Goodpasture syndrome pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Ali Poyan Mehr, M.D. [2]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Krzysztof Wierzbicki M.D. [3]
Overview
Overview
The pathogenesis of Goodpasture syndrome is the presence of autoantibodies against the glomerular or alveolar basement membranes. The target antigen that has the strongest pathogenic effect on anti-GBM disease is the non-collagenous 1 domain of alpha-3 type IV collagen.[1] There is strong correlation of anti-glomerular basement membrane disease with allele HLA DRB1-1501.This allele is associated in causing renal injury. [2]
Pathogenesis
Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune condition resulting from antibodies against the glomerular and alveolar basement membrane. It is thought Goodpasture syndrome is the result of type II hypersensitivity reaction which leads to generation of antibodies which bind antigenic proteins of glomerular and alveolar basement membrane. The antigen-antibody complex leads to activation of complement pathway and tissue destruction.
Anatomy
The key for the renal corpuscle figure is: A – Renal corpuscle, B – Proximal tubule, C – Distal convoluted tubule, D – Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 1. Basement membrane (Basal lamina), 2. Bowman's capsule – parietal layer, 3. Bowman's capsule – visceral layer, 3a. Pedicels (Foot processes from podocytes), 3b. Podocyte, 4. Bowman's space (urinary space), 5a. Mesangium – Intraglomerular cell, 5b. Mesangium – Extraglomerular cell, 6. Granular cells (Juxtaglomerular cells), 7. Macula densa, 8. Myocytes (smooth muscle), 9. Afferent arteriole, 10. Glomerulus Capillaries, 11. Efferent arteriole.
Pathophysiology
- The basement membrane (in general) is primarily made up of type IV collagen.
- The type IV collagen is made of three alpha subunits of collagen, which form a triple helix.
- The alpha subunits of type IV collagen can be of six different types and named as alpha1 to alpha6.
- Each alpha subunit is further bound to three components namely:
- The amino terminus of alpha chain is bound by a short 7S domain.
- The carboxyl terminus is bound by a triple helix of alpha chains.
- Lastly the alpha chain has a non-collagenous component.
- The autoantibodies in Goodpasture syndrome is directed against the non-collagenous components of the alpha3 chain of type IV collagen.
- The target antigen that has the strongest pathogenic effect on anti-GBM disease is the non-collagenous 1 domain of alpha-3 type IV collagen.[1]
- There are 2 dominant epitopes such as epitope A(17-31) and epitope B(127-141) and are seen in the alpha-3 non-collagenous 1 domain of type IV collagen. The antibodies do not normally bind unless a change has occurred in the non-cross linked hexamers or trimers.
- In Goodpasture syndrome, these epitopes undergo a transitional change in the non-cross linked hexamers or trimers. This allows antibodies to be bound to these epitopes.[3]
- The pathogenic role of epitopes such as epitope A, has been shown to affect the function of the renals, especially of the alpha-3 type IV collagen of non-collagenous 1 domain.
- Epitope B however is not able to induce Goodpasture syndrome by itself.
- In addition, antibodies may be directed against other components of alpha3 chain.
- Even though the basement membrane of various tissues are similar in structure, the antibodies are reactive only against glomerular and alveolar membranes.
- This can be attributed to the fact that glomerular and alveolar basement membrane have greater expression and availability of epitopes for antibody binding. Moreover, the structure of glomerular and alveolar membrane is such that it promotes easy access to antibodies in these places.
- Under pathological conditions seen with any type of lung injury, vascular permeability of the alveolar membrane is increased which further promotes antibody accumulation in the alveolar basement membrane.
- The cause of renal injury is due to anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies ability to bind and activate complement system and proteases, resulting in an interruption between the filtration barrier and the Bowman’s capsule.
- The interruption of the Bowman's capsule and filtration barrier, induces crescent shaped antigen-antibody complex formation in the renal corpuscles, invoking proteinuria and activating T cells (CD4+ and CD8+), macrophages, and neutrophils.[4]
- Condition such as oxidation, nitrosylation, glycation, increased body temperature, or proteolytic cleavage can further lead to increased antigen-antibody cross reaction and early symptom onset.
- It has been shown that proteolytic cleavage of disulfide bonds in non-cross linked hexamers has shown greater affinity for Goodpasture syndrome antibodies to bind.
- Environmental factors also contribute to the disease such as exposures to hydrocarbons, exposure to formaldehyde or smoking tobacco.
- Smoking tobacco for instance causes inhibition of sulfilimine bond substances. Inhibition of the sulfilimine bond substances cause non-cross linked hexamers to form.[5]
- Factors that are associated with these process are due to oxidation, nitrosylation, glycation, increases in body temperature, or proteolytic cleavage. For example, it has been shown that proteolytic cleavage of disulfide bonds in non-cross linked hexamers has shown greater affinity for Goodpasture syndrome antibodies to bind. Environmental factors are also said to attribute to the disease such as exposures to hydrocarbons, exposure to formaldehyde or smoking tobacco. Smoking tobacco for instance causes inhibition of sulfilimine bond substances. Inhibition of the sulfilimine bond substances cause non-cross linked hexamers to form.[5]
Genes
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of Goodpasture syndrome include certain alleles of human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
- HLA-B27 has been found to be more frequently associated with severe nephritic form of Goodpasture syndrome.
- Other alleles associated with Goodpasture syndrome include increased frequency of HLA-DR15 and DRB1*03, DRB1*04 and a decreased frequency of DRB1*01 and DRB1*07.
- Goodpasture disease is also strongly associated with the DRB1*1501 and to DRB1*1502 allele.
- Recent studies have shown that DRB1*1501 allele is found in approximately one third caucasian patients with Goodpasture syndrome.
The pathogenesis of Goodpasture syndrome is the presence of autoantibodies against the glomerular or alveolar basement membranes. The target antigen that has the strongest pathogenic effect on anti-GBM disease is the non-collagenous 1 domain of alpha-3 type IV collagen.[1] There are 2 dominant epitopes, they are epitope A and epitope B. These epitopes are seen in the alpha-3 non-collagenous 1 domain of type IV collagen and antibodies do not normally bind unless a change has occurred in the non-cross linked hexamers or trimers. In Goodpasture syndrome these epitopes undergo a transitional change in the non-cross linked hexamers or trimers. This allows antibodies to be bound to the epitopes. The pathogenic role of epitopes such as epitope A, has been shown to affect the function of the renals, especially of the alpha-3 type IV collagen of non-collagenous 1 domain. Epitope B however is not able to induce Goodpasture syndrome by itself.[3] The cause of renal injury is due to anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies ability to bind and activate complements and proteases, resulting in a interruption between the filtration barrier and the Bowman’s capsule. The interruption of the Bowman's capsule and filtration barrier, induces crescent formation of the renal, invokes proteinuria and induces T cells (CD4+ and CD8+), macrophages, and neutrophils.[4]
Factors that are associated with these process are due to oxidation, nitrosylation, glycation, increases in body temperature, or proteolytic cleavage. For example, it has been shown that proteolytic cleavage of disulfide bonds in non-cross linked hexamers has shown greater affinity for Goodpasture syndrome antibodies to bind. Environmental factors are also said to attribute to the disease such as exposures to hydrocarbons, exposure to formaldehyde or smoking tobacco. Smoking tobacco for instance causes sulfilimine bond substances to be inhibited. Inhibition of the sulfilimine bond substances cause non-cross linked hexamers to form.[5]
Genetics
There is strong correlation of anti-glomerular basement membrane disease with allele HLA DRB1-1501. This allele is associated in causing renal injury. [2] This allele is present in 80% of patients with Goodpasture syndrome.[6]
Associated Conditions
Microscopic Pathology
On microscopic histopathological analysis, early focal proliferative changes that display necrosis and crescent formation with an inflamed interstitial are seen. Under direct immunofluorescence, linear immunoglobulin G deposits are found encompassing the glomerular basement membrane and at times the distal tubular portion of the basement membrane.[7] The following are images of the microscopic pathology of crescent glomerulonephritis and the immunofluorescence of linear IgG. [8]
Pathophysiology
As with many autoimmune conditions, the precise cause of Goodpasture’s Syndrome is not yet known. It is believed to be a type II hypersensitivity reaction to Goodpasture’s antigens on the cells of the glomeruli of the kidneys and the pulmonary alveoli, specifically the basement membrane's (including a-3 chain of type IV collagen), whereby the immune system wrongly recognizes these cells as foreign and attacks and destroys them, as it would an invading pathogen.
Pathology
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Zhao J, Cui Z, Yang R, Jia XY, Zhang Y, Zhao MH (2009). "Anti-glomerular basement membrane autoantibodies against different target antigens are associated with disease severity". Kidney Int. 76 (10): 1108–15. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.348. PMID 19741587.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Xie LJ, Cui Z, Jia XY, Chen Z, Liu XR, Zhao MH (2015). "Coexistence of Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibodies and Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies in a Child With Human Leukocyte Antigen Susceptibility and Detailed Antibody Description: A Case Report". Medicine (Baltimore). 94 (29): e1179. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000001179. PMC 4603008. PMID 26200622.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chen JL, Hu SY, Jia XY, Zhao J, Yang R, Cui Z; et al. (2013). "Association of epitope spreading of antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies and kidney injury". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 8 (1): 51–8. doi:10.2215/CJN.05140512. PMC 3531658. PMID 23085731.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hudson BG, Tryggvason K, Sundaramoorthy M, Neilson EG (2003). "Alport's syndrome, Goodpasture's syndrome, and type IV collagen". N Engl J Med. 348 (25): 2543–56. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022296. PMID 12815141.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Pedchenko V, Bondar O, Fogo AB, Vanacore R, Voziyan P, Kitching AR; et al. (2010). "Molecular architecture of the Goodpasture autoantigen in anti-GBM nephritis". N Engl J Med. 363 (4): 343–54. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0910500. PMC 4144421. PMID 20660402.
- ↑ Couser WG (2016). "Pathogenesis and treatment of glomerulonephritis-an update". J Bras Nefrol. 38 (1): 107–22. doi:10.5935/0101-2800.20160016. PMID 27049372.
- ↑ Greco A, Rizzo MI, De Virgilio A, Gallo A, Fusconi M, Pagliuca G; et al. (2015). "Goodpasture's syndrome: a clinical update". Autoimmun Rev. 14 (3): 246–53. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.006. PMID 25462583.
- ↑ University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pathology. www.path.upmc.edu/cases/case541.html Accessed on Novermber 2nd 2016
- ↑ http://picasaweb.google.com/mcmumbi/USMLEIIImages