Endocarditis historical background
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Endocarditis was first described in 1554. The inflammatory process associated with endocarditis was discovered in 1799. Vegetations were first discovered to be associated with endocarditis in 1806.
Historical Perspective
Important landmarks in the history of endocarditis include the following:
- 1554: Earliest report of endocarditis in medical books
- 1669: Accurately described tricuspid valve endocarditis
- 1646: Described unusual "outgrowths" from autopsy of patient with endocarditis; detected murmurs by placing hand on patient's chest
- 1708: Described unusual structures in entrance of aorta
- 1715: Described abnormality in aortic valve and mitral valve
- 1749: Described valvular lesions
- 1769: Linked infectious disease and endocarditis; observed association with the spleen
- 1784: Accurately drew intracardiac abnormalities
- 1797: Showed relationship between rheumatism and heart disease
- 1799: Described inflammatory process associated with endocarditis
- 1806: Described unusual structures in heart as "vegetations," syphilitic virus as causative agent of endocarditis, and theory of antiviral treatment of endocarditis
- 1809: Indicated vegetations were not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to heart wall
- 1815: Elucidated inflammatory processes associated with endocarditis
- 1816: Invented cylindrical stethoscope to listen to heart murmurs; dismissed link between venereal disease and endocarditis
- 1832: Confirmed Laennec's observations
- 1835-40: Named endocardium and endocarditis; described symptoms; prescribed herbal tea and bloodletting as treatment regimen; described link between acute rheumatoid arthritis and endocarditis
- 1852: Described consequences of embolization of vegetations throughout body. Described cutaneous nodules (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman)
- 1858-71: Examined fibrin vegetation associated with endocarditis by microscope; coined term "embolism;" discussed role of bacteria, vibrios, and micrococci in endocarditis
- 1861: Confirmed Virchow's theory on emboli
- 1862: Described granulations or foreign elements in blood and valves, which were motile and resistant to alkalis
- 1868-70: Described infected arterial blood as originating from heart; proposed scarlet fever as cause of endocarditis
- 1869: Established "parasites" on skin transported to heart and attached to endocardium; named "mycosis endocardii"
- 1872: Detected microorganisms in vegetations of endocarditis
- 1878: All cases of endocarditis were infectious in origin
- 1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce animal model of endocarditis in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before bacteria grafted onto valve
- 1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for bacterial colonization
- 1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of endocarditis
- 1879: Proposed etiology of endocarditis was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection"
- 1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures
- 1881-86: Believed endocarditis could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from pulmonary lesion to valve through blood
- 1883: Believed microorganisms were result, not cause, of endocarditis
- 1884: Named disease "infective endocarditis"
- 1886: Demonstrated various bacteria introduced to bloodstream could cause endocarditis on valve that had previous lesion
- 1885: Synthesized work of others relating to endocarditis
- 1899: Described streptococcal, staphylococcal, pneumococcal, and gonococcal endocarditis
- 1903: First described "endocarditis lenta"
- 1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe cutaneous nodes (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman) in patients with endocarditis
- 1909: Analyzed 150 cases of endocarditis and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms
- 1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "subacute endocarditis," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures
- 1981: Described Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions
- 1994: New criteria utilizing specific echocardiographic findings
- 1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with infective endocarditis caused by streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms
- 1996: Modified Duke Criteria to allow serologic diagnosis of Coxiella burnetii
- 1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial endocarditis
- 1997: Suggested modifications to Duke criteria for clinical diagnosis of native valve and prosthetic valve endocarditis: analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases
- 1998: Guidelines for antibiotic treatment of streptococcal, enterococcal, and staphylococcal endocarditis
- 1998: Antibiotic treatment of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci, enterococci, and other streptococci; recommendations for surgical treatment of endocarditis
- 2000: Updated and modified Duke Criteria
- 2002: Duke Criteria to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents
- 2001-3: Described etiology of Bartonella spp., Tropheryma whipplei, and Coxiella burnetii in endocarditis