Esthesioneuroblastoma staging
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Esthesioneuroblastoma staging On the Web | |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Esthesioneuroblastoma staging | |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Esthesioneuroblastoma staging | |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]
Overview
According to a staging system by Morita et al , there are four stages of esthesioneuroblastoma based upon the extent of the primary tumor and lymph node or distant metastases. In 1992, Dulguerov and Calceterra proposed a classification based on the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system, predicted on CT and MRI findings that can be identified before treatment.[1][2] [3]
Staging
- The most widely used approach is the Kadish clinical staging system. Kadish et al were the first to propose a staging classification for esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB). ENBs were divided into three categories: groups A, B, and C.
- Group A is limited to tumors of the nasal fossa
- Group B, extension is to the paranasal sinuses
- Group C is defined as extension beyond the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.[1][2]
- In 1993, Morita et al published a revised Kadish system that redefined stage C (consisting of local disease spreading beyond the paranasal sinuses) and included a stage D (distant metastasis).[2]
- In 1992, Dulguerov and Calceterra proposed a classification based on the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system, which is predicated on CT and MRI findings that can be identified before treatment.[3]{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 600px" align=center
|valign=top| |+ ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | Group ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 400px;" | Features |- | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |
- Group A
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- Tumor is limited to the nasal cavity
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- Group B
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- Tumor is limited to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
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- Group C
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- Tumor extends beyond the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
- Base of skull
- Intracranial compartment
- Orbit
- Distant metastatic disease
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- Group D
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- Cervical nodal metastases
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| T Classification | Thickness |
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Tumor involvong the nasal cavity and/or paranasal sinuses (excluding sphenoid), sparing the most superior ethmoid cells |
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Tumor involving the nasal cavity and/or paranasal sinuses (including the sphenoid), with extention to or erosion of the cribiform plate |
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Tumor extending into the orbit or protruding into the anterior cranial fossa, without dural invasion |
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Tumor involving the brain |
| N Lymph Node | Features |
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No cervical lymph node metastasis |
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Any form of cervical lymph node metastases |
| N Lymph Node | Features |
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No metastasis |
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Distant Metastases |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kadish S, Goodman M, Wang CC (1976). "Olfactory neuroblastoma. A clinical analysis of 17 cases". Cancer. 37 (3): 1571–6. PMID 1260676.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Morita A, Ebersold MJ, Olsen KD, Foote RL, Lewis JE, Quast LM (1993). "Esthesioneuroblastoma: prognosis and management". Neurosurgery. 32 (5): 706–14, discussion 714-5. PMID 8492845.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dulguerov P, Calcaterra T (1992). "Esthesioneuroblastoma: the UCLA experience 1970-1990". Laryngoscope. 102 (8): 843–9. PMID 1495347.