Avian influenza differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.

Overview

Differential Diagnosis of Avian Influenza

Influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory disease or flu-like symptoms:^[1]^[2]

Infectious Diseases

Other influenza viruses, such as human influenza or swine influenza are in the differential diagnosis of avian influenza.
Other infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, that are typically responsible for respiratory illness are also in the differential diagnosis of avian influenza:
- Adenoviruses
- Anthrax (caused by B. anthracis)
- Arenaviruses
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Coronaviruses (responsible for SARS and MERS)
- Dengue fever
- Echoviruses
- Ebola virus infection
- Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
- Herpes viruses
- HIV disease
- Histoplasmosis and other fungal causes of respiratory disease
- Human metapneumovirus
- Malaria
- Measles
- Parainfluenza virus
- Poliovirus infection
- Q fever
- Rhinovirus
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- Other bacterial causes of nasopharyngeal and respiratory infection, such as S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis, L. pneumophila.

Non-infectious Diseases

Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Emphysema
Drugs, such as interferons, monoclonal antibodies, bisphosphonates, and chemotherapeutic agents
Hematologic malignancies (leukemias and lymphomas)
Myocarditis
Metal fume fever
Pericarditis
Pulmonary embolism
Vaccinations (typically transient and mild flu-like illness)

Differentiating Flu and Common Cold


Symptoms	Flu	Common Cold

Fever	High fever (100-102° F)	Rare
Headache	Common	Rare
Cough	Common, moderate to severe	Mild to moderate
Body aches	Common, may be severe	Slight
Fatigue	Usual, can last up to 2-3 weeks	Sometimes
Nasal congestion	Sometimes	Common
Sneezing	Sometimes	Common
Sore throat	Sometimes	Common
Adapted from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) ^[3]

References

↑ Szewczuk, Elektra; Thapa, Kiran; Anninos, Terry; McPhie, Kenneth; Higgins, Geoff; Dwyer, Dominic E; Stanley, Keith K; Iredell, Jonathan R (2010). "Rapid semi-automated quantitative multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assays for the differential diagnosis of influenza-like illness". BMC Infectious Diseases. 10 (1): 113. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-113. ISSN 1471-2334.
↑ Liu, Ding Xiang; Schulze, Martin; Nitsche, Andreas; Schweiger, Brunhilde; Biere, Barbara (2010). "Diagnostic Approach for the Differentiation of the Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)v Virus from Recent Human Influenza Viruses by Real-Time PCR". PLoS ONE. 5 (4): e9966. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009966. ISSN 1932-6203.
↑ "National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)- Flu (Influenza)".

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[SzewczukThapa2010-1] Szewczuk, Elektra; Thapa, Kiran; Anninos, Terry; McPhie, Kenneth; Higgins, Geoff; Dwyer, Dominic E; Stanley, Keith K; Iredell, Jonathan R (2010). "Rapid semi-automated quantitative multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assays for the differential diagnosis of influenza-like illness". BMC Infectious Diseases. 10 (1): 113. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-113. ISSN 1471-2334.

[LiuSchulze2010-2] Liu, Ding Xiang; Schulze, Martin; Nitsche, Andreas; Schweiger, Brunhilde; Biere, Barbara (2010). "Diagnostic Approach for the Differentiation of the Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)v Virus from Recent Human Influenza Viruses by Real-Time PCR". PLoS ONE. 5 (4): e9966. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009966. ISSN 1932-6203.

[3] "National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)- Flu (Influenza)".

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