 | pmid=19903171 | doi=10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00352.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19903171  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19228619">{{cite journal| author=Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, McLendon R, Rasheed BA, Yuan W et al.| title=IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 360 | issue= 8 | pages= 765-73 | pmid=19228619 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0808710 | pmc=2820383 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19228619  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18985363">{{cite journal| author=Balss J, Meyer J, Mueller W, Korshunov A, Hartmann C, von Deimling A| title=Analysis of the IDH1 codon 132 mutation in brain tumors. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2008 | volume= 116 | issue= 6 | pages= 597-602 | pmid=18985363 | doi=10.1007/s00401-008-0455-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18985363  }} </ref>
:*''[[IDH2]]''<ref name="pmid24004584">{{cite journal| author=Pan Y, Qi XL, Wang LM, Dong RF, Zhang M, Zheng DF et al.| title=[Mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase gene in Chinese patients with glioma]. | journal=Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi | year= 2013 | volume= 42 | issue= 5 | pages= 292-8 | pmid=24004584 | doi=10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5807.2013.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24004584  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19554337">{{cite journal| author=Hartmann C, Meyer J, Balss J, Capper D, Mueller W, Christians A et al.| title=Type and frequency of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are related to astrocytic and oligodendroglial differentiation and age: a study of 1,010 diffuse gliomas. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2009 | volume= 118 | issue= 4 | pages= 469-74 | pmid=19554337 | doi=10.1007/s00401-009-0561-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19554337  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19765000">{{cite journal| author=Sonoda Y, Kumabe T, Nakamura T, Saito R, Kanamori M, Yamashita Y et al.| title=Analysis of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in Japanese glioma patients. | journal=Cancer Sci | year= 2009 | volume= 100 | issue= 10 | pages= 1996-8 | pmid=19765000 | doi=10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01270.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19765000  }} </ref>
:*''[[IDH2]]''<ref name="pmid24004584">{{cite journal| author=Pan Y, Qi XL, Wang LM, Dong RF, Zhang M, Zheng DF et al.| title=[Mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase gene in Chinese patients with glioma]. | journal=Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi | year= 2013 | volume= 42 | issue= 5 | pages= 292-8 | pmid=24004584 | doi=10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5807.2013.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24004584  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19554337">{{cite journal| author=Hartmann C, Meyer J, Balss J, Capper D, Mueller W, Christians A et al.| title=Type and frequency of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are related to astrocytic and oligodendroglial differentiation and age: a study of 1,010 diffuse gliomas. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2009 | volume= 118 | issue= 4 | pages= 469-74 | pmid=19554337 | doi=10.1007/s00401-009-0561-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19554337  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19765000">{{cite journal| author=Sonoda Y, Kumabe T, Nakamura T, Saito R, Kanamori M, Yamashita Y et al.| title=Analysis of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in Japanese glioma patients. | journal=Cancer Sci | year= 2009 | volume= 100 | issue= 10 | pages= 1996-8 | pmid=19765000 | doi=10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01270.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19765000 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25008158">{{cite journal| author=Arita H, Narita Y, Yoshida A, Hashimoto N, Yoshimine T, Ichimura K| title=IDH1/2 mutation detection in gliomas. | journal=Brain Tumor Pathol | year= 2015 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 79-89 | pmid=25008158 | doi=10.1007/s10014-014-0197-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25008158 }} </ref>
:*TERT promoter<ref name="pmid26061753">{{cite journal| author=Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Molinaro AM, Walsh KM, Decker PA, Sicotte H et al.| title=Glioma Groups Based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT Promoter Mutations in Tumors. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 26 | pages= 2499-508 | pmid=26061753 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1407279 | pmc=4489704 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26061753  }} </ref>
:*TERT promoter<ref name="pmid26061753">{{cite journal| author=Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Molinaro AM, Walsh KM, Decker PA, Sicotte H et al.| title=Glioma Groups Based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT Promoter Mutations in Tumors. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 26 | pages= 2499-508 | pmid=26061753 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1407279 | pmc=4489704 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26061753  }} </ref>
:*H3 K27M mutations in either ''H3F3A'' (one of two genes encoding the histone H3.3 variant) or ''HIST1H3B/C'' (encoding the histone H3.1 variant)
:*H3 K27M mutations in either ''H3F3A'' (one of two genes encoding the histone H3.3 variant) or ''HIST1H3B/C'' (encoding the histone H3.1 variant)

Revision as of 15:53, 9 May 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2]Sujit Routray, M.D. [3]

Overview

Oligodendroglioma arises from the tripotential glial precursor cells and not from the bipotential oligodendrocytes. Genes associated with the pathogenesis of oligodendroglioma include t[1;19][q10;p10], NJDS, IDH1, IDH2, CIC, FUBP1, p53, Leu-7, TCF-12, MGMT, TP73, EGFR, and PTEN. On gross pathology, oligodendroglioma is characterized by a well-circumscribed, gelatinous, calcified, gray mass which may expand a gyrus and remodel the skull. On microscopic histopathological analysis, oligodendroglioma is characterized by diffuse growth pattern of highly cellular lesion with rounded nucleus with atypia and perinuclear halo resembling fried eggs, distinct cell borders, clear cytoplasm, and abundant calcification. Oligodendroglioma is demonstrated by positivity to tumor markers such as MAP2, GFAP, S-100, EMA, IDH1-R132H, ATRX, Ki-67, NSE, Synaptophysin, OLIG1, and OLIG2.

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

Genetics

  • There is a strong association of oligodendroglioma with expression of receptor tyrosine kinases that activate PI3K/AKT, RAS/MAP, and PLC/PKC pathways[10]

Gross Pathology

  • On gross pathology, oligodendroglioma is characterized by a well-circumscribed, gelatinous, gray mass which may expand a gyrus and remodel the skull[27]
  • Other characteristic gross pathological features associated with oligodendroglioma include:[27][10]
  • Common intracranial sites associated with oligodendroglioma include:[28]

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis, oligodendroglioma is characterized by:[10][29][30][31]

  • Diffusely growing, infiltrative tumor
  • Moderate cellularity
  • Highly cellular lesion composed of typically monomorphic cells resembling fried eggs with:
    • Round nucleus - key feature
    • Distinct cell borders
    • Moderate-to-marked nuclear atypia with speckled "salt-and-pepper" chromatin pattern
    • Inconspicuous nucleoli
    • Clear cytoplasm (artifactual retraction of the cytoplasm on routinely processed formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material, leading to the characteristic "fried egg" appearance)
      • Some oligodendrogliomas have eosinophilic cytoplasm with focal perinuclear clearing
    • Dense network of acutely fine branched capillary sized vessels -classically referred to as a "chicken-wire" like appearance/pattern[32]
      • Abundant and delicate appearing; may vaguely resemble a paraganglioma at low power
  • Small punctate Calcifications, particularly along the blood vessels is a striking feature (but not a specific finding)
  • Perifocal edema - rare
  • Few tumors may exhibit eosinophilic granular bodies
  • Some tumors may show a spongioblastoma-like growth pattern
  • Tumor cells may form following secondary structures in the surrounding infiltrated brain parenchyma:
    • Perineuronal satellitosis
    • Subpial accumulation
    • Perivascular distribution (less common)
  • Microgemistocytic appearance of tumor cells with a rounded belly of eccentric GFAP+ eosinophilic cytoplasm (maybe present)[33]
  • A predominant fibrillar astrocytic phenotype is compatible with the diagnosis when following appropriate molecular findings are present:[11]
    • IDH mutation
    • 1p/19q codeletion

Microscopic histopathological findings in anaplastic oligodendroglioma

On microscopic histopathological analysis, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, is characterized by:[29]

Immunohistochemistry

Oligodendroglioma is demonstrated by positivity to tumor markers such as:[36][37][10]

Oligodendroglioma stains negative for:

  • p53 (rare weakly positive cells can be seen)
  • Keratins (although cocktails may show cross reactivity)

References

  1. ↑ General features of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma#cite_note-1
  2. ↑ Suzuki H, Aoki K, Chiba K, Sato Y, Shiozawa Y, Shiraishi Y; et al. (2015). "Mutational landscape and clonal architecture in grade II and III gliomas". Nat Genet. 47 (5): 458–68. doi:10.1038/ng.3273. PMID 25848751.
  3. ↑ Molecular genetics of oligodendroglioma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma
  4. ↑ Bettegowda C, Agrawal N, Jiao Y, Sausen M, Wood LD, Hruban RH; et al. (2011). "Mutations in CIC and FUBP1 contribute to human oligodendroglioma". Science. 333 (6048): 1453–5. doi:10.1126/science.1210557. PMC 3170506. PMID 21817013.
  5. ↑ Prognosis and treatment of oligodendroglioma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma
  6. ↑ Yip S, Butterfield YS, Morozova O, Chittaranjan S, Blough MD, An J; et al. (2012). "Concurrent CIC mutations, IDH mutations, and 1p/19q loss distinguish oligodendrogliomas from other cancers". J Pathol. 226 (1): 7–16. doi:10.1002/path.2995. PMC 3246739. PMID 22072542.
  7. ↑ Labreche K, Simeonova I, Kamoun A, Gleize V, Chubb D, Letouzé E; et al. (2015). "TCF12 is mutated in anaplastic oligodendroglioma". Nat Commun. 6: 7207. doi:10.1038/ncomms8207. PMC 4490400. PMID 26068201.
  8. ↑ Suri V, Jha P, Agarwal S, Pathak P, Sharma MC, Sharma V; et al. (2011). "Molecular profile of oligodendrogliomas in young patients". Neuro Oncol. 13 (10): 1099–106. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nor146. PMC 3177666. PMID 21937591.
  9. ↑ Hagel C, Laking G, Laas R, Scheil S, Jung R, Milde-Langosch K; et al. (1996). "Demonstration of p53 protein and TP53 gene mutations in oligodendrogliomas". Eur J Cancer. 32A (13): 2242–8. PMID 9038605.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 von Deimling, A; Hartmann, C (2005). "Oligodendrogliomas: Impact of molecular genetics on treatment". Neurology India. 53 (2): 140. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.16394. ISSN 0028-3886.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Brat DJ, Verhaak RG, Aldape KD, Yung WK, Salama SR; et al. (2015). "Comprehensive, Integrative Genomic Analysis of Diffuse Lower-Grade Gliomas". N Engl J Med. 372 (26): 2481–98. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1402121. PMC 4530011. PMID 26061751.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Molinaro AM, Walsh KM, Decker PA, Sicotte H; et al. (2015). "Glioma Groups Based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT Promoter Mutations in Tumors". N Engl J Med. 372 (26): 2499–508. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1407279. PMC 4489704. PMID 26061753.
  13. ↑ Ueki K, Nishikawa R, Nakazato Y, Hirose T, Hirato J, Funada N; et al. (2002). "Correlation of histology and molecular genetic analysis of 1p, 19q, 10q, TP53, EGFR, CDK4, and CDKN2A in 91 astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors". Clin Cancer Res. 8 (1): 196–201. PMID 11801559.
  14. ↑ McDonald JM, See SJ, Tremont IW, Colman H, Gilbert MR, Groves M; et al. (2005). "The prognostic impact of histology and 1p/19q status in anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors". Cancer. 104 (7): 1468–77. doi:10.1002/cncr.21338. PMID 16088966.
  15. ↑ Barbashina V, Salazar P, Holland EC, Rosenblum MK, Ladanyi M (2005). "Allelic losses at 1p36 and 19q13 in gliomas: correlation with histologic classification, definition of a 150-kb minimal deleted region on 1p36, and evaluation of CAMTA1 as a candidate tumor suppressor gene". Clin Cancer Res. 11 (3): 1119–28. PMID 15709179.
  16. ↑ Reifenberger J, Reifenberger G, Liu L, James CD, Wechsler W, Collins VP (1994). "Molecular genetic analysis of oligodendroglial tumors shows preferential allelic deletions on 19q and 1p". Am J Pathol. 145 (5): 1175–90. PMC 1887413. PMID 7977648.
  17. ↑ Reuss DE, Sahm F, Schrimpf D, Wiestler B, Capper D, Koelsche C; et al. (2015). "ATRX and IDH1-R132H immunohistochemistry with subsequent copy number analysis and IDH sequencing as a basis for an "integrated" diagnostic approach for adult astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma". Acta Neuropathol. 129 (1): 133–46. doi:10.1007/s00401-014-1370-3. PMID 25427834.
  18. ↑ Chen N, Yu T, Gong J, Nie L, Chen X, Zhang M; et al. (2016). "IDH1/2 gene hotspot mutations in central nervous system tumours: analysis of 922 Chinese patients". Pathology. 48 (7): 675–683. doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2016.07.010. PMID 27780605.
  19. ↑ Zhou YX, Wang JX, Feng M, Sun CM, Sun T, Chen GL; et al. (2012). "Analysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation in 97 patients with glioma". J Mol Neurosci. 47 (3): 442–7. doi:10.1007/s12031-011-9681-5. PMID 22113362.
  20. ↑ Capper D, Weissert S, Balss J, Habel A, Meyer J, Jäger D; et al. (2010). "Characterization of R132H mutation-specific IDH1 antibody binding in brain tumors". Brain Pathol. 20 (1): 245–54. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00352.x. PMID 19903171.
  21. ↑ Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, McLendon R, Rasheed BA, Yuan W; et al. (2009). "IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas". N Engl J Med. 360 (8): 765–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808710. PMC 2820383. PMID 19228619.
  22. ↑ Balss J, Meyer J, Mueller W, Korshunov A, Hartmann C, von Deimling A (2008). "Analysis of the IDH1 codon 132 mutation in brain tumors". Acta Neuropathol. 116 (6): 597–602. doi:10.1007/s00401-008-0455-2. PMID 18985363.
  23. ↑ Pan Y, Qi XL, Wang LM, Dong RF, Zhang M, Zheng DF; et al. (2013). "[Mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase gene in Chinese patients with glioma]". Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 42 (5): 292–8. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5807.2013.05.002. PMID 24004584.
  24. ↑ Hartmann C, Meyer J, Balss J, Capper D, Mueller W, Christians A; et al. (2009). "Type and frequency of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are related to astrocytic and oligodendroglial differentiation and age: a study of 1,010 diffuse gliomas". Acta Neuropathol. 118 (4): 469–74. doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0561-9. PMID 19554337.
  25. ↑ Sonoda Y, Kumabe T, Nakamura T, Saito R, Kanamori M, Yamashita Y; et al. (2009). "Analysis of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in Japanese glioma patients". Cancer Sci. 100 (10): 1996–8. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01270.x. PMID 19765000.
  26. ↑ Arita H, Narita Y, Yoshida A, Hashimoto N, Yoshimine T, Ichimura K (2015). "IDH1/2 mutation detection in gliomas". Brain Tumor Pathol. 32 (2): 79–89. doi:10.1007/s10014-014-0197-x. PMID 25008158.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Gross appearance of oligodendroglioma. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/oligodendroglioma
  28. ↑ Gross/radiologic findings of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Microscopic features of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  30. ↑ Ersen, Ayca (2008), Pathology of malignant gliomas: Challenges of everyday practice and the WHO 2007, Turkish Journal of Pathology, retrieved 9 October, 2015 Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  31. ↑ Eskandar EN, Loeffler JS, O'Neill AM, Hunter GJ, Louis DN (2004). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 33-2004. A 34-year-old man with a seizure and a frontal-lobe brain lesion". N Engl J Med. 351 (18): 1875–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc049025. PMID 15509821.
  32. ↑ Images of microscopic appearance of oligodendroglioma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma
  33. ↑ Kros JM, Van Eden CG, Stefanko SZ, Waayer-Van Batenburg M, van der Kwast TH (1990). "Prognostic implications of glial fibrillary acidic protein containing cell types in oligodendrogliomas". Cancer. 66 (6): 1204–12. PMID 2205356.
  34. ↑ Images of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology 2015. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  35. ↑ Smith SF, Simpson JM, Brewer JA, Sekhon LH, Biggs MT, Cook RJ; et al. (2006). "The presence of necrosis and/or microvascular proliferation does not influence survival of patients with anaplastic oligodendroglial tumours: review of 98 patients". J Neurooncol. 80 (1): 75–82. doi:10.1007/s11060-006-9158-5. PMID 16794749.
  36. ↑ IHC of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  37. ↑ Hilbig A, Barbosa-Coutinho LM, Netto GC, Bleil CB, Toscani NV (2006). "[Immunohistochemistry in oligodendrogliomas]". Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 64 (1): 67–71. doi:/S0004-282X2006000100014 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 16622556.
  38. ↑ Kato Y (2015). "Specific monoclonal antibodies against IDH1/2 mutations as diagnostic tools for gliomas". Brain Tumor Pathol. 32 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1007/s10014-014-0202-4. PMID 25324168.


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