Tuberculous pericarditis overview: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
==Overview== | |||
== Overview == | |||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
There is no established system for the classification of Tuberculous pericarditis. | |||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
Tuberculous pericarditis is the result of hematogenous or [[lymphatic]] spread of mycobacterium tuberculosis to the [[pericardium]]. This causes acute [[inflammation]] of the [[pericardium]] and we may have [[Polymorphonuclear cells|polymorphonuclear]] ([[PMN]]) and [[leukocytes]] infiltration in the [[pericardium]]. This may lead to [[pericardial effusion]] and [[fibrinous]] changes of the [[pericardium]]. The visceral [[pericardium]] thickens with [[fibrin]] deposition (changes of [[constrictive pericarditis]]). There are four pathologic stages of involvement: stage 1 is presence of diffuse [[fibrin]] deposition, [[granulomas]] and abundant [[mycobacterium]]. Stage 2 is development of [[serous]] or [[Serosanguineous discharge|serosanguineous]] [[pericardial effusion]] with a predominantly [[Lymphocyte|lymphocytic]] [[exudate]] with [[monocytes]] and [[foam cell]]s. Stage 3 is absorption of the effusion with organization of granulomatous [[caseation]] and thickening of [[pericardium]] secondary to deposition of [[fibrin]] and [[collagen]]. Stage 4 is development of [[constrictive pericarditis]]. The [[pericardial space]] is obliterated by dense adhesions with marked thickening of [[parietal]] layer and replacement of [[granulomas]] by [[fibrous tissue]]. Conditions associated with tuberculous pericarditis include [[pulmonary TB]], [[HIV]], [[malignancy]], [[chemotherapy]], and [[diabetes mellitus]]. On gross [[pathology]], thickened [[pericardium]], shaggy [[hemorrhage]], and [[exudate]] are characteristic findings of tuberculous pericarditis. On microscopic histopathological analysis, [[Acid-fast bacillus|acid fast bacilli]] is characteristic findings of tuberculous pericarditis. | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Common cause of tuberculous pericarditis is [[lymphatic]] or hematogenous spread of mycobacterium tuberculosis to the [[pericardium]]. | |||
==Differentiating Tuberculous pericarditisfrom Other Diseases== | ==Differentiating Tuberculous pericarditisfrom Other Diseases== | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
The [[prevalence]] of tuberculous pericarditis is approximately 1-2% of patients with [[pulmonary tuberculosis]]. [[Patients]] of all age groups may develop tuberculous pericarditis. The [[incidence]] of tuberculous pericarditis increases with age. Tuberculous pericarditis commonly affects [[elderly]]. Tuberculous pericarditis usually affects individuals of the [[black]] race. [[Men]] are more commonly affected by tuberculous pericarditis than [[female]]. Since the [[prevalence]] of tuberculous pericarditis may follow [[tuberculosis]] [[prevalence]], The majority of tuberculous pericarditis cases are reported in South Africa, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, India, and China. | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Common [[risk factors]] in the development of tuberculous pericarditis include [[immunodeficiency]] ([[AIDS]], [[malignancy]], [[chemotherapy]], [[diabetes]] and [[elderly]]), [[TB]] exposure, [[male]] gender, and African-American race. | |||
==Screening== | ==Screening== | ||
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine [[screening]] for tuberculous pericarditis. | |||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ||
| Line 29: | Line 36: | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
===Diagnostic Study of Choice=== | ===Diagnostic Study of Choice=== | ||
[[Pericardiocentesis]] is the gold standard test for the [[diagnosis]] of tuberculous pericarditis. [[Pericardial]] [[biopsy]] must be performed when we can't find [[acid fast bacilli]] in sputum or [[pericardial fluid]]. Finding [[acid fast bacilli]] on [[pericardiocentesis]] is confirmatory for tuberculous pericarditis. | |||
===History and Symptoms=== | ===History and Symptoms=== | ||
[[Patients]] with tuberculous pericarditis may have a positive [[history]] of [[pulmonary TB]], [[HIV]] infection, any [[Immunocompromised|Immune system dysfunction]], [[elderly]], [[black]] race, [[male]] gender, and living/traveling to [[TB]] endemic areas. Common [[symptoms]] of tuberculous pericarditis include [[fever]], [[weight loss]], [[night sweat]], [[cough]], [[breathlessness]], [[chest pain]], [[Malaise (patient information)|malaise]], and [[ankle edema]]. | |||
===Physical Examination=== | ===Physical Examination=== | ||
Revision as of 15:52, 19 December 2019
|
Tuberculous pericarditis Microchapters |
|
Differentiating Tuberculous pericarditis from other Diseases |
|---|
|
Diagnosis |
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Tuberculous pericarditis overview On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Tuberculous pericarditis overview |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Tuberculous pericarditis overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D., Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
There is no established system for the classification of Tuberculous pericarditis.
Pathophysiology
Tuberculous pericarditis is the result of hematogenous or lymphatic spread of mycobacterium tuberculosis to the pericardium. This causes acute inflammation of the pericardium and we may have polymorphonuclear (PMN) and leukocytes infiltration in the pericardium. This may lead to pericardial effusion and fibrinous changes of the pericardium. The visceral pericardium thickens with fibrin deposition (changes of constrictive pericarditis). There are four pathologic stages of involvement: stage 1 is presence of diffuse fibrin deposition, granulomas and abundant mycobacterium. Stage 2 is development of serous or serosanguineous pericardial effusion with a predominantly lymphocytic exudate with monocytes and foam cells. Stage 3 is absorption of the effusion with organization of granulomatous caseation and thickening of pericardium secondary to deposition of fibrin and collagen. Stage 4 is development of constrictive pericarditis. The pericardial space is obliterated by dense adhesions with marked thickening of parietal layer and replacement of granulomas by fibrous tissue. Conditions associated with tuberculous pericarditis include pulmonary TB, HIV, malignancy, chemotherapy, and diabetes mellitus. On gross pathology, thickened pericardium, shaggy hemorrhage, and exudate are characteristic findings of tuberculous pericarditis. On microscopic histopathological analysis, acid fast bacilli is characteristic findings of tuberculous pericarditis.
Causes
Common cause of tuberculous pericarditis is lymphatic or hematogenous spread of mycobacterium tuberculosis to the pericardium.
Differentiating Tuberculous pericarditisfrom Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
The prevalence of tuberculous pericarditis is approximately 1-2% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Patients of all age groups may develop tuberculous pericarditis. The incidence of tuberculous pericarditis increases with age. Tuberculous pericarditis commonly affects elderly. Tuberculous pericarditis usually affects individuals of the black race. Men are more commonly affected by tuberculous pericarditis than female. Since the prevalence of tuberculous pericarditis may follow tuberculosis prevalence, The majority of tuberculous pericarditis cases are reported in South Africa, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, India, and China.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of tuberculous pericarditis include immunodeficiency (AIDS, malignancy, chemotherapy, diabetes and elderly), TB exposure, male gender, and African-American race.
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for tuberculous pericarditis.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
Pericardiocentesis is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of tuberculous pericarditis. Pericardial biopsy must be performed when we can't find acid fast bacilli in sputum or pericardial fluid. Finding acid fast bacilli on pericardiocentesis is confirmatory for tuberculous pericarditis.
History and Symptoms
Patients with tuberculous pericarditis may have a positive history of pulmonary TB, HIV infection, any Immune system dysfunction, elderly, black race, male gender, and living/traveling to TB endemic areas. Common symptoms of tuberculous pericarditis include fever, weight loss, night sweat, cough, breathlessness, chest pain, malaise, and ankle edema.