Cerebral palsy causes

Cerebral palsy Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

Birth asphyxia is believed to be the principal etiology for cerebral palsy. However, recent studies demonstrated that 70% to 80% of cases of cerebral palsy are due to antenatal factors, while only 10% to 28% of cases are due to birth asphyxia in term and near-term infants. Causes of cerebral palsy are often multifactorial. For example, an intrauterine infection may result in growth restriction, maternal fever, and prematurity, all of which have been associated with cerebral palsy.

Prenatal causes

• Placental insufficiency
• Intrauterine infection
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Maternal illness
  • Chorioamnionitis
  • Thyroid disease
  • Thrombotic disorders including factor V Leiden mutations
  • TORCH infections (toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster, HIV, herpes viruses)
• Multiple births
• Teratogen exposure
• Metabolic disorders
• Fetal brain malformation

Placental pathology

• Thrombotic lesions
• Placental ischemia has been associated with spastic diplegia
• Chronic villitis
• Pre-eclampsia

Perinatal causes

• Hypoxia-ischemia
• Neonatal encephalopathy
• Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
  • PVL increases the risk of cerebral palsy, independent of gestational age.
  • Approximately 75% of infants with cystic PVL develop cerebral palsy.
• Fetal/neonatal stroke
• Hyperbilirubinemia
• Hemolytic disease
• Kernicterus

Postnatal causes

• Stroke
• Trauma
• Infection

Cerebral palsy

Antenatal

Perinatal

Postnatal

Prematurity and low birth weight Intrauterine infections Multiple gestations Pregnancy complications

Birth Asphyxia complicated labour and delivery

Head trauma Meningitis Cardio-pulmonary arrest