Epistaxis causes: Difference between revisions

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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
{{MultiCol}}
*Abnormal nasal anatomy
*[[Abnormal nasal anatomy]]
*Acute respiratory tract infections<ref name="pmid21153894">{{cite journal |author=Singhi SC, Mathew JL, Jindal A |title=Clinical pearls in respiratory diseases |journal=Indian J Pediatr |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=603–8 |year=2011 |month=May |pmid=21153894 |doi=10.1007/s12098-010-0270-3 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Accelerated hypertension]]
*[[Acute cholinergic dysautonomia]]
*[[Acute erythroleukemia]]
*[[Acute leukemia]]
*[[Acute lymphocytic leukemia]]
*[[Acute promyelocytic leukemia]]
*[[Acute sinusitis]]
*[[Acute sinusitis]]
*[[Adhesive abuse]]
*[[ADP platelet receptor P2Y12 deficiency]]
*[[Aerosol abuse]]
*[[Aging]]<ref name="pmid3747017">{{cite journal |author=Janzen VD |title=Rhinological disorders in the elderly |journal=J Otolaryngol |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=228–30 |year=1986 |month=August |pmid=3747017 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Aging]]<ref name="pmid3747017">{{cite journal |author=Janzen VD |title=Rhinological disorders in the elderly |journal=J Otolaryngol |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=228–30 |year=1986 |month=August |pmid=3747017 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Alcohol]] (due to vasodilation)
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Allergic rhinitis]]
*[[Allergic rhinitis]]
*[[Allergies]]
*[[Allergies]]
*[[Anticoagulant]] use<ref name="pmid23053175">{{cite journal |author=Edwards CP, Shehata N, Faughnan ME |title=Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients can tolerate anticoagulation |journal=Ann. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=1959–68 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23053175 |doi=10.1007/s00277-012-1553-8 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22970730">{{cite journal |author=Chen BC, Viny AD, Garlich FM, ''et al.'' |title=Hemorrhagic complications associated with dabigatran use |journal=Clin Toxicol (Phila) |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=854–7 |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=22970730 |doi=10.3109/15563650.2012.721888 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Ammonia]]
*[[Antiplatelet]] medication
*[[Angiofibroma]]
*Antrostomy
*[[Anticoagulants]]<ref name="pmid23053175">{{cite journal |author=Edwards CP, Shehata N, Faughnan ME |title=Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients can tolerate anticoagulation |journal=Ann. Hematol. |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=1959–68 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23053175 |doi=10.1007/s00277-012-1553-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22970730">{{cite journal |author=Chen BC, Viny AD, Garlich FM, ''et al.'' |title=Hemorrhagic complications associated with dabigatran use |journal=Clin Toxicol (Phila) |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=854–7 |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=22970730 |doi=10.3109/15563650.2012.721888 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Antiplatelet medication]]
*[[Antrochoanal polyps]]
*[[Antrostomy]]
*[[Aplastic anemia]]<ref name="pmid21453618">{{cite journal |author=Wali R, Fadoo Z, Adil S, Naqvi MA |title=Aplastic anemia: clinicohaematological features, treatment and outcome analysis |journal=J Coll Physicians Surg Pak |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=219–22 |year=2011 |month=April |pmid=21453618 |doi=04.2011/JCPSP.219222 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Aplastic anemia]]<ref name="pmid21453618">{{cite journal |author=Wali R, Fadoo Z, Adil S, Naqvi MA |title=Aplastic anemia: clinicohaematological features, treatment and outcome analysis |journal=J Coll Physicians Surg Pak |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=219–22 |year=2011 |month=April |pmid=21453618 |doi=04.2011/JCPSP.219222 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Argentinean hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Asphyxiation]]
*[[Aspirin]]
*[[Aspirin]]
*[[Atherosclerosis]]
*[[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome ]]
*[[Autoimmune thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Banti syndrome]]
*[[Barotrauma]]<ref name="pmid23397871">{{cite journal |author=Gunn DJ, O'Hagan S |title=Unilateral optic neuropathy from possible sphenoidal sinus barotrauma after recreational scuba diving: a case report |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=81–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23397871 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Barotrauma]]<ref name="pmid23397871">{{cite journal |author=Gunn DJ, O'Hagan S |title=Unilateral optic neuropathy from possible sphenoidal sinus barotrauma after recreational scuba diving: a case report |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=81–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23397871 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Blood dyscrasias
*[[Benign mucosal pemphigoid]]
*[[Benign nose tumors]]
*[[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]]
*[[Biliary cirrhosis]]
*[[Bing-Neel syndrome]]
*[[Biphenyl]]
*[[Bleeding tendency]]
*[[Blood dyscrasias]]
*[[Blood vessel disorders ]]
*[[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Borates rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Brodifacoum rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Broken nose]]
*[[Broken nose]]
*Chemical irritants
*[[Bromadiolone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Brown snake rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Calcium sulfate]]
*[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]
*[[Chemical irritants]]
*[[Chlorophacinone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Christmas disease]]
*[[Christmas disease]]
*[[Chromates rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
*[[Chronic leukemia]]
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]
*[[Chronic vitamin A toxicity]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Clopidogrel]]<ref name="pmid22970730">{{cite journal |author=Chen BC, Viny AD, Garlich FM, ''et al.'' |title=Hemorrhagic complications associated with dabigatran use |journal=Clin Toxicol (Phila) |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=854–7 |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=22970730 |doi=10.3109/15563650.2012.721888 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Clopidogrel]]<ref name="pmid22970730">{{cite journal |author=Chen BC, Viny AD, Garlich FM, ''et al.'' |title=Hemorrhagic complications associated with dabigatran use |journal=Clin Toxicol (Phila) |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=854–7 |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=22970730 |doi=10.3109/15563650.2012.721888 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Clove (herbal agent)]]
*[[Coagulopathies]]
*[[Coagulopathies]]
*[[Coarctation of the aorta]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*Cold dry air
*[[Cold air]]
*[[Common cold]]
*[[Common cold]]
*[[Congenital afibrinogenemia]]
*[[Congenital hypoplastic anemia]]
*[[Congential fibrinogen deficiency]]
*[[Coumachlor rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Coumafuryl rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Coumatetralyl rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Defibrination syndrome]]
*[[Dental extraction]]
*[[Dental extraction]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Deviated septum]]<ref name="pmid23250538">{{cite journal |author=Bobrov VM |title=[Classification and clinical observation of rhinoliths in the adult patients] |language=Russian |journal=Vestn. Otorinolaringol. |volume= |issue=5 |pages=88–90 |year=2012 |pmid=23250538 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Deviated septum]]<ref name="pmid23250538">{{cite journal |author=Bobrov VM |title=[Classification and clinical observation of rhinoliths in the adult patients] |language=Russian |journal=Vestn. Otorinolaringol. |volume= |issue=5 |pages=88–90 |year=2012 |pmid=23250538 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Dry nasal mucosa
*[[Dialysis]]
*Endoscopic sinus procedures
*[[Difenacoum rodenticide poisoning]]
*Excessive dieting
*[[Difethialone rodenticide poisoning]]
*Facial surgery
*[[Diphacinone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Diquat Dibromide]]
*[[Dry air]]
*[[Dry nasal mucosa]]
*[[Endoscopic sinus procedures]]
*[[Epstein's syndrome]]
*[[Essential hypertension]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Essential thrombocythemia]]
*[[Esthesioneuroblastoma]]
*[[Ethmoidal polyps]]
*[[Facial surgery]]
*[[Facial trauma]]
*[[Factor V deficiency]]
*[[Factor V Quebec]]
*[[Factor VII deficiency]]
*[[Factor X deficiency]]
*[[Familial platelet syndrome with predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia]]
*[[Fanconi's anemia]]
*[[Fexofenadine]]
*[[Fexofenadine]]
*Foreign body in nose
*[[Foreign body]]
*[[Gastroesophageal reflux ]]
*[[Formaldehyde]]
*[[Glycogen Storage Disease]]
*[[Hantavirus]]
*[[Head injury]]
*[[Hemangioma]]
*[[Hematological malignancy]]
*[[Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome]]
*[[Hemoglobin S/hemoglobin O (Arab)]]
*[[Hemoglobin SC]]
*[[Hemophilia]]
*[[Hemophilia]]
*[[Heart failure]] (due to an increase in venous pressure)
*[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]]
*[[Hematological malignancy]]
*[[Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome]]
*[[Hepatitis]]<ref name="pmid19936373">{{cite journal |author=Abbas F, Refaat LA, Hussien A, El-Shazly AE |title=Hepatitis C virus induces nasal epithelial erosion and sub-epithelial rhinitis |journal=Rhinology |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=438–43 |year=2009 |month=December |pmid=19936373 |doi=10.4193/Rhin08.120 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Heroin]]
*[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]] ([[Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome]])<ref name="pmid23404156">{{cite journal |author=Silva BM, Hosman AE, Devlin HL, Shovlin CL |title=Lifestyle and Dietary Influences on Nosebleed Severity in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia |journal=Laryngoscope |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23404156 |doi=10.1002/lary.23893 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23276024">{{cite journal |author=Jarzabek M, Trojanowski P, Szajner M, Pyra K, Sojka M, Szczerbo-Trojanowska M |title=[Epistaxis in Rendu-Osler-Weber disease treated with selective embolization--case report] |language=Polish |journal=Prz. Lek. |volume=69 |issue=7 |pages=317–9 |year=2012 |pmid=23276024 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Iatrogenic]]
*[[Ibuprofen]]
*[[Ibuprofen]]
*[[Infectious diseases]]
*[[Idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis]]
*Inhaled [[steroid]]s
*[[Immune thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*Intranasal [[rhabdomyosarcoma]]
*[[Increased nasal venous pressure]]
*Intranasal tumors ([[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]] in adult, and nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in adolescent males)
*[[Indandione rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Inhalant abuse]]
*[[Inhaled corticosteroids]]
*[[Inhaled irritants]]
*[[Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma]]
*[[Intranasal tumors]]
*[[Inverting papilloma]]
*[[Isotretinoin]]
*[[Isotretinoin]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]]
*Juvenile nasal angiofibroma
*[[Leprosy]]
*[[Leukemia]]<ref name="pmid23153630">{{cite journal |author=Alessandrini M, Micarelli A, Mugnaini F, De Padova A, Pavone I, Bruno E |title=Unusual case of oral chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting as recurrent epistaxis and asymptomatic intraoral swelling |journal=Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=455–7 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23153630 |doi=10.1016/j.stomax.2012.10.001 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Leukemia]]<ref name="pmid23153630">{{cite journal |author=Alessandrini M, Micarelli A, Mugnaini F, De Padova A, Pavone I, Bruno E |title=Unusual case of oral chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting as recurrent epistaxis and asymptomatic intraoral swelling |journal=Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=455–7 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23153630 |doi=10.1016/j.stomax.2012.10.001 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Malnutrition]] (especially [[anemia]])
*[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency]]
*Mechanical trauma (intranasal sprays or nose picking)<ref name="pmid21984062">{{cite journal |author=Reiss M, Reiss G |title=Epistaxis: some aspects of laterality in 326 patients |journal=Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=269 |issue=3 |pages=905–9 |year=2012 |month=March |pmid=21984062 |doi=10.1007/s00405-011-1790-9 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Localized skin or soft tissue infection]]
*[[Migraine]]
*[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]]
*[[Machupo virus]]
*[[Malignant hypertension]]
*[[Malnutrition]]<ref name="pmid21984062">{{cite journal |author=Reiss M, Reiss G |title=Epistaxis: some aspects of laterality in 326 patients |journal=Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=269 |issue=3 |pages=905–9 |year=2012 |month=March |pmid=21984062 |doi=10.1007/s00405-011-1790-9 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Matikus rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Maxillary sinus carcinoma]]
*[[Maxillofacial injury]]
*[[May-Hegglin anomaly]]
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Metaldehyde]]
*[[Mouser rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis]]
*[[Mucormycosis]]
*[[Myelodysplastic syndromes]]
*[[Myeloproliferative diseases]]
*[[Narcotics]]
*[[Narcotics]]
*[[Nasal cancer]]
*[[Nasal cannula]]
*[[Nasal congestion]]
*[[Nasal congestion]]
*Nasal excoriation
*[[Nasal excoriation]]
*Nasal infection
*[[Nasal foreign body]]
*Nasal obstruction<ref name="pmid9846466">{{cite journal |author=Baum ED, Boudousquie AC, Li S, Mirza N |title=Sarcoidosis with nasal obstruction and septal perforation |journal=Ear Nose Throat J |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=896–8, 900–2 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9846466 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23250538">{{cite journal |author=Bobrov VM |title=[Classification and clinical observation of rhinoliths in the adult patients] |language=Russian |journal=Vestn. Otorinolaringol. |volume= |issue=5 |pages=88–90 |year=2012 |pmid=23250538 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Nasal fracture]]
*Nasal prong O2 (which tends to dry the nasal mucosa)
*[[Nasal infection]]
*[[Nasal polyp]]<ref name="pmid23250538">{{cite journal |author=Bobrov VM |title=[Classification and clinical observation of rhinoliths in the adult patients] |language=Russian |journal=Vestn. Otorinolaringol. |volume= |issue=5 |pages=88–90 |year=2012 |pmid=23250538 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Nasal obstruction]]<ref name="pmid9846466">{{cite journal |author=Baum ED, Boudousquie AC, Li S, Mirza N |title=Sarcoidosis with nasal obstruction and septal perforation |journal=Ear Nose Throat J |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=896–8, 900–2 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9846466 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23250538">{{cite journal |author=Bobrov VM |title=[Classification and clinical observation of rhinoliths in the adult patients] |language=Russian |journal=Vestn. Otorinolaringol. |volume= |issue=5 |pages=88–90 |year=2012 |pmid=23250538 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Nasal septum deviation
*[[Nasal polyps]]<ref name="pmid23250538">{{cite journal |author=Bobrov VM |title=[Classification and clinical observation of rhinoliths in the adult patients] |language=Russian |journal=Vestn. Otorinolaringol. |volume= |issue=5 |pages=88–90 |year=2012 |pmid=23250538 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Nasal trauma<ref name="pmid12481392">{{cite journal |author=Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC |title=[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=919–26 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12481392 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23397871">{{cite journal |author=Gunn DJ, O'Hagan S |title=Unilateral optic neuropathy from possible sphenoidal sinus barotrauma after recreational scuba diving: a case report |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=81–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23397871 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Nasal septum deviation]]
*Nasal tumors<ref name="pmid23405730">{{cite journal |author=Bracci M, Mariotti L, Staffolani S, ''et al.'' |title=[Sinonasal carcinoma and exposure to wood and leather dust: analysis of 36 cases] |language=Italian |journal=G Ital Med Lav Ergon |volume=34 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=612–4 |year=2012 |pmid=23405730 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Nasal trauma]]<ref name="pmid12481392">{{cite journal |author=Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC |title=[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=919–26 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12481392 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23397871">{{cite journal |author=Gunn DJ, O'Hagan S |title=Unilateral optic neuropathy from possible sphenoidal sinus barotrauma after recreational scuba diving: a case report |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=81–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23397871 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Nasal ulceration
*[[Nasal tumor]]<ref name="pmid23405730">{{cite journal |author=Bracci M, Mariotti L, Staffolani S, ''et al.'' |title=[Sinonasal carcinoma and exposure to wood and leather dust: analysis of 36 cases] |language=Italian |journal=G Ital Med Lav Ergon |volume=34 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=612–4 |year=2012 |pmid=23405730 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Nose conditions
*[[Nasal ulceration]]
*Orbital decompression
*[[Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma]]
*[[Nasogastric tube placement]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]
*[[Nasotracheal intubation]]
*[[Nose picking]]
*[[Omsk hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Orbital decompression]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]]<ref name="pmid23404156">{{cite journal |author=Silva BM, Hosman AE, Devlin HL, Shovlin CL |title=Lifestyle and Dietary Influences on Nosebleed Severity in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia |journal=Laryngoscope |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23404156 |doi=10.1002/lary.23893 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23276024">{{cite journal |author=Jarzabek M, Trojanowski P, Szajner M, Pyra K, Sojka M, Szczerbo-Trojanowska M |title=[Epistaxis in Rendu-Osler-Weber disease treated with selective embolization--case report] |language=Polish |journal=Prz. Lek. |volume=69 |issue=7 |pages=317–9 |year=2012 |pmid=23276024 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Owren parahemophilia]]
*[[Pancytopenia]]
*[[Pennyroyal oil (herbal agent)]]
*[[Pertussis]]
*[[Pertussis]]
*[[Phosphorous]]
*[[Pindborg tumor]]
*[[Pindone rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Platelet function disorders]]
*[[Polychondritis]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]
*[[Pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid21555777">{{cite journal |author=Kumar R, Hayhurst KL, Robson AK |title=Ear, nose, and throat manifestations during pregnancy |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=188–98 |year=2011 |month=August |pmid=21555777 |doi=10.1177/0194599811407572 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm of internal carotid artery]]
*[[Purpura]]
*[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]]
*[[Rhabdomyosarcoma]]<ref name="pmid23021978">{{cite journal |author=El Sanharawi A, Coulibaly B, Bessede JP, Aubry K |title=Paranasal sinus rhabdomyosarcoma: A rare tumor of poor prognosis |journal=Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=26–9 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23021978 |doi=10.1016/j.anorl.2012.07.002 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Prothrombin deficiency]]
*[[Rapid weight loss]]
*[[Pyogenic granuloma]]
*[[Renal dialysis]]
*[[Ratak Plus rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Relapsing fever]]
*[[Renal artery stenosis]]
*[[Respiratory tract infection]]<ref name="pmid21153894">{{cite journal |author=Singhi SC, Mathew JL, Jindal A |title=Clinical pearls in respiratory diseases |journal=Indian J Pediatr |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=603–8 |year=2011 |month=May |pmid=21153894 |doi=10.1007/s12098-010-0270-3 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Rhabdomyosarcoma]]<ref name="pmid23021978">{{cite journal |author=El Sanharawi A, Coulibaly B, Bessede JP, Aubry K |title=Paranasal sinus rhabdomyosarcoma: A rare tumor of poor prognosis |journal=Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=26–9 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23021978|doi=10.1016/j.anorl.2012.07.002 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Rheumatic fever]]
*[[Rhinocerebral mucormycosis]]
*[[Rhinocerebral zygomycosis]]
*[[Rhinoplasty]]
*[[Rhinoplasty]]
*[[Rhinoscleroma]]
*[[Rhinoscleroma]]
*[[Rhinosporidiosis]]
*[[Rodend rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Rodenticides]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid9846466">{{cite journal |author=Baum ED, Boudousquie AC, Li S, Mirza N |title=Sarcoidosis with nasal obstruction and septal perforation |journal=Ear Nose Throat J |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=896–8, 900–2 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9846466 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12481392">{{cite journal |author=Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC |title=[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=919–26 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12481392 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid9846466">{{cite journal |author=Baum ED, Boudousquie AC, Li S, Mirza N |title=Sarcoidosis with nasal obstruction and septal perforation |journal=Ear Nose Throat J |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=896–8, 900–2 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9846466 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12481392">{{cite journal |author=Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC |title=[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=919–26 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12481392 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Scleroma]]
*[[Sclerotic vessels]]
*Sclerotic vessels
*[[Secondary biliary cirrhosis]]
*Septal granulomas
*[[Secondary hypertension]]
*Septal perforation
*[[Septal deviation]]
*[[Septal granulomas]]
*[[Septal perforation]]
*[[Septoplasty]]<ref name="pmid23139676">{{cite journal |author=Rao GN, Rout K, Pal A |title=Central retinal artery occlusion and third cranial nerve palsy following nasal septoplasty |journal=Case Report Ophthalmol |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=321–6 |year=2012 |month=September |pmid=23139676 |pmc=3493008 |doi=10.1159/000343700 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Septoplasty]]<ref name="pmid23139676">{{cite journal |author=Rao GN, Rout K, Pal A |title=Central retinal artery occlusion and third cranial nerve palsy following nasal septoplasty |journal=Case Report Ophthalmol |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=321–6 |year=2012 |month=September |pmid=23139676 |pmc=3493008 |doi=10.1159/000343700 |url=}}</ref>
*Sinus tumor<ref name="pmid23021978">{{cite journal |author=El Sanharawi A, Coulibaly B, Bessede JP, Aubry K |title=Paranasal sinus rhabdomyosarcoma: A rare tumor of poor prognosis |journal=Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=26–9 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23021978 |doi=10.1016/j.anorl.2012.07.002 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Sickle cell anemia]]
*[[Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma]]
*[[Sinus tumor]]<ref name="pmid23021978">{{cite journal |author=El Sanharawi A, Coulibaly B, Bessede JP, Aubry K |title=Paranasal sinus rhabdomyosarcoma: A rare tumor of poor prognosis |journal=Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=26–9 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23021978 |doi=10.1016/j.anorl.2012.07.002 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Sinusitis]]
*[[Skull fracture]]
*[[Skull fracture]]
*[[Surgery]] (such as [[septoplasty]] and endoscopic sinus surgery)
*[[Solvent abuse]]
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Sphenoidal fracture]]
*[[Stachybotrys chartarum]]
*[[Stuart factor deficiency]]
*[[Sulphuric acid]]
*[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]<ref name="pmid12481392">{{cite journal |author=Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC |title=[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=919–26 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12481392 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]<ref name="pmid12481392">{{cite journal |author=Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC |title=[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=919–26 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12481392 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Talon rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
*[[Tetryl]]
*[[Thrombasthenia]]
*[[Thrombocyopenic purpura]]
*[[Thrombocytopathy]]
*[[Thrombocytopenia]]<ref name="pmid23153630">{{cite journal |author=Alessandrini M, Micarelli A, Mugnaini F, De Padova A, Pavone I, Bruno E |title=Unusual case of oral chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting as recurrent epistaxis and asymptomatic intraoral swelling |journal=Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=455–7 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23153630 |doi=10.1016/j.stomax.2012.10.001 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Thrombocytopenia]]<ref name="pmid23153630">{{cite journal |author=Alessandrini M, Micarelli A, Mugnaini F, De Padova A, Pavone I, Bruno E |title=Unusual case of oral chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting as recurrent epistaxis and asymptomatic intraoral swelling |journal=Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=455–7 |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23153630 |doi=10.1016/j.stomax.2012.10.001 |url=}}</ref>
*Trauma to [[Little's area]]<ref name="pmid22711391">{{cite journal |author=Verma RK, Bakshi J, Panda NK |title=Ectopic intranasal tooth: an unusual cause of epistaxis in a child |journal=Ear Nose Throat J |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=242–4 |year=2012 |month=June |pmid=22711391 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Trauma to [[Little's area]]<ref name="pmid22711391">{{cite journal |author=Verma RK, Bakshi J, Panda NK |title=Ectopic intranasal tooth: an unusual cause of epistaxis in a child |journal=Ear Nose Throat J |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=242–4 |year=2012 |month=June |pmid=22711391 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Tobacco]]
*[[Trauma to Little's area]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Typhoid fever]]
*[[Unilateral choanal atresia]]
*[[Upper respiratory infection]]
*[[Valproic acid]]
*[[Vanadium]]
*[[Vascular disorders]]
*[[Vascular disorders]]
*Viral [[rhinitis]]
*[[Vascular malformation]]
*[[Viral rhinitis]]
*[[Vitamin C deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin C deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin K deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin K deficiency]]
*[[Von Willebrand's disease]]<ref name="pmid22221847">{{cite journal |author=Schneppenheim R |title=The pathophysiology of von Willebrand disease: therapeutic implications |journal=Thromb. Res. |volume=128 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S3–7 |year=2011 |pmid=22221847 |doi=10.1016/S0049-3848(12)70002-6 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Volak rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Volatile inhalants of abuse]]
*[[Volid rodenticide poisoning]]
*[[Von Gierke disease]]
*[[Von Willebrand disease]]<ref name="pmid22221847">{{cite journal |author=Schneppenheim R |title=The pathophysiology of von Willebrand disease: therapeutic implications |journal=Thromb. Res. |volume=128 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S3–7 |year=2011 |pmid=22221847 |doi=10.1016/S0049-3848(12)70002-6 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]]
*[[Warfarin]]
*[[Warfarin]]
*[[Wegener granulomatosis]]<ref name="pmid23416832">{{cite journal |author=Islam MA, Azad AK, Islam MS, Shazzad MN, Haq SA |title=Wegener's Granulomatosis - A Case Report |journal=Mymensingh Med J |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=196–199 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23416832 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12481392">{{cite journal |author=Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC |title=[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=919–26 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12481392 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]<ref name="pmid23416832">{{cite journal |author=Islam MA, Azad AK, Islam MS, Shazzad MN, Haq SA |title=Wegener's Granulomatosis - A Case Report |journal=Mymensingh Med J |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=196–199 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23416832 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12481392">{{cite journal |author=Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC |title=[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Interne |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=919–26 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12481392 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Weil's syndrome]]
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Zygomycosis]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
{{EndMultiCol}}


Revision as of 00:09, 28 June 2013

Epistaxis Microchapters

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Editor in Chief: Liudvikas Jagminas, M.D., FACEP [1] Phone: 401-729-2419; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D. [2]

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Accelerated hypertension, Blood vessel disorders , Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Coarctation of the aorta, Essential hypertension, Hemangioma, Hypertension, Malignant hypertension, Posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm of internal carotid artery, Renal artery stenosis, Sclerotic vessels, Secondary hypertension, Superior vena cava syndrome, Vascular disorders, Vascular malformation, Wegener's granulomatosis
Chemical / poisoning Ammonia, Biphenyl, Borates rodenticide poisoning, Brodifacoum rodenticide poisoning, Bromadiolone rodenticide poisoning, Brown snake rodenticide poisoning, Calcium sulfate, Chemical irritants, Chlorophacinone rodenticide poisoning, Chromates rodenticide poisoning, Coumachlor rodenticide poisoning, Coumafuryl rodenticide poisoning, Coumatetralyl rodenticide poisoning, Difenacoum rodenticide poisoning, Difethialone rodenticide poisoning, Diphacinone rodenticide poisoning, Diquat Dibromide, Formaldehyde, Indandione rodenticide poisoning, Inhalant abuse, Inhaled irritants, Matikus rodenticide poisoning, Metaldehyde, Mouser rodenticide poisoning, Phosphorous, Pindone rodenticide poisoning, Ratak Plus rodenticide poisoning, Rodend rodenticide poisoning, Rodenticides, Sulphuric acid, Talon rodenticide poisoning, Tetrachloroethylene, Tetryl, Tobacco, Vanadium, Volak rodenticide poisoning, Volid rodenticide poisoning
Dental Dental extraction
Dermatologic Benign mucosal pemphigoid
Drug Side Effect Anticoagulants , Antiplatelet medication, Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Clove (herbal agent), Desmopressin, Fexofenadine, Ibuprofen, Inhaled corticosteroids, Isotretinoin, Narcotics, Pennyroyal oil (herbal agent), Valproic acid, Warfarin
Ear Nose Throat Abnormal nasal anatomy, Acute sinusitis, Allergic rhinitis, Antrochoanal polyps, Benign nose tumors, Chronic sinusitis, Common cold, Deviated septum, Dry nasal mucosa, Esthesioneuroblastoma, Ethmoidal polyps, Foreign body, Increased nasal venous pressure, Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma, Intranasal tumors, Inverting papilloma, Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Maxillary sinus carcinoma, Nasal cancer, Nasal congestion, Nasal excoriation, Nasal foreign body, Nasal obstruction, Nasal polyps, Nasal septum deviation, Nasal tumor, Nasal ulceration, Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Rhinoscleroma, Septal deviation, Septal perforation, Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, Sinus tumor, Sinusitis, Unilateral choanal atresia, Wegener's granulomatosis
Endocrine Cystic fibrosis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Biliary cirrhosis, Cirrhosis, Secondary biliary cirrhosis
Genetic ADP platelet receptor P2Y12 deficiency, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Congenital hypoplastic anemia, Congential fibrinogen deficiency, Cystic fibrosis, Epstein's syndrome, Essential thrombocythemia, Familial platelet syndrome with predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia, Fanconi's anemia, Glycogen Storage Disease, Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome, Hemoglobin S/hemoglobin O (Arab), Hemoglobin SC, Hemophilia, Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, May-Hegglin anomaly, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, Owren parahemophilia, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, Prothrombin deficiency, Sickle cell anemia, Von Gierke disease, Von Willebrand disease, X-linked dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia
Hematologic Acute erythroleukemia, Acute leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Aplastic anemia, Autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Banti syndrome, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Bing-Neel syndrome, Bleeding tendency, Blood dyscrasias, Christmas disease, Chronic leukemia, Coagulopathies, Congenital afibrinogenemia, Defibrination syndrome, Factor V deficiency, Factor V Quebec, Factor VII deficiency, Factor X deficiency, Fanconi anemia, Hematological malignancy, Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome, Hemoglobin S/hemoglobin O (Arab), Hemoglobin SC, Hemophilia, Leukemia, Myelodysplastic syndromes, Myeloproliferative diseases, Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, Pancytopenia, Platelet function disorders, Polycythemia vera, Stuart factor deficiency, Thrombasthenia, Thrombocyopenic purpura, Thrombocytopathy, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocyopenic purpura, Von Willebrand's disease, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Iatrogenic Antrostomy, Dental extraction, Endoscopic sinus procedures, Facial surgery, Nasal cannula, Nasogastric tube placement, Nasotracheal intubation, Orbital decompression, Rhinoplasty, Septoplasty
Infectious Disease Argentinean hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Hantavirus, Leprosy, Localized skin or soft tissue infection, Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Machupo virus, Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, Mucormycosis, Nasal infection, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Pertussis, Pyogenic granuloma, Relapsing fever, Respiratory tract infection, Rheumatic fever, Rhinocerebral mucormycosis, Rhinocerebral zygomycosis, Rhinosporidiosis, Septal granulomas, Stachybotrys chartarum, Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever, Upper respiratory infection, Viral rhinitis, Weil's syndrome, Whooping cough, Zygomycosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Acute cholinergic dysautonomia
Nutritional / Metabolic Malnutrition, Vitamin C deficiency, Vitamin K deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Pregnancy
Oncologic Acute erythroleukemia, Acute leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Angiofibroma, Benign nose tumors, Esthesioneuroblastoma, Hematological malignancy, Intranasal rhabdomyosarcoma, Intranasal tumors, Inverting papilloma, Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Leukemia, Maxillary sinus carcinoma, Myelodysplastic syndromes, Nasal cancer, Nasal tumor, Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Pindborg tumor, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, Sinus tumor
Opthalmologic Orbital decompression
Overdose / Toxicity Adhesive abuse, Aerosol abuse, Alcohol, Chronic vitamin A toxicity, Cocaine, Heroin, Solvent abuse, Volatile inhalants of abuse
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Asphyxiation, Barotrauma, Cystic fibrosis, Respiratory tract infection
Renal / Electrolyte Chronic kidney disease, Dialysis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Allergic rhinitis, Allergies, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome , Autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, Polychondritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual Cystic fibrosis
Trauma Broken nose, Facial trauma, Head injury, Maxillofacial injury, Nasal fracture, Nasal trauma, Skull fracture, Sphenoidal fracture, Trauma to Little's area
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Aging, Cold air, Dry air, Idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis, Malnutrition, Menopause, Nose picking, Sarcoidosis

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. ↑ Janzen VD (1986). "Rhinological disorders in the elderly". J Otolaryngol. 15 (4): 228–30. PMID 3747017. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Edwards CP, Shehata N, Faughnan ME (2012). "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients can tolerate anticoagulation". Ann. Hematol. 91 (12): 1959–68. doi:10.1007/s00277-012-1553-8. PMID 23053175. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chen BC, Viny AD, Garlich FM; et al. (2012). "Hemorrhagic complications associated with dabigatran use". Clin Toxicol (Phila). 50 (9): 854–7. doi:10.3109/15563650.2012.721888. PMID 22970730. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Wali R, Fadoo Z, Adil S, Naqvi MA (2011). "Aplastic anemia: clinicohaematological features, treatment and outcome analysis". J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 21 (4): 219–22. doi:04.2011/JCPSP.219222 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 21453618. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gunn DJ, O'Hagan S (2013). "Unilateral optic neuropathy from possible sphenoidal sinus barotrauma after recreational scuba diving: a case report". Undersea Hyperb Med. 40 (1): 81–6. PMID 23397871.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Bobrov VM (2012). "[Classification and clinical observation of rhinoliths in the adult patients]". Vestn. Otorinolaringol. (in Russian) (5): 88–90. PMID 23250538.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Alessandrini M, Micarelli A, Mugnaini F, De Padova A, Pavone I, Bruno E (2012). "Unusual case of oral chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting as recurrent epistaxis and asymptomatic intraoral swelling". Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 113 (6): 455–7. doi:10.1016/j.stomax.2012.10.001. PMID 23153630. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Reiss M, Reiss G (2012). "Epistaxis: some aspects of laterality in 326 patients". Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 269 (3): 905–9. doi:10.1007/s00405-011-1790-9. PMID 21984062. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Baum ED, Boudousquie AC, Li S, Mirza N (1998). "Sarcoidosis with nasal obstruction and septal perforation". Ear Nose Throat J. 77 (11): 896–8, 900–2. PMID 9846466. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Vignes S, Chaillet M, Cabane J, Piette JC (2002). "[Nasal septal perforation and systemic disease]". Rev Med Interne (in French). 23 (11): 919–26. PMID 12481392. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Bracci M, Mariotti L, Staffolani S; et al. (2012). "[Sinonasal carcinoma and exposure to wood and leather dust: analysis of 36 cases]". G Ital Med Lav Ergon (in Italian). 34 (3 Suppl): 612–4. PMID 23405730.
  12. ↑ Silva BM, Hosman AE, Devlin HL, Shovlin CL (2013). "Lifestyle and Dietary Influences on Nosebleed Severity in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia". Laryngoscope. doi:10.1002/lary.23893. PMID 23404156. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Jarzabek M, Trojanowski P, Szajner M, Pyra K, Sojka M, Szczerbo-Trojanowska M (2012). "[Epistaxis in Rendu-Osler-Weber disease treated with selective embolization--case report]". Prz. Lek. (in Polish). 69 (7): 317–9. PMID 23276024.
  14. ↑ Singhi SC, Mathew JL, Jindal A (2011). "Clinical pearls in respiratory diseases". Indian J Pediatr. 78 (5): 603–8. doi:10.1007/s12098-010-0270-3. PMID 21153894. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 El Sanharawi A, Coulibaly B, Bessede JP, Aubry K (2013). "Paranasal sinus rhabdomyosarcoma: A rare tumor of poor prognosis". Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 130 (1): 26–9. doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2012.07.002. PMID 23021978. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Rao GN, Rout K, Pal A (2012). "Central retinal artery occlusion and third cranial nerve palsy following nasal septoplasty". Case Report Ophthalmol. 3 (3): 321–6. doi:10.1159/000343700. PMC 3493008. PMID 23139676. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Verma RK, Bakshi J, Panda NK (2012). "Ectopic intranasal tooth: an unusual cause of epistaxis in a child". Ear Nose Throat J. 91 (6): 242–4. PMID 22711391. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Schneppenheim R (2011). "The pathophysiology of von Willebrand disease: therapeutic implications". Thromb. Res. 128 Suppl 1: S3–7. doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(12)70002-6. PMID 22221847.
  19. ↑ Islam MA, Azad AK, Islam MS, Shazzad MN, Haq SA (2013). "Wegener's Granulomatosis - A Case Report". Mymensingh Med J. 22 (1): 196–199. PMID 23416832. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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