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Mycobacterium terrae

  • 1. In vitro susceptibility
  • All six of the isolates from a single center and 90% or more of an additional 22 isolates of M. terrae complex were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Sulfonamides. Recently, 11 isolates of M. terrae complex were also shown to be susceptible to Linezolid
  • 2. Antimicrobial therapy
  • Based on in vitro susceptibility results

Mycobacterium szulgai

  • 1. in vitro susceptibility
  • M. szulgai is susceptible in vitro to most antituberculous drugs including Quinolones and newer Macrolides
  • 2. Infection
  • 2.1 Pulmonary infection
  • Three- or four-drug regimen based on susceptibility that includes 12 months of negative sputum cultures while on therapy
  • 2.2 Extrapulmonary infection
  • Combination anti-tuberculous medications based on in vitro susceptibilities for 4-6 months

Mycobacterium smegmatis

  • 1. Mild disease
  • 2. Severe disease

Mycobacterium mucogenicum

Mycobacterium malmoense

  • 1. In vitro
  • 2. Pulmonary M. malmoense infection

Mycobacterium immunogenum

  • In vitro

Mycobacterium leprae

  • 1. Multibacillary Leprosy (Skin smear positive)
  • Preferred regimen: Dapsone 100 mg/day PO AND Rifampin 600 mg PO 4 times per week AND Clofazimine 50 mg/day PO for 12-24 months
  • NOTE: Clofazimine should be supplemented by loading dose 300 mg PO monthly
  • Pediatric regimen:
  • <35 kg
  • Preferred regimen: Dapsone 1-2 mg/kg/day PO AND Rifampin 450 mg PO for 12-24 months
  • <20 kg
  • Preferred regimen: Dapsone 1-2 mg/kg/day PO AND Rifampin 300 mg PO for 12-24 months
  • <12 kg
  • Preferred regimen: Dapsone 1-2 mg/kg/day PO AND Rifampin 150 mg PO for 12-24 months
  • 2. Paucibacillary Leprosy (Skin Smear negative)
  • Preferred regimen: Rifampin 600 mg PO once a month for 6 months AND Dapsone 100 mg/day PO for 6 months
  • 3. Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL)
  • 3.1 Mild
  • Preferred regimen: Rest affect limb, analgesics, follow-up twice a week, check for iridocyclitis; Chloroquine OR Aspirin may be useful
  • 3.2 Severe (numerous nodules + fever, ulcerating/pustular ENL, visceral involvement, nodules + neuritis, recurrent ENL)
  • Preferred regimen: Prednisolone 30-40 mg/day PO (not to exceed 1 mg/kg) for 1-2 weeks, then taper over 12 weeks
  • Alternative regimen (1): (If unresponsive to corticosteroids or if risk of corticosteroids prevent administration) Start Clofazimine 100 mg PO tid for maximum of 12 weeks, taper the dose to 100 mg PO bid for 12 weeks and then 100 mg qd for 12-24 weeks
  • Alternative regimen (2): (if not contraindicated) Thalidomide 200-400 mg/day PO, reduced to 50-100 mg/day after 1-2 weeks
  • 4. Reversal Reaction
  • Preferred regimen: Prednisolone start with 40 mg/day PO then taper by 10 mg twice a week for 12 weeks

Mycobacterium xenopi

  • 1. The cornerstone of therapy for M. xenopi
  • Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Rifampin AND Ethambutol.
  • NOTE: Therapy should be continued until the patient has maintained negative sputum cultures while on therapy for 12 months
  • 2. Pulmonary disease
  • 3. Extrapulmonary disease
  • NOTE: Therapy for extrapulmonary disease would include the same agents as for pulmonary disease

Mycobacterium ulcerans

  • 1. Preulcerative lesions
  • Excision and primary closure, Rifampin monotherapy, or heat therapy
  • 2. Established ulcers
  • Most antimycobacterial agents are ineffective for the treatment of the ulcer; Surgical debridement combined with skin grafting is the usual treatment of choice
  • 3. Control complications of the ulcer

Swine influenza

  • 1. Condition1: Patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness
  • Preferred regimen: Oseltamivir 150 mg PO bid
  • NOTE(1): Treatment duration depends on clinical response
  • NOTE(2): Where the clinical course remains severe or progressive, despite 5 or more days of antiviral treatment, monitoring of virus replication and shedding, and antiviral drug susceptibility testing is desirable
  • NOTE(3): Antiviral treatment should be maintained without a break until virus infection is resolved or there is satisfactory clinical improvement
  • NOTE(4): Patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness, but who are unable to take oral medication may be treated with Oseltamivir administered by nasogastric or orogastric tube
  • 2. Condition2: In situations where oseltamivir is not available, or not possible to use, patients who have severe or progressive clinical illness
  • Preferred regimen: Zanamivir inhaled
  • NOTE: Zanamivir IV should be considered where available and is recommended for those with serious or progressive illness. If not available, Peramivir IV may be considered
  • 3. Condition3: Severely immunosuppressed patients

Mycobacterium simiae

Mycobacterium foruitum

  • 1. M. fortuitum isolates
  • 2. M. fortuitum lung disease
  • At least two agents with in vitro activity against the clinical isolate should be given for at least 12 months of negative sputum cultures
  • 3. Serious skin, bone, and soft tissue M fortuitum disease
  • At least two agents with in vitro activity against the clinical isolate should be given for a minimum of 4 months; For bone infections, 6 months of therapy is recommended

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum

  • Susceptibility data are lacking and standard treatment regimens for M. scrofulaceum are controversial, emphasizing the need to perform susceptibility testing on confirmed disease-producing isolates of M. scrofulaceum

Mycobacterium marinum

  • 1. M. marinum isolates
  • Resistant: Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide
  • NOTE: Two active agents for 1 to 2 months after resolution of symptoms, typically 3 to 4 months in total
  • 2. skin and soft tissue infections
  • 3. osteomyelitis or deep structure infection

Mycobacterium kansasii

  • 1. pulmonary disease
  • Preferred regimen: Rifampin 10 mg/kg/day (maximum, 600 mg) PO AND Ethambutol 15 mg/kg/ day PO AND Isoniazid 5 mg/kg/day (maximum 300 mg) PO AND Pyridoxine 50 mg/day PO
  • NOTE: Treatment duration for M. kansasii lung disease should include 12 months of negative sputum cultures
  • 2. Rifampin-resistant M. kansasii disease
  • 3. Disseminated M. kansasii disease
  • NOTE: The treatment regimen for disseminated disease should be the same as for pulmonary disease

Mycobacterium gordonae

Mycobacterium genavense

Mycobacterium haemophilum

  • 1. In vitro
  • 2. Disseminated disease

Mycobacterium chelonae

  • 2. Disseminated or extensive disease
  • 2.1 monotherapy
  • 2.2 multidrug therapy
  • preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid AND Tobramycin 5 mg/kg IV q24h OR Imipenem 0.5-1 g IV q6h OR Linezolid 600 mg IV/PO q12h/bid for 4-8 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO qd AND Linezolid 600 mg PO bid
  • NTOE(1): During initial treatment, multidrug therapy may prevent development of acquired resistance
  • NOTE(2): Total treatment duration is 6 months
  • 3. Keratitis (LASIK-related)

Mycobacterium celatum

Mycobacterium avium complex

  • 1. Treatment of MAC pulmonary disease [22]
  • 1.1 Patients with nodular/bronchiectatic disease
  • Preferreday regimen: Clarithromycin 1,000 mg three times weekly OR Azithromycin 500–600 mg three times weekly AND Ethambutol 25 mg/kg three times weekly AND Rifampin 600 mg three times weekly
  • NOTE: Patients should be treated until culture negative on therapy for 1 year
  • 1.2 Patients with fibrocavitary or severe nodular/bronchiectatic disease
  • 2. Disseminateday MAC disease

Mycobacterium bovis

  • NOTE: Is intrinsically resistant to Pyrazinamide (PZA). The treatment of M. bovis is extrapolated from experience with the treatment of PZA-resistant M. tuberculosis
  • 1. Pulmonary and most extrapulmonary disease
  • 2. Meningitis

Mycobacterium abscessus

  • 1.Limited, localized extrapulmonary disease [24]
  • Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid ± Amikacin 10-15 mg/kg/day IV or 25 mg/kg three times weekly for 4 months
  • Alternative regimen (1): Amikacin AND Cefoxitin 12 g/day PO for two weeks
  • NOTE: until clinical improvement in severe cases
  • Alternative regimen (2): Amikacin AND Imipenem 500 mg IV q6-8h for two weeks
  • NOTE(1): Until clinical improvement in severe cases
  • NOTE(2): Osteomyelitis should be treated for as least 6 months; Infected foreign bodies should be removed
  • 2.Pulmonary or serious extrapulmonary disease
  • Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid AND Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day IV AND Cefoxitin 2g IV q4h OR Imipenem 1g IV q6h for at least 2-4 months
  • NOTE: If limited by adverse effects, then switch to Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bid or 1000 mg XR qd OR Azithromycin 250 mg PO qd
  • Alternative regimen(1): Tigecycline 100 mg IV loading dose, then 50 mg IV q12h
  • NOTE: could be substituted as one of the injectables
  • Alternative regimen(2): Linezolid 600 mg PO bid or 600 mg PO qd AND Clarithromycin
  • NOTE: Could replace parental tx if not tolerated or feasible

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • Standard Regimens for new patients [25]
  • Adult
  • Initial phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Pyrazinamide 2 g PO (25 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO (15 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks
  • Alternative regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO for 2 weeks (25 mg/kg/day) AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day), followed by Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day)
  • Alternative regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2g/day PO thrice weekly for 8 week (25 mg/kg/day) AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (15 mg/kg/day)
  • Continuation phase
  • Preferred regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) qd AND Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) qd for 18 weeks
  • Preferred regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg PO twice weekly (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly (10 mg/kg/day) for 18 weeks
  • Alternative regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day)
  • Alternative regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day)
  • Pediatric
  • Initial phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Max: 300 mg/day) AND Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Max: 600 mg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 35 mg/kg PO (Max: 2 g/day) AND Ethambutol 20 mg/kg PO (Max: 1.6 g/day), each for 8 weeks
  • Continuation phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Max: 300 mg/day) AND Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Max: 600 mg/day), each drug daily for 18 weeks
  • MDR Tuberculosis [26]
  • Adult
  • Pediatric
  • XDR Tuberculosis [27]
  • Adult
  • Pediatric

Bacteroides fragilis

  • 1. Monotherapy
  • 2. Combination therapy

Acinetobacter baumannii

Vibrio vulnificus

  • 1. Sepsis or Soft Tissue Infection Antibiotic Management
  • 2. Gastroenteritis
  • Most cases self-limiting
  • Maintain hydration: oral or parenteral routes
  • Role of Doxycycline or Fluoroquinolones unclear, does not appear to shorten duration of non-cholera gastroenteritis

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio cholerae

Treponema pallidum

References

  1. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  2. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  3. Tortoli, E.; Besozzi, G.; Lacchini, C.; Penati, V.; Simonetti, M. T.; Emler, S. (1998-04). "Pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium szulgai, case report and review of the literature". The European Respiratory Journal. 11 (4): 975–977. ISSN 0903-1936. PMID 9623706. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  5. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  6. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  7. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  8. Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  9. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  10. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  11. WHO Guidelines for Pharmacological Management of Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 and Other Influenza Viruses. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. PMID 23741777. Retrieved 2015-07-14.
  12. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  13. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  14. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  15. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  16. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  17. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  18. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  19. Griffith, David E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richard J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 17277290.
  20. Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  21. Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
  22. Griffith, Daviday E.; Aksamit, Timothy; Brown-Elliott, Barbara A.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Daley, Charles; Gordin, Fred; Holland, Steven M.; Horsburgh, Robert; Huitt, Gwen; Iademarco, Michael F.; Iseman, Michael; Olivier, Kenneth; Ruoss, Stephen; von Reyn, C. Fordham; Wallace, Richarday J.; Winthrop, Kevin; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America (2007-02-15). "An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, anday prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases". American Journal of Respiratory anday Critical Care Medicine. 175 (4): 367–416. doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST. ISSN 1073-449X. Unknown parameter |pmiday= ignored (help)
  23. American Thoracic Society. CDC. Infectious Diseases Society of America (2003). "Treatment of tuberculosis". MMWR Recomm Rep. 52 (RR-11): 1–77. PMID 12836625.
  24. Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  25. Treatment of tuberculosis guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. ISBN 9789241547833.
  26. "The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis" (PDF).
  27. "WHO".
  28. Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  29. Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  30. Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  31. Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.