Small intestine cancer diagnostic study of choice
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Diagnostic Study of Choice
Study of choice
- Biopsy is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of small intestine cancer.
- Endoscopy and imaging tests can locate areas that have cancer, but the only way to confirm the diagnosis is to do a biopsy and histopathological analysis.
- There are numerous ways to take biopsy of small intestine:
- Endoscopy: Endoscopy can be used to biopsy the lesions of proximal duodenum to the ligament of Treitz or in the terminal ileum. Push enteroscopes can reach the proximal jejunum, but not distal jejunum and ileum.[1]
- Laproscopic biopsy:It is useful for the diagnosis of malignancy when the laboratory workup is negative and for obtaining adequate tissue samples of intestinal lesions.
- Exploratory laparotomy:This may be done if the tumor cannot be reached with an endoscope.It is the most sensitive diagnostic study and is needed to biopsy a tumor in the intestines.[2]
Diagnostic results
Sequence of Diagnostic Studies
- Patients with symptoms of small bowel cancer should undergo a complete history, physical examination, and screening for fecal occult blood.
- Laboratory work-up should include a complete blood count(CBC), measurement of serum electrolytes, Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA) and liver function tests (LFT).
- UGIS/SBFT are the most commonly used tests to examine the small bowel.[3]
- Barium swallow and Barium enema are used to visualize the lesion of intestine but they are not very sensitive and accurate at detecting the small intestinal cancer until very advanced stage.
- CT and CT enteroclysis are modern diagnostic tools used primarily for the detection and localization of small intestinal cancers.[4]
- MR enteroclysis (MRE) is extensively used for the visualization of small intestinal cancer.[5]
- Endoscopy and capsule enteroscopy are extremely useful modalities to visualize the small intestine and its pathologies.[1]
- Tumor Markers: the role of tumor markers in the diagnosis of cancer is unclear they are mostly used for the follow up surveillance post treatment.[6]
- The majority of small intestine adenocarcinomas are positive for CEA. other markers that can come positive are: urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), serum chromogranin A (CGA),serum CGA and serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin)
Name of Diagnostic Criteria
The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has designated staging by TNM classification to define small intestine cancer[7]:
Primary Tumor (T):
| TX | Primary tumor cannot be assessed |
| T0 | No evidence of primary tumor |
| Tis | Carcinoma in situ |
| T1a | Tumor invades lamina propria |
| T1b | Tumor invades submucosa |
| T2 | Tumor invades muscularis propria |
| T3 | Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into the subserosa or into the non-peritonealized perimuscular tissue (mesentery or retroperitoneum) with extension ≤2 cm |
| T4 | Tumor perforates the visceral peritoneum or directly invades other organs or structures (includes other loops of small intestine, mesentery, or retroperitoneum >2 cm, and abdominal wall by way of serosa; for duodenum only, invasion of pancreas or bile duct) |
Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
- NX- Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
- N0- No regional lymph node metastasis
- N1- Metastasis in 1–3 regional lymph nodes
- N2- Metastases in ≥4 regional lymph nodes
Distant Metastasis (M)
- M0- No distant metastasis
- M1- Distant metastasis
AJCC Stage Groupings
| Stage | T | N | M |
| 0 | Tis | N0 | M0 |
| I | T1 | N0 | M0 |
| II | T2 | N0 | M0 |
| IIA | T3 | N0 | M0 |
| IIB | T4 | N0 | M0 |
| IIIA | Any T | N1 | M0 |
| IIIB | Any T | N2 | M0 |
| IV | Any T | Any N | M1 |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cheung DY, Choi MG (September 2011). "Current advance in small bowel tumors". Clin Endosc. 44 (1): 13–21. doi:10.5946/ce.2011.44.1.13. PMC 3363052. PMID 22741107.
- ↑ Dabaja BS, Suki D, Pro B, Bonnen M, Ajani J (August 2004). "Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel: presentation, prognostic factors, and outcome of 217 patients". Cancer. 101 (3): 518–26. doi:10.1002/cncr.20404. PMID 15274064.
- ↑ Ekberg O, Ekholm S (1980). "Radiography in primary tumors of the small bowel". Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 21 (1): 79–84. PMID 7376936.
- ↑ Maglinte DD, Bender GN, Heitkamp DE, Lappas JC, Kelvin FM (March 2003). "Multidetector-row helical CT enteroclysis". Radiol. Clin. North Am. 41 (2): 249–62. PMID 12659337.
- ↑ Van Weyenberg SJ, Meijerink MR, Jacobs MA, Van der Peet DL, Van Kuijk C, Mulder CJ, Van Waesberghe JH (March 2010). "MR enteroclysis in the diagnosis of small-bowel neoplasms". Radiology. 254 (3): 765–73. doi:10.1148/radiol.09090828. PMID 20177091.
- ↑ Talamonti MS, Goetz LH, Rao S, Joehl RJ (May 2002). "Primary cancers of the small bowel: analysis of prognostic factors and results of surgical management". Arch Surg. 137 (5): 564–70, discussion 570–1. PMID 11982470.
- ↑ "Stage Information for Small Intestine Cancer".