Epistaxis causes: Difference between revisions

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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Atherosclerosis]], [[Heart failure]] (due to an increase in venous pressure), [[Hypertension]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Accelerated hypertension]], [[Blood vessel disorders ]], [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]],  [[Coarctation of the aorta]],  [[Essential hypertension]],  [[Hemangioma]],  [[Hypertension]],  [[Malignant hypertension]],  [[Posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm of internal carotid artery]],  [[Renal artery stenosis]],  [[Sclerotic vessels]],  [[Secondary hypertension]],  [[Superior vena cava syndrome]],  [[Vascular disorders]],  [[Vascular malformation]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Chemical irritants, [[Cocaine]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ammonia]],  [[Biphenyl]],  [[Borates rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Brodifacoum rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Bromadiolone rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Brown snake rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Calcium sulfate]],  [[Chemical irritants]],  [[Chlorophacinone rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Chromates rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Coumachlor rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Coumafuryl rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Coumatetralyl rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Difenacoum rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Difethialone rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Diphacinone rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Diquat Dibromide]],  [[Formaldehyde]],  [[Indandione rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Inhalant abuse]],  [[Inhaled irritants]],  [[Matikus rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Metaldehyde]],  [[Mouser rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Phosphorous]],  [[Pindone rodenticide poisoning]], [[Ratak Plus rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Rodend rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Rodenticides]],  [[Sulphuric acid]],  [[Talon rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Tetrachloroethylene]],  [[Tetryl]],  [[Tobacco]],  [[Vanadium]],  [[Volak rodenticide poisoning]],  [[Volid rodenticide poisoning]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dental extraction]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign mucosal pemphigoid]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anticoagulant]] use, [[Antiplatelet]] medication, [[Aspirin]], [[Clopidogrel]], [[Desmopressin]], [[Fexofenadine]], [[Ibuprofen]], Inhaled [[steroids]], [[Isotretinoin]], [[Narcotics]], [[Warfarin]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anticoagulants ]], [[Antiplatelet medication]], [[Aspirin]], [[Clopidogrel]], [[Clove (herbal agent)]],  [[Desmopressin]], [[Fexofenadine]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[Inhaled corticosteroids]], [[Isotretinoin]], [[Narcotics]], [[Pennyroyal oil (herbal agent)]],  [[Valproic acid]],  [[Warfarin]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Abnormal nasal anatomy, [[Acute sinusitis]], [[Allergic rhinitis]], Antrostomy, [[Barotrauma]], [[Broken nose]], [[Chronic sinusitis]], [[Common cold]], [[Deviated nasal septum]], Dry nasal mucosa, Endoscopic sinus procedures, Facial surgery, Foreign body in nose, [[Nasal congestion]], Nasal excoriation, Nasal infection, [[Nasal polyp]], Nasal trauma, Nasal tumors, Nasal ulceration, Nose picking, [[Rhinoplasty]], [[Rhinoscleroma]], Septal granulomas, Septal perforation, [[Septoplasty]], Sinus tumor, [[Surgery]] (such as [[septoplasty]] and endoscopic sinus surgery) [[Viral rhinitis]], Juvenile nasal [[angiofibroma ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abnormal nasal anatomy]], [[Acute sinusitis]], [[Allergic rhinitis]], [[Antrochoanal polyps]], [[Benign nose tumors]], [[Chronic sinusitis]], [[Common cold]], [[Deviated septum]], [[Dry nasal mucosa]], [[Esthesioneuroblastoma]], [[Ethmoidal polyps]], [[Foreign body]],  [[Increased nasal venous pressure]],  [[Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma]],  [[Intranasal tumors]],  [[Inverting papilloma]],  [[Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]],  [[Maxillary sinus carcinoma]],  [[Nasal cancer]], [[Nasal congestion]], [[Nasal excoriation]],  [[Nasal foreign body]], [[Nasal obstruction]], [[Nasal polyps]], [[Nasal septum deviation]], [[Nasal tumor]], [[Nasal ulceration]], [[Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]], [[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], [[Rhinoscleroma]], [[Septal deviation]], [[Septal perforation]], [[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma]], [[Sinus tumor]],  [[Sinusitis]],  [[Unilateral choanal atresia]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystic fibrosis]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gastroesophageal reflux ]], [[Hepatitis]], [[Cystic fibrosis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Biliary cirrhosis]], [[Cirrhosis]], [[Secondary biliary cirrhosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ADP platelet receptor P2Y12 deficiency]],  [[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]],  [[Congenital hypoplastic anemia]],  [[Congential fibrinogen deficiency]],  [[Cystic fibrosis]],  [[Epstein's syndrome]],  [[Essential thrombocythemia]],  [[Familial platelet syndrome with predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia]],  [[Fanconi's anemia]],  [[Glycogen Storage Disease]],  [[Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome]],  [[Hemoglobin S/hemoglobin O (Arab)]],  [[Hemoglobin SC]],  [[Hemophilia]], [[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]],  [[Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome]],  [[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency]],  [[May-Hegglin anomaly]],  [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]],  [[Owren parahemophilia]],  [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]],  [[Prothrombin deficiency]],  [[Sickle cell anemia]],  [[Von Gierke disease]],  [[Von Willebrand disease]],  [[X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aplastic anemia]], Blood dyscrasias, [[Christmas disease]], [[Coagulopathies]], [[Hemophilia]], [[Hematological malignancy]], [[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[Leukemia]], [[Polycythemia vera]], [[Purpura]], [[Thrombocytopenia]], [[Von Willebrand's disease]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute erythroleukemia]],  [[Acute leukemia]],  [[Acute lymphocytic leukemia]],  [[Acute promyelocytic leukemia]],  [[Aplastic anemia]], [[Autoimmune thrombocytopenia]], [[Banti syndrome]], [[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]], [[Bing-Neel syndrome]],  [[Bleeding tendency]],  [[Blood dyscrasias]], [[Christmas disease]], [[Chronic leukemia]],  [[Coagulopathies]],  [[Congenital afibrinogenemia]],  [[Defibrination syndrome]],  [[Factor V deficiency]],  [[Factor V Quebec]],  [[Factor VII deficiency]],  [[Factor X deficiency]], [[Fanconi anemia]], [[Hematological malignancy]], [[Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome]],  [[Hemoglobin S/hemoglobin O (Arab)]],  [[Hemoglobin SC]],  [[Hemophilia]], [[Leukemia]], [[Myelodysplastic syndromes]],  [[Myeloproliferative diseases]],  [[Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma]],  [[Pancytopenia]],  [[Platelet function disorders]],  [[Polycythemia vera]], [[Stuart factor deficiency]],  [[Thrombasthenia]],  [[Thrombocyopenic purpura]],  [[Thrombocytopathy]], [[Thrombocytopenia]],  [[Thrombocyopenic purpura]], [[Von Willebrand's disease]], [[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Iatrogenic]], Nasal prong O2 which tends to dry the nasal mucosa
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antrostomy]], [[Dental extraction]],  [[Endoscopic sinus procedures]],  [[Facial surgery]],  [[Nasal cannula]],  [[Nasogastric tube placement]],  [[Nasotracheal intubation]],  [[Orbital decompression]],  [[Rhinoplasty]],  [[Septoplasty]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pertussis]], [[Syphilis]], [[Tuberculosis]], Viral [[rhinitis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Argentinean hemorrhagic fever]],  [[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever]],  [[Hantavirus]],  [[Leprosy]],  [[Localized skin or soft tissue infection]],  [[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]],  [[Machupo virus]],  [[Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis]],  [[Mucormycosis]],  [[Nasal infection]],  [[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]],  [[Pertussis]], [[Pyogenic granuloma]],  [[Relapsing fever]],  [[Respiratory tract infection]],  [[Rheumatic fever]],  [[Rhinocerebral mucormycosis]], [[Rhinocerebral zygomycosis]],  [[Rhinosporidiosis]],  [[Septal granulomas]],  [[Stachybotrys chartarum]],  [[Tuberculosis]], [[Typhoid fever]],  [[Upper respiratory infection]],  [[Viral rhinitis]],  [[Weil's syndrome]],  [[Whooping cough]],  [[Zygomycosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Migraine]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute cholinergic dysautonomia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Malnutrition]] (especially [[anemia]]), [[Vitamin C deficiency]], [[Vitamin K deficiency]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Malnutrition]], [[Vitamin C deficiency]], [[Vitamin K deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Intranasal [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], Intranasal tumors ([[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]] in adult, and nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in adolescent males), Juvenile nasal angiofibroma, Nasal tumors, [[Rhinoscleroma]], Sinus tumor, [[Leukemia]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute erythroleukemia]],  [[Acute leukemia]],  [[Acute lymphocytic leukemia]],  [[Acute promyelocytic leukemia]],  [[Angiofibroma]],  [[Benign nose tumors]],  [[Esthesioneuroblastoma]],  [[Hematological malignancy]],  [[Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[Intranasal tumors]],  [[Inverting papilloma]], [[Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]], [[Leukemia]],  [[Maxillary sinus carcinoma]],  [[Myelodysplastic syndromes]],  [[Nasal cancer]],  [[Nasal tumor]], [[Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma]], [[Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]], [[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]],  [[Pindborg tumor]], [[Rhabdomyosarcoma]],  [[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma]],  [[Sinus tumor]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adhesive abuse]],  [[Aerosol abuse]],  [[Alcohol]],  [[Chronic vitamin A toxicity]],  [[Cocaine]],  [[Heroin]],  [[Solvent abuse]],  [[Volatile inhalants of abuse]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Acute respiratory tract infection, [[Cystic fibrosis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asphyxiation]],  [[Barotrauma]], [[Cystic fibrosis]], [[Respiratory tract infection]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Renal dialysis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic kidney disease]],  [[Dialysis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergies]], [[Scleroma]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Wegener granulomatosis]], [[Cystic fibrosis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergic rhinitis]],  [[Allergies]], [[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome ]], [[Autoimmune thrombocytopenia]],  [[Immune thrombocytopenic purpura]],  [[Polychondritis]],  [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystic fibrosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Skull fracture]], Trauma to [[Little's area]], [[Nasal trauma]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Broken nose]],  [[Facial trauma]],  [[Head injury]],  [[Maxillofacial injury]],  [[Nasal fracture]],  [[Nasal trauma]],  [[Skull fracture]], [[Sphenoidal fracture]], [[Trauma to Little's area]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dental extraction]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aging]], [[Alcohol]] (due to vasodilation), Cold dry air, Excessive dieting, Rapid [[weight loss]], [[Sarcoidosis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aging]], [[Cold air]], [[Dry air]],  [[Idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis]], [[Malnutrition]], [[Menopause]], [[Nose picking]],  [[Sarcoidosis]],
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 23:57, 27 June 2013

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Editor in Chief: Liudvikas Jagminas, M.D., FACEP [1] Phone: 401-729-2419; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D. [2]

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Accelerated hypertension, Blood vessel disorders , Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Coarctation of the aorta, Essential hypertension, Hemangioma, Hypertension, Malignant hypertension, Posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm of internal carotid artery, Renal artery stenosis, Sclerotic vessels, Secondary hypertension, Superior vena cava syndrome, Vascular disorders, Vascular malformation, Wegener's granulomatosis
Chemical / poisoning Ammonia, Biphenyl, Borates rodenticide poisoning, Brodifacoum rodenticide poisoning, Bromadiolone rodenticide poisoning, Brown snake rodenticide poisoning, Calcium sulfate, Chemical irritants, Chlorophacinone rodenticide poisoning, Chromates rodenticide poisoning, Coumachlor rodenticide poisoning, Coumafuryl rodenticide poisoning, Coumatetralyl rodenticide poisoning, Difenacoum rodenticide poisoning, Difethialone rodenticide poisoning, Diphacinone rodenticide poisoning, Diquat Dibromide, Formaldehyde, Indandione rodenticide poisoning, Inhalant abuse, Inhaled irritants, Matikus rodenticide poisoning, Metaldehyde, Mouser rodenticide poisoning, Phosphorous, Pindone rodenticide poisoning, Ratak Plus rodenticide poisoning, Rodend rodenticide poisoning, Rodenticides, Sulphuric acid, Talon rodenticide poisoning, Tetrachloroethylene, Tetryl, Tobacco, Vanadium, Volak rodenticide poisoning, Volid rodenticide poisoning
Dental Dental extraction
Dermatologic Benign mucosal pemphigoid
Drug Side Effect Anticoagulants , Antiplatelet medication, Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Clove (herbal agent), Desmopressin, Fexofenadine, Ibuprofen, Inhaled corticosteroids, Isotretinoin, Narcotics, Pennyroyal oil (herbal agent), Valproic acid, Warfarin
Ear Nose Throat Abnormal nasal anatomy, Acute sinusitis, Allergic rhinitis, Antrochoanal polyps, Benign nose tumors, Chronic sinusitis, Common cold, Deviated septum, Dry nasal mucosa, Esthesioneuroblastoma, Ethmoidal polyps, Foreign body, Increased nasal venous pressure, Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma, Intranasal tumors, Inverting papilloma, Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Maxillary sinus carcinoma, Nasal cancer, Nasal congestion, Nasal excoriation, Nasal foreign body, Nasal obstruction, Nasal polyps, Nasal septum deviation, Nasal tumor, Nasal ulceration, Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Rhinoscleroma, Septal deviation, Septal perforation, Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, Sinus tumor, Sinusitis, Unilateral choanal atresia, Wegener's granulomatosis
Endocrine Cystic fibrosis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Biliary cirrhosis, Cirrhosis, Secondary biliary cirrhosis
Genetic ADP platelet receptor P2Y12 deficiency, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Congenital hypoplastic anemia, Congential fibrinogen deficiency, Cystic fibrosis, Epstein's syndrome, Essential thrombocythemia, Familial platelet syndrome with predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia, Fanconi's anemia, Glycogen Storage Disease, Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome, Hemoglobin S/hemoglobin O (Arab), Hemoglobin SC, Hemophilia, Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, May-Hegglin anomaly, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, Owren parahemophilia, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, Prothrombin deficiency, Sickle cell anemia, Von Gierke disease, Von Willebrand disease, X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia
Hematologic Acute erythroleukemia, Acute leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Aplastic anemia, Autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Banti syndrome, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Bing-Neel syndrome, Bleeding tendency, Blood dyscrasias, Christmas disease, Chronic leukemia, Coagulopathies, Congenital afibrinogenemia, Defibrination syndrome, Factor V deficiency, Factor V Quebec, Factor VII deficiency, Factor X deficiency, Fanconi anemia, Hematological malignancy, Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome, Hemoglobin S/hemoglobin O (Arab), Hemoglobin SC, Hemophilia, Leukemia, Myelodysplastic syndromes, Myeloproliferative diseases, Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, Pancytopenia, Platelet function disorders, Polycythemia vera, Stuart factor deficiency, Thrombasthenia, Thrombocyopenic purpura, Thrombocytopathy, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocyopenic purpura, Von Willebrand's disease, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Iatrogenic Antrostomy, Dental extraction, Endoscopic sinus procedures, Facial surgery, Nasal cannula, Nasogastric tube placement, Nasotracheal intubation, Orbital decompression, Rhinoplasty, Septoplasty
Infectious Disease Argentinean hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Hantavirus, Leprosy, Localized skin or soft tissue infection, Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Machupo virus, Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, Mucormycosis, Nasal infection, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Pertussis, Pyogenic granuloma, Relapsing fever, Respiratory tract infection, Rheumatic fever, Rhinocerebral mucormycosis, Rhinocerebral zygomycosis, Rhinosporidiosis, Septal granulomas, Stachybotrys chartarum, Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever, Upper respiratory infection, Viral rhinitis, Weil's syndrome, Whooping cough, Zygomycosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Acute cholinergic dysautonomia
Nutritional / Metabolic Malnutrition, Vitamin C deficiency, Vitamin K deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Pregnancy
Oncologic Acute erythroleukemia, Acute leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Angiofibroma, Benign nose tumors, Esthesioneuroblastoma, Hematological malignancy, Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma, Intranasal tumors, Inverting papilloma, Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Leukemia, Maxillary sinus carcinoma, Myelodysplastic syndromes, Nasal cancer, Nasal tumor, Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Pindborg tumor, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, Sinus tumor
Opthalmologic Orbital decompression
Overdose / Toxicity Adhesive abuse, Aerosol abuse, Alcohol, Chronic vitamin A toxicity, Cocaine, Heroin, Solvent abuse, Volatile inhalants of abuse
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Asphyxiation, Barotrauma, Cystic fibrosis, Respiratory tract infection
Renal / Electrolyte Chronic kidney disease, Dialysis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Allergic rhinitis, Allergies, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome , Autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, Polychondritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual Cystic fibrosis
Trauma Broken nose, Facial trauma, Head injury, Maxillofacial injury, Nasal fracture, Nasal trauma, Skull fracture, Sphenoidal fracture, Trauma to Little's area
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Aging, Cold air, Dry air, Idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis, Malnutrition, Menopause, Nose picking, Sarcoidosis,

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. ↑ Singhi SC, Mathew JL, Jindal A (2011). "Clinical pearls in respiratory diseases". Indian J Pediatr. 78 (5): 603–8. doi:10.1007/s12098-010-0270-3. PMID 21153894. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Janzen VD (1986). "Rhinological disorders in the elderly". J Otolaryngol. 15 (4): 228–30. PMID 3747017. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Edwards CP, Shehata N, Faughnan ME (2012). "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients can tolerate anticoagulation". Ann. Hematol. 91 (12): 1959–68. doi:10.1007/s00277-012-1553-8. PMID 23053175. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chen BC, Viny AD, Garlich FM; et al. (2012). "Hemorrhagic complications associated with dabigatran use". Clin Toxicol (Phila). 50 (9): 854–7. doi:10.3109/15563650.2012.721888. PMID 22970730. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Wali R, Fadoo Z, Adil S, Naqvi MA (2011). "Aplastic anemia: clinicohaematological features, treatment and outcome analysis". J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 21 (4): 219–22. doi:04.2011/JCPSP.219222 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 21453618. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Gunn DJ, O'Hagan S (2013). "Unilateral optic neuropathy from possible sphenoidal sinus barotrauma after recreational scuba diving: a case report". Undersea Hyperb Med. 40 (1): 81–6. PMID 23397871.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Bobrov VM (2012). "[Classification and clinical observation of rhinoliths in the adult patients]". Vestn. Otorinolaringol. (in Russian) (5): 88–90. PMID 23250538.
  8. ↑ Abbas F, Refaat LA, Hussien A, El-Shazly AE (2009). "Hepatitis C virus induces nasal epithelial erosion and sub-epithelial rhinitis". Rhinology. 47 (4): 438–43. doi:10.4193/Rhin08.120. PMID 19936373. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Silva BM, Hosman AE, Devlin HL, Shovlin CL (2013). "Lifestyle and Dietary Influences on Nosebleed Severity in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia". Laryngoscope. doi:10.1002/lary.23893. PMID 23404156. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Jarzabek M, Trojanowski P, Szajner M, Pyra K, Sojka M, Szczerbo-Trojanowska M (2012). "[Epistaxis in Rendu-Osler-Weber disease treated with selective embolization--case report]". Prz. Lek. (in Polish). 69 (7): 317–9. PMID 23276024.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Alessandrini M, Micarelli A, Mugnaini F, De Padova A, Pavone I, Bruno E (2012). "Unusual case of oral chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting as recurrent epistaxis and asymptomatic intraoral swelling". Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 113 (6): 455–7. doi:10.1016/j.stomax.2012.10.001. PMID 23153630. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Reiss M, Reiss G (2012). "Epistaxis: some aspects of laterality in 326 patients". Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 269 (3): 905–9. doi:10.1007/s00405-011-1790-9. PMID 21984062. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Baum ED, Boudousquie AC, Li S, Mirza N (1998). "Sarcoidosis with nasal obstruction and septal perforation". Ear Nose Throat J. 77 (11): 896–8, 900–2. PMID 9846466. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC (2002). "[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease]". Rev Med Interne (in French). 23 (11): 919–26. PMID 12481392. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Bracci M, Mariotti L, Staffolani S; et al. (2012). "[Sinonasal carcinoma and exposure to wood and leather dust: analysis of 36 cases]". G Ital Med Lav Ergon (in Italian). 34 (3 Suppl): 612–4. PMID 23405730.
  16. ↑ Kumar R, Hayhurst KL, Robson AK (2011). "Ear, nose, and throat manifestations during pregnancy". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 145 (2): 188–98. doi:10.1177/0194599811407572. PMID 21555777. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 El Sanharawi A, Coulibaly B, Bessede JP, Aubry K (2013). "Paranasal sinus rhabdomyosarcoma: A rare tumor of poor prognosis". Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 130 (1): 26–9. doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2012.07.002. PMID 23021978. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Rao GN, Rout K, Pal A (2012). "Central retinal artery occlusion and third cranial nerve palsy following nasal septoplasty". Case Report Ophthalmol. 3 (3): 321–6. doi:10.1159/000343700. PMC 3493008. PMID 23139676. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Verma RK, Bakshi J, Panda NK (2012). "Ectopic intranasal tooth: an unusual cause of epistaxis in a child". Ear Nose Throat J. 91 (6): 242–4. PMID 22711391. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Schneppenheim R (2011). "The pathophysiology of von Willebrand disease: therapeutic implications". Thromb. Res. 128 Suppl 1: S3–7. doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(12)70002-6. PMID 22221847.
  21. ↑ Islam MA, Azad AK, Islam MS, Shazzad MN, Haq SA (2013). "Wegener's Granulomatosis - A Case Report". Mymensingh Med J. 22 (1): 196–199. PMID 23416832. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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