Avian influenza differential diagnosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.
Overview
Differential Diagnosis of Avian Influenza
Influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory disease or flu-like symptoms:[1][2]
Infectious Diseases
- Other influenza viruses, such as human influenza or swine influenza are in the differential diagnosis of avian influenza.
- Other infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, that are typically responsible for respiratory illness are also in the differential diagnosis of avian influenza:
- Adenoviruses
- Anthrax (caused by B. anthracis)
- Arenaviruses
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Coronaviruses (responsible for SARS and MERS)
- Dengue fever
- Echoviruses
- Ebola virus infection
- Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
- Herpes viruses
- HIV disease
- Histoplasmosis and other fungal causes of respiratory disease
- Human metapneumovirus
- Malaria
- Measles
- Parainfluenza virus
- Poliovirus infection
- Q fever
- Rhinovirus
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- Other bacterial causes of nasopharyngeal and respiratory infection, such as S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis, L. pneumophila.
Non-infectious Diseases
- Asthma
- Bronchiectasis
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema
- [[Drugs, such as interferons, monoclonal antibodies, bisphosphonates, and chemotherapeutic agents
- Hematologic malignancies (leukemias and lymphomas)
- Myocarditis
- Metal fume fever
- Pericarditis
- Pulmonary embolism
- Vaccinations (typically transient and mild flu-like illness)
Differentiating Flu and Common Cold
| Symptoms | Flu | Common Cold |
|---|---|---|
| Fever | High fever (100-102° F) | Rare |
| Headache | Common | Rare |
| Cough | Common, moderate to severe | Mild to moderate |
| Body aches | Common, may be severe | Slight |
| Fatigue | Usual, can last up to 2-3 weeks | Sometimes |
| Nasal congestion | Sometimes | Common |
| Sneezing | Sometimes | Common |
| Sore throat | Sometimes | Common |
| Adapted from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [3] | ||
References
- ↑ Szewczuk, Elektra; Thapa, Kiran; Anninos, Terry; McPhie, Kenneth; Higgins, Geoff; Dwyer, Dominic E; Stanley, Keith K; Iredell, Jonathan R (2010). "Rapid semi-automated quantitative multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assays for the differential diagnosis of influenza-like illness". BMC Infectious Diseases. 10 (1): 113. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-113. ISSN 1471-2334.
- ↑ Liu, Ding Xiang; Schulze, Martin; Nitsche, Andreas; Schweiger, Brunhilde; Biere, Barbara (2010). "Diagnostic Approach for the Differentiation of the Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)v Virus from Recent Human Influenza Viruses by Real-Time PCR". PLoS ONE. 5 (4): e9966. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009966. ISSN 1932-6203.
- ↑ "National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)- Flu (Influenza)".