Endocarditis historical background
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Maliha Shakil, M.D. [3]
Overview
Endocarditis was first described in 1554. The inflammatory process associated with endocarditis was discovered in 1799. Vegetations were first discovered to be associated with endocarditis in 1806.[1]
Historical Perspective
Important landmarks in the history of endocarditis include the following:[1]
- 1554: Earliest report of endocarditis in medical books
- 1669: Accurately description of tricuspid valve endocarditis
- 1646: Descripton of unusual "outgrowths" from autopsy of patient with endocarditis; detected murmurs by placing hand on patient's chest
- 1708: Description of unusual structures in entrance of aorta
- 1715: Description of abnormality in aortic valve and mitral valve
- 1749: Description of valvular lesions
- 1769: Link between infectious disease and endocarditis established; association with spleen observed
- 1784: Intracardiac abnormalities accurately drawn
- 1797: Relationship between rheumatism and heart disease established
- 1799: Inflammatory process associated with endocarditis described
- 1806: Described unusual structures in heart as "vegetations," syphilitic virus as causative agent of endocarditis, and theory of antiviral treatment of endocarditis
- 1809: Vegetations were described as not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to heart wall
- 1816: Invention of cylindrical stethoscope used to listen to heart murmurs; link between venereal disease and endocarditis dismissed
- 1832: Laennec's observations observed
- 1835-40: Named endocardium and endocarditis; described symptoms; herbal tea and bloodletting described as treatment regimen; described link between acute rheumatoid arthritis and endocarditis
- 1852: Consequences of embolization of vegetations throughout body described. Described cutaneous nodules (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman)
- 1858-71: Examined fibrin vegetation associated with endocarditis by microscope; coined term "embolism;" discussed role of bacteria, vibrios, and micrococci in endocarditis
- 1861: Confirmed Virchow's theory on emboli
- 1862: Described granulations or foreign elements in blood and valves, which were motile and resistant to alkalis
- 1868-70: Described infected arterial blood as originating from heart; proposed scarlet fever as cause of endocarditis
- 1869: Established "parasites" on skin transported to heart and attached to endocardium; named Mycosis endocardii
- 1872: Detected microorganisms in vegetations of endocarditis
- 1878: All cases of endocarditis were infectious in origin
- 1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce animal model of endocarditis in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before bacteria grafted onto valve
- 1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for bacterial colonization
- 1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of endocarditis
- 1879: Proposed etiology of endocarditis was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection"
- 1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures
- 1881-86: Believed endocarditis could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from pulmonary lesion to valve through blood
- 1883: Believed microorganisms were result, not cause, of endocarditis
- 1884: Named disease "infective endocarditis"
- 1886: Demonstrated various bacteria introduced to bloodstream could cause endocarditis on valve that had previous lesion
- 1885: Synthesized work of others relating to endocarditis
- 1899: Described streptococcal, staphylococcal, pneumococcal, and gonococcal endocarditis
- 1903: First described "endocarditis lenta"
- 1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe cutaneous nodes (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman) in patients with endocarditis
- 1909: Analyzed 150 cases of endocarditis and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms
- 1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "subacute endocarditis," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures
- 1981: Described Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions
- 1994: New criteria utilizing specific echocardiographic findings
- 1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with infective endocarditis caused by streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms
- 1996: Modified Duke Criteria to allow serologic diagnosis of Coxiella burnetii
- 1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial endocarditis
- 1997: Suggested modifications to Duke criteria for clinical diagnosis of native valve and prosthetic valve endocarditis: analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases
- 1998: Guidelines for antibiotic treatment of streptococcal, enterococcal, and staphylococcal endocarditis
- 1998: Antibiotic treatment of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci, enterococci, and other streptococci; recommendations for surgical treatment of endocarditis
- 2000: Updated and modified Duke Criteria
- 2002: Duke Criteria to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents
- 2001-3: Described etiology of Bartonella spp., Tropheryma whipplei, and Coxiella burnetii in endocarditis
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Millar BC, Moore JE (2004). "Emerging issues in infective endocarditis". Emerg Infect Dis. 10 (6): 1110–6. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030848. PMC 3323180. PMID 15207065.