Hypopharyngeal cancer natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gertrude Djouka, M.D.[2], Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [3]
Overview
The majority of patients with hypopharyngeal cancer are initially asymptomatic. Most patients with hypopharyngeal cancer clinically manisfest symptoms at late stage (III and IV) because of the tumor aggression which metastasizes to lymph nodes and submucosa. Once the tumor has expanded from its site of origin, it may obstruct the aerodigestive tract. Most common clinical presentations are neck mass, dysphagia with weight loss, non healing sore throat, odynophagia, and hoarseness. Common complications of hypopharyngeal cancer include upper airway obstruction and disfigurement of the neck or face. The prognosis varies with the type of hypopharyngeal cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma of hypopharynx has poor prognosis and small survival rate.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Natural History
- The majority of patients with hypopharyngeal cancer are initially asymptomatic[1]
- Most patients with hypopharyngeal cancer manifest symptoms at a late stage[2]
- About more than 50% of patients have neck mass.
- Once the tumor has expanded from its site of origin, it may obstruct the aerodigestive passages.
- The majority of patients with Hypopharyngeal cancer may develop distant metastasis to lungs, mediastinum, bones, esophagus, and thyroid gland.
Complications
Common complications of hypopharyngeal cancer include:[1]
- Airway obstruction
- Disfigurement of the neck or face
- Hoarseness and speaking difficulties
- Metastasis
Prognosis
The prognosis of hypopharyngeal cancer depends on the age, tumor location, risk factors, and the stage[3] [4]
- Prognosis of hypopharyngeal cancer is worse than most of the head and neck cancers.
- Prognosis of hypopharyngeal cancer is usually poor.
Based on staging, the 5-year survival rate of hypopharyngeal cancer is as follows:[4]
- Overall 5 year survival rate is 24.8%
- Stage I-II has a 49.5% 5-year survival rate
- Stage III has a 47.4% 5-year survival rate
- Stage IV has a 18.6% 5-year survival rate
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pracy, P; Loughran, S; Good, J; Parmar, S; Goranova, R (2016). "Hypopharyngeal cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 130 (S2): S104–S110. doi:10.1017/S0022215116000529. ISSN 0022-2151.
- ↑ Zbaren, P.; Becker, M.; Lang, H. (1997). "Pretherapeutic Staging of Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma: Clinical Findings, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compared With Histopathologic Evaluation". Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 123 (9): 908–913. doi:10.1001/archotol.1997.01900090016003. ISSN 0886-4470.
- ↑ Helliwell TR (February 2003). "acp Best Practice No 169. Evidence based pathology: squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx". J. Clin. Pathol. 56 (2): 81–5. PMC 1769882. PMID 12560383.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chang MF, Wang HM, Kang CJ, Huang SF, Lin CY, Fang KH, Chen EY, Chen IH, Liao CT, Chang JT (October 2010). "Treatment results for hypopharyngeal cancer by different treatment strategies and its secondary primary--an experience in Taiwan". Radiat Oncol. 5: 91. doi:10.1186/1748-717X-5-91. PMC 2958972. PMID 20925962.