Adrenal insufficiency physical examination
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
Physical Examination
Physical examination of patients with primary adrenal insufficiency is usually remarkable for hyperpigmentation of skin. [1]
Appearance of the Patient
- Patients with adrenal insufficiency usually appear dehydrated or weak.
Vital Signs
- Fever maybe present in adrenal insufficiency. [2]
- Low blood pressure with normal pulse pressure is seen, especially in [[primary adrenal insufficiency due to mineralocorticoid deficiency.
- Adrenal crisis presents with hypotension, tachycardia, hypovolemia. [3]
Skin
- Skin examination of patients with primary adrenal insufficiency includes: [4]
- Hyperpigmentation, commonly affecting the palmar creases, perineum, axilla, and areola. It is most prominent in areas exposed to trauma, pressure and sun.
- Mucosal hyperpigmentation commonly effects buccal, gingival, tongue, vermillion border of lips. [5]
- Loss of axillary and pubic hair in women with primary adrenal insufficiency
- Horizontal bands of hyperpigmentation on the nails.
HEENT
- HEENT examination of patients with adrenal insufficiency is usually normal.
Neck
- Neck examination of patients with adrenal insufficiency is usually normal.
Lungs
- Pulmonary examination of patients with adrenal insufficiency is usually normal.
Heart
- Cardiovascular examination of patients with adrenal insufficiency is usually normal.
Abdomen
- Abdominal tenderness and guarding can be present in adrenal crisis [6]
Back
- Back examination of patients with adrenal insufficiency is usually normal.
Genitourinary
- Genitourinary examination of patients with adrenal insufficiency is usually normal.
Neuromuscular
- Altered mental status maybe seen in patients with adrenal crisis [7]
Extremities
- Extremities examination of patients with adrenal insufficiency is usually normal.
References
- ↑ Lee, Ye Yeon; Cho, Nan Hee; Lee, Jong Won; Kim, Nam Kyung; Kim, Hye Soon; Kim, Mi-Kyung (2017). "Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Adrenal Insufficiency in a General Hospital". Endocrinology and Metabolism. 32 (1): 83. doi:10.3803/EnM.2017.32.1.83. ISSN 2093-596X.
- ↑ "StatPearls". 2020. PMID 28722862.
- ↑ Pazderska, Agnieszka; Pearce, Simon HS (2017). "Adrenal insufficiency – recognition and management". Clinical Medicine. 17 (3): 258–262. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.17-3-258. ISSN 1470-2118.
- ↑ Lause M, Kamboj A, Fernandez Faith E (2017). "Dermatologic manifestations of endocrine disorders". Transl Pediatr. 6 (4): 300–312. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.09.08. PMC 5682371. PMID 29184811.
- ↑ Sarkar, SoumyaBrata; Sarkar, Subrata; Ghosh, Supratim; Bandyopadhyay, Subhankar (2012). "Addison′s disease". Contemporary Clinical Dentistry. 3 (4): 484. doi:10.4103/0976-237X.107450. ISSN 0976-237X.
- ↑ https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)00827-X/pdf
- ↑ https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)00827-X/pdf