Chorioamnionitis causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Chorioamnionitis}}
{{Chorioamnionitis}}


{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{LRO}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{LRO}} {{Adnan Ezici}}
==Causes==
==Causes==
 
Chorioamnionitis may be caused by either [[bacterial]], [[fungal]], or [[viral]] microorganisms.<ref name="pmid30335284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fowler JR, Simon LV |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30335284 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
It is polymicrobial infection with two or more organisms involved:
Common bacterial causes of chorioamnionitis include:<ref name="pmid30335284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fowler JR, Simon LV |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30335284 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26428501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim CJ, Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, Chaiyasit N, Yoon BH, Kim YM |title=Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=213 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=S29–52 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26428501 |pmc=4774647 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.040 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Bacteroides]] sp., especially Prevotella bivius
*[[Bacteroides]] sp., especially Prevotella bivius
* [[Streptococcus]] sp. (Groups A, B)
*[[Streptococcus agalactiae]]
* [[Enterobacteriaceae]]
*[[Enterobacteriaceae]]
* [[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
*[[Gardnerella vaginalis]]
* [[Ureaplasma urealyticum]].
*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
*Viruses ([[adenoviruse]] has be associated with hisological inflammation.
*[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
*Fungi especially [[candidia]] in certain cases like ''in vitro'' fertilizationn, intrautrine devices and amniocentesis.
*[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
 
*[[Fusobacterium|Fusobacteria sp.]]
The frequency of the causative pathogens varies based on the place of culture isolates:
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*Placenta of preterm infants:
*Viruses ([[adenoviruses]] might be associated with histological inflammation.
**[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]] 47%
*Fungi, especially [[candida]], might be the causative agent of chorioamnionitis especially in women who become pregnant while using [[intrauterine devices]].<ref name="pmid26428501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim CJ, Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, Chaiyasit N, Yoon BH, Kim YM |title=Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=213 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=S29–52 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26428501 |pmc=4774647 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.040 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Gardnerella vaginalis]] 26%
**Chorioamnionitis due to candida infection is associated by [[preterm birth]] and adverse fetal outcomes.<ref name="pmid30335284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fowler JR, Simon LV |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30335284 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*Trichomonas vaginalis might be the causative microorganism in chorioamnionitis, particularly in young and sexually active patients.
*Amniotic fluid isolates:
Common causative pathogens could be further divided based on the clinical outcome
**[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]] 47%
*Certain microorganisms which might be seen in patients with spontaneous preterm labor (intact membranes):
**Gram-negative anaerobes 38.4%
**Fusobacterium nucleatum
**[[Mycoplasma hominis]] 30.4%
**Sneathia sanguinegens
**[[Bacteroides]] 29.5%
**[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
**[[Gardnerella vaginalis]] 24.5%
**[[Streptococcus mitis]]
**[[Gardnerella vaginalis]]
**[[Peptostreptococcus]]
**Leptotrichia amnionii
**Mycoplasma hominis
**[[Streptococcus agalactiae]]
**Lactobacillus species
**Bacillus species
**Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species
**Prevotella species
**Delftia acidovorans
**Neisseria cinerea
*Certain microorganisms which might be seen in patients with clinical chorioamnionitis at term:
**[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
**[[Gardnerella vaginalis]]
**Mycoplasma hominis
**[[Streptococcus agalactiae]]
**Lactobacillus species
**Bacteroides species
**Acinetobacter species
**Sneathia
**[[Streptococcus viridans]]
**Porphyromonas species
**Veillonella species
**Peptostreptococcus species
**[[Escherichia coli]]
**[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
**[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
**Eubacterium species
**Gram negative bacilli
**Enterococcus species
**Fusobacterium species
**[[Candida|Candida species]]
**Micrococcus luteus
**Firmicute
**[[Propionibacterium acnes]]
**Abiotrophia defective
**[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenovirus]],  [[Bacteroides ]],  [[Candida albicans]],  [[Chlamydia trachomatis]],  [[Endometritis]],  [[Enterobacteriaceae]],  [[Escherichia coli]], [[Gardnerella vaginalis ]],  [[Gram-negative anaerobes ]],  [[Listeria monocytogenes]],  [[Mycoplasma hominis ]],  [[Prevotella bivius]],  [[Streptococcus group b]],  [[Streptococcus group a]],  [[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenovirus]],  [[Bacteroides ]],  [[Candida albicans]],  [[Chlamydia trachomatis]],  [[Endometritis]],  [[Enterobacteriaceae]],  [[Escherichia coli]], [[Fusobacterium|Fusobacteria sp.]], [[Gardnerella vaginalis ]],  [[Gram-negative anaerobes ]],  [[Listeria monocytogenes]],  [[Mycoplasma hominis ]],  [[Prevotella bivius]],  [[Streptococcus group b]],  [[Streptococcus group a]],  [[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Common Causes in Alphabetical Order===
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Bacteroides ]]
*[[Bacteroides]]
*[[Candida albicans]]
*[[Candida albicans]]
*[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
*[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
*[[Endometritis]]
*[[Enterobacteriaceae]]
*[[Enterobacteriaceae]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Gardnerella vaginalis ]]
**[[Fusobacterium|Fusobacteria sp.]]
*[[Gram-negative anaerobes ]]
*[[Gardnerella vaginalis]]
*[[Gram-negative anaerobes]]
*[[Group B Streptococcus]]
*[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
*[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
*[[Mycoplasma hominis ]]
*[[Mycoplasma hominis]]
*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
*[[Prevotella bivius]]
*[[Prevotella bivius]]
*[[Prolonged labor]]
*[[Streptococcus group b]]
*[[Streptococcus group a]]
*[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
*[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 08:58, 30 May 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S. Adnan Ezici, M.D[2]

Causes

Chorioamnionitis may be caused by either bacterial, fungal, or viral microorganisms.[1]

Common Causes

Common bacterial causes of chorioamnionitis include:[1][2]

Common causative pathogens could be further divided based on the clinical outcome


Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Escherichia coli
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Mycoplasma hominis
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Adenovirus, Bacteroides , Candida albicans, Chlamydia trachomatis, Endometritis, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Fusobacteria sp., Gardnerella vaginalis , Gram-negative anaerobes , Listeria monocytogenes, Mycoplasma hominis , Prevotella bivius, Streptococcus group b, Streptococcus group a, Ureaplasma urealyticum
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Mycoplasma hominis
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic Chlamydia trachomatis, Endometritis, Prolonged labor
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual Gardnerella vaginalis
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic Urinary tract infection
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Common Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Fowler JR, Simon LV. PMID 30335284. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kim CJ, Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, Chaiyasit N, Yoon BH, Kim YM (October 2015). "Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 213 (4 Suppl): S29–52. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.040. PMC 4774647. PMID 26428501.

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