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{{Milk-alkali syndrome}}
{{Milk-alkali syndrome}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {SHA}}
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==<s>Overview</s>==
==Overview==
<s>'''Milk-alkali syndrome''', also called Burnett's syndrome in honour of the American physician who first described it, is characterized by [[hypercalcemia]] caused by repeated ingestion of [[calcium]] and absorbable [[alkali]] (such as [[calcium carbonate]], or [[milk]] and [[sodium bicarbonate]]).  If untreated, '''milk-alkali syndrome''' may lead to [[metastatic calcification]] and [[renal failure]].</s>  
'''Milk-alkali syndrome''', also called Burnett's syndrome in honour of the American physician who first described it, is characterized by [[hypercalcemia]] caused by repeated ingestion of [[calcium]] and absorbable [[alkali]] (such as [[calcium carbonate]], or [[milk]] and [[sodium bicarbonate]]).  If untreated, '''milk-alkali syndrome''' may lead to [[metastatic calcification]] and [[renal failure]].   


<s>It was most common in the early 20th century, but there has been a recent increase in the number of cases reported.<ref name="pmid17483976">{{cite journal |author=Caruso JB, Patel RM, Julka K, Parish DC |title=Health-behavior induced disease: return of the milk-alkali syndrome |journal=J Gen Intern Med |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=1053–5 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17483976 |doi=10.1007/s11606-007-0226-0 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0226-0}}</ref><ref name="pmid16702792">{{cite journal |author=Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH |title=Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=331 |issue=5 |pages=233–42 |year=2006 |month=May |pmid=16702792 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00000441-200605000-00001}}</ref></s>
It was most common in the early 20th century, but there has been a recent increase in the number of cases reported.<ref name="pmid17483976">{{cite journal |author=Caruso JB, Patel RM, Julka K, Parish DC |title=Health-behavior induced disease: return of the milk-alkali syndrome |journal=J Gen Intern Med |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=1053–5 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17483976 |doi=10.1007/s11606-007-0226-0 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0226-0}}</ref><ref name="pmid16702792">{{cite journal |author=Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH |title=Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=331 |issue=5 |pages=233–42 |year=2006 |month=May |pmid=16702792 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00000441-200605000-00001}}</ref>


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=== History and Symptoms ===
=== History and Symptoms ===
Symptoms of milk-alkali syndrome may inculde: [[dizziness]], [[vertigo]], [[confusion]], [[apathy]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea, vomiting]], [[anorexia]], distaste for milk, [[headache]], [[anorexia]], [[Itch|pruritus]], [[polydipsia]], [[polyuria]], [[Myalgia|muscle aches]], [[tremor]], [[psychosis]], and abnormal [[Calcification|calcifications]] (keratopathy, [[Kidney|renal]] calcinosis).<ref name="pmid7049033">{{cite journal| author=Orwoll ES| title=The milk-alkali syndrome: current concepts. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1982 | volume= 97 | issue= 2 | pages= 242-8 | pmid=7049033 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-97-2-242 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7049033  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5327389">{{cite journal| author=Texter EC, Laureta HC| title=The milk-alkali syndrome. | journal=Am J Dig Dis | year= 1966 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 413-8 | pmid=5327389 | doi=10.1007/BF02233637 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5327389  }} </ref>
Symptoms of milk-alkali syndrome may inculde: [[dizziness]], [[vertigo]], [[confusion]], [[apathy]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea, vomiting]], [[anorexia]], distaste for milk, [[headache]], [[anorexia]], [[Itch|pruritus]], [[polydipsia]], [[polyuria]], [[Myalgia|muscle aches]], [[tremor]], [[psychosis]], and abnormal [[Calcification|calcifications]] (keratopathy, [[Kidney|renal]] calcinosis).


=== Physical Examination ===
=== Physical Examination ===
The following should be considered in the physical examination of milk-alkali syndrome: [[vertigo]], [[confusion]], [[apathy]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea, vomiting]], [[anorexia]], [[Itch|pruritus]], [[polydipsia]], [[polyuria]], [[Myalgia|muscle aches]], [[tremor]], [[psychosis]], and abnormal [[Calcification|calcifications]] (keratopathy, [[Kidney|renal]] calcinosis).<ref name="pmid7049033">{{cite journal| author=Orwoll ES| title=The milk-alkali syndrome: current concepts. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1982 | volume= 97 | issue= 2 | pages= 242-8 | pmid=7049033 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-97-2-242 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7049033  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5327389">{{cite journal| author=Texter EC, Laureta HC| title=The milk-alkali syndrome. | journal=Am J Dig Dis | year= 1966 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 413-8 | pmid=5327389 | doi=10.1007/BF02233637 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5327389  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19252114">{{cite journal| author=Medarov BI| title=Milk-alkali syndrome. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2009 | volume= 84 | issue= 3 | pages= 261-7 | pmid=19252114 | doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0 | pmc=2664604 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19252114  }} </ref>
The following should be considered in the physical examination of milk-alkali syndrome: [[vertigo]], [[confusion]], [[apathy]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea, vomiting]], [[anorexia]], [[Itch|pruritus]], [[polydipsia]], [[polyuria]], [[Myalgia|muscle aches]], [[tremor]], [[psychosis]], and abnormal [[Calcification|calcifications]] (keratopathy, [[Kidney|renal]] calcinosis).


=== Laboratory Findings ===
=== Laboratory Findings ===

Revision as of 08:50, 13 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Milk-alkali syndrome, also called Burnett's syndrome in honour of the American physician who first described it, is characterized by hypercalcemia caused by repeated ingestion of calcium and absorbable alkali (such as calcium carbonate, or milk and sodium bicarbonate). If untreated, milk-alkali syndrome may lead to metastatic calcification and renal failure.

It was most common in the early 20th century, but there has been a recent increase in the number of cases reported.[1][2]


Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathopysiology

Causes

Differentiating Analgesic nephropathy from other Diseases

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Epidemiology and Demographics

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Symptoms of milk-alkali syndrome may inculde: dizziness, vertigo, confusion, apathy, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, distaste for milk, headache, anorexia, pruritus, polydipsia, polyuria, muscle aches, tremor, psychosis, and abnormal calcifications (keratopathy, renal calcinosis).

Physical Examination

The following should be considered in the physical examination of milk-alkali syndrome: vertigo, confusion, apathy, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, pruritus, polydipsia, polyuria, muscle aches, tremor, psychosis, and abnormal calcifications (keratopathy, renal calcinosis).

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

CT Scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic studies

Treatment

Medical therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

References

  1. Caruso JB, Patel RM, Julka K, Parish DC (2007). "Health-behavior induced disease: return of the milk-alkali syndrome". J Gen Intern Med. 22 (7): 1053–5. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0226-0. PMID 17483976. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH (2006). "Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome". Am. J. Med. Sci. 331 (5): 233–42. PMID 16702792. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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