Small cell carcinoma of the lung overview
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung Microchapters |
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Differentiating Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Overview
Small cell carcinoma of the lung is an anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. There are admixtures of small cell lung carcinoma with other types of lung cancer. Small cell carcinomas are distinguished by their distinctive biological features, response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and by their nearly universal tendency to develop overt or subclinical metastases, which frequently eliminates surgery in most patients.
Without treatment, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has the most aggressive clinical course of any type of pulmonary tumor, with median survival from diagnosis of only 2 to 4 months. Compared with other cell types of lung cancer, SCLC has a greater tendency to be widely disseminated by the time of diagnosis but is much more responsive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Because patients with small cell lung cancer tend to develop distant metastases, localized forms of treatment, such as surgical resection or radiation therapy, rarely produce long-term survival. With incorporation of current chemotherapy regimens into the treatment program, however, survival is unequivocally prolonged, with at least a 4- to 5-fold improvement in median survival compared with patients who are given no therapy. Furthermore, about 10% of the total population of patients remains free of disease during 2 years from the start of therapy, the time period during which most relapses occur. Even these patients, however, are at risk of dying from lung cancer (both small- and non-small cell types). The overall survival at 5 years is 5% to 10%.
Historical Perspective
Laennec first recognized lung cancer as a separate disease in 1815, in his work "Encephaloides" published in the Dictionnaire des sciences médicales. Azzopardi, in 1959, distinguished small cell lung cancer (SCLC) from anaplastic adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma and described the clinical and biological features that characterize it as a separate disease.
Pathophysiology
Small cell lung cancer is the most aggressive form of lung cancer and has the highest association with smoking of all lung cancers. Small cell lung cancer usually starts in the bronchi and expands through the bronchial mucosa. Small cell lung cancer often metastasizes rapidly to other parts of the body, including the brain, liver, and bone. A mutation in the p53 gene is reported in 75%-100% of the cases. Other molecular abnormalities that contribute to the development of small cell lung cancer have been described.
Causes
Smoking cigarettes and other tobacco related products is the predominant worldwide cause of small cell carcinoma of the lung and it can be associated with other risk factors in its development.
Differentiating Small cell carcinoma of the lung from Other Diseases
Depending on the presentation, lung cancer should be differentiated from other lung diseases such as pulmonary tuberculosis, lung abscess, and respiratory tract infection and autoimmune diseases affecting the respiratory tract. Once lung cancer is confirmed, small cell carcinoma should be differentiated from other non-small cell carcinoma based on histopathological findings.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents 13.4% of all lung cancers in the Unites States. The majority of small cell lung cancer occurs among patients > 65 years of age. The age-adjusted incidence of small cell lung cancer in the United States is reported to be 6.23 per 100,000 in 2011.