Androgen insensitivity syndrome historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Case reports compatible with CAIS date back to the 19th century, when hermaphroditism was the technical term for intersex conditions.
Historical Perspective
- Case reports compatible with CAIS date back to the 19th century, when hermaphroditism was the technical term for intersex conditions.
- In 1950, Lawson Wilkins hypothesized that this condition might be explained by resistance to testosterone but hormones could not be easily measured, and even chromosomes were just beginning to be understood.
- In 1953 the first medical report on AIS was published by J. M. Morris, an American gynecologist. [1] [2] [3]
- In the 1990s, patient advocacy groups also supported abandoning the term "testicular feminization" and it is now considered inaccurate, stigmatising and archaic.
Reifenstein syndrome
One might fairly call Reifenstein syndrome "even more partial" AIS, but when E.C. Reifenstein described the features of a new syndrome of male "familial hypogonadism" in 1947, it was not known that this condition was due to an abnormal androgen receptor and related to the female conditions of CAIS or PAIS. Additional familial intersex and hypogonadal conditions described by Lubs, Gilbert, Dreyfus, Rosewater, Walker, and others are now considered variants of the Reifenstein syndrome form of AIS. [4]
References
- ↑ MORRIS JM (1953). "The syndrome of testicular feminization in male pseudohermaphrodites". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 65 (6): 1192–1211. PMID 13057950.
- ↑ Deshpande H, Chaudhari S, Sharma S (2012). "Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome". J Obstet Gynaecol India. 62 (Suppl 1): 75–7. doi:10.1007/s13224-013-0382-6. PMC 3632692. PMID 24293884.
- ↑ Ozdemir O, Sari ME, Akmut E, Selimova V, Unal T, Atalay CR (2014). "Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome with a large gonadal serous papillary cystadenofibroma". J Hum Reprod Sci. 7 (2): 148–50. doi:10.4103/0974-1208.138875. PMC 4150143. PMID 25191030.
- ↑ Amrhein JA, Klingensmith GJ, Walsh PC, McKusick VA, Migeon CJ (1977). "Partial androgen insensitivity: the Reifenstein syndrome revisited". N Engl J Med. 297 (7): 350–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM197708182970703. PMID 876326.