Fat embolism syndrome causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]

Overview

Causes

The causes of fat embolism syndrome can be divided into trauma and non-trauma related.

Common causes:

The common causes of fat embolism are divided into trauma-related and non-trauma related.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Causes of fat embolism syndrome
Trauma-related causes
Orthopedic causes	Non-orthopedic causes
Long bone fractures (especially femur)^[6]^[7] Fractures of the other marrow containing bones Intraosseous infusion or access Orthopedic procedures Pelvic fractures Lung transplantation^[8]	Burns Chest compressions with or without rib fracture Bone marrow harvesting and transplant^[9] Fat grafting Liposuction Soft tissue injury^[10]^[11]

Less common causes:

Rare causes of fat embolism syndrome are as follows:^[12]^[13]^[14]

Non-trauma related rare causes
Diabetes mellitus Sickle cell disease^[15]^[16]^[17] Osteonecrosis Bone tumor lysis Metastases from fatty tumors Osteomylelitis Bone marrow necrosis Cardiopulmonary bypass Panniculitis

References

↑ Stein PD, Yaekoub AY, Matta F, Kleerekoper M (2008). "Fat embolism syndrome". Am J Med Sci. 336 (6): 472–7. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318172f5d2. PMID 19092320.
↑ Mellor A, Soni N (2001). "Fat embolism". Anaesthesia. 56 (2): 145–54. PMID 11167474.
↑ Akhtar S (2009). "Fat embolism". Anesthesiol Clin. 27 (3): 533–50, table of contents. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2009.07.018. PMID 19825491.
↑ Nikolić S, Micić J, Savić S, Uzelac-Belovski Z (2000). "[Post-traumatic systemic fat embolism syndrome. Retrospective autopsy study]". Srp Arh Celok Lek. 128 (1–2): 24–8. PMID 10916460.
↑ Eriksson EA, Pellegrini DC, Vanderkolk WE, Minshall CT, Fakhry SM, Cohle SD (2011). "Incidence of pulmonary fat embolism at autopsy: an undiagnosed epidemic". J Trauma. 71 (2): 312–5. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3182208280. PMID 21825932.
↑ Nikolić S, Micić J, Savić S, Uzelac-Belovski Z (2000). "[Post-traumatic pulmonary and systemic fat embolism in forensic practice. Prospective histological study]". Srp Arh Celok Lek. 128 (3–4): 90–3. PMID 10932616.
↑ Bracco D, Favre JB, Joris R, Ravussin A (2000). "Fatal fat embolism syndrome: a case report". J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 12 (3): 221–4. PMID 10905570.
↑ López-Sánchez M, Alvarez-Antoñán C, Arce-Mateos FP, Gómez-Román J, Quesada-Suescun A, Zurbano-Goñi F (2010). "Single lung transplantation and fatal fat embolism acquired from the donor: management and literature review". Clin Transplant. 24 (1): 133–8. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2009.01131.x. PMID 19888997.
↑ Baselga J, Reich L, Doherty M, Gulati S (1991). "Fat embolism syndrome following bone marrow harvesting". Bone Marrow Transplant. 7 (6): 485–6. PMID 1873595.
↑ Mudd KL, Hunt A, Matherly RC, Goldsmith LJ, Campbell FR, Nichols GR; et al. (2000). "Analysis of pulmonary fat embolism in blunt force fatalities". J Trauma. 48 (4): 711–5. PMID 10780606.
↑ Li S, Zou D, Qin Z, Liu N, Zhang J, Li Z; et al. (2015). "Nonfracture-associated pulmonary fat embolism after blunt force fatality: case report and review of the literature". Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 36 (2): 61–5. doi:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000142. PMID 25651164.
↑ Hjort M, Hoegberg LC, Almind M, Jansen T (2015). "Subacute fat-embolism-like syndrome following high-volume intramuscular and accidental intravascular injection of mineral oil". Clin Toxicol (Phila). 53 (4): 230–2. doi:10.3109/15563650.2015.1013195. PMID 25684399.
↑ Al-Shaer DS, Ayoub O, Ahamed NA, Al-Hibshi AM, Baeesa SS (2016). "Cerebral fat embolism syndrome following total knee replacement causing a devastating neurocognitive sequelae". Neurosciences (Riyadh). 21 (3): 271–4. doi:10.17712/nsj.2016.3.20150716. PMC 5107298. PMID 27356663.
↑ Ahmadzai H, Campbell S, Archis C, Clark WA (2014). "Fat embolism syndrome following percutaneous vertebroplasty: a case report". Spine J. 14 (4): e1–5. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2013.09.021. PMID 24314905.
↑ Eckardt P, Raez LE, Restrepo A, Temple JD (1999). "Pulmonary bone marrow embolism in sickle cell disease". South Med J. 92 (2): 245–7. PMID 10071678.
↑ Ballas SK, Pindzola A, Chang CD, Rubin R, Weibel SB, Manci E (1998). "Postmortem diagnosis of hemoglobin SC disease complicated by fat embolism". Ann Clin Lab Sci. 28 (3): 144–9. PMID 9646854.
↑ Garza JA (1990). "Massive fat and necrotic bone marrow embolization in a previously undiagnosed patient with sickle cell disease". Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 11 (1): 83–8. PMID 2305755.

[pmid19092320-1] Stein PD, Yaekoub AY, Matta F, Kleerekoper M (2008). "Fat embolism syndrome". Am J Med Sci. 336 (6): 472–7. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318172f5d2. PMID 19092320.

[pmid11167474-2] Mellor A, Soni N (2001). "Fat embolism". Anaesthesia. 56 (2): 145–54. PMID 11167474.

[pmid19825491-3] Akhtar S (2009). "Fat embolism". Anesthesiol Clin. 27 (3): 533–50, table of contents. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2009.07.018. PMID 19825491.

[pmid10916460-4] Nikolić S, Micić J, Savić S, Uzelac-Belovski Z (2000). "[Post-traumatic systemic fat embolism syndrome. Retrospective autopsy study]". Srp Arh Celok Lek. 128 (1–2): 24–8. PMID 10916460.

[pmid21825932-5] Eriksson EA, Pellegrini DC, Vanderkolk WE, Minshall CT, Fakhry SM, Cohle SD (2011). "Incidence of pulmonary fat embolism at autopsy: an undiagnosed epidemic". J Trauma. 71 (2): 312–5. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3182208280. PMID 21825932.

[pmid10932616-6] Nikolić S, Micić J, Savić S, Uzelac-Belovski Z (2000). "[Post-traumatic pulmonary and systemic fat embolism in forensic practice. Prospective histological study]". Srp Arh Celok Lek. 128 (3–4): 90–3. PMID 10932616.

[pmid10905570-7] Bracco D, Favre JB, Joris R, Ravussin A (2000). "Fatal fat embolism syndrome: a case report". J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 12 (3): 221–4. PMID 10905570.

[pmid19888997-8] López-Sánchez M, Alvarez-Antoñán C, Arce-Mateos FP, Gómez-Román J, Quesada-Suescun A, Zurbano-Goñi F (2010). "Single lung transplantation and fatal fat embolism acquired from the donor: management and literature review". Clin Transplant. 24 (1): 133–8. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2009.01131.x. PMID 19888997.

[pmid1873595-9] Baselga J, Reich L, Doherty M, Gulati S (1991). "Fat embolism syndrome following bone marrow harvesting". Bone Marrow Transplant. 7 (6): 485–6. PMID 1873595.

[pmid10780606-10] Mudd KL, Hunt A, Matherly RC, Goldsmith LJ, Campbell FR, Nichols GR; et al. (2000). "Analysis of pulmonary fat embolism in blunt force fatalities". J Trauma. 48 (4): 711–5. PMID 10780606.

[pmid25651164-11] Li S, Zou D, Qin Z, Liu N, Zhang J, Li Z; et al. (2015). "Nonfracture-associated pulmonary fat embolism after blunt force fatality: case report and review of the literature". Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 36 (2): 61–5. doi:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000142. PMID 25651164.

[pmid25684399-12] Hjort M, Hoegberg LC, Almind M, Jansen T (2015). "Subacute fat-embolism-like syndrome following high-volume intramuscular and accidental intravascular injection of mineral oil". Clin Toxicol (Phila). 53 (4): 230–2. doi:10.3109/15563650.2015.1013195. PMID 25684399.

[pmid27356663-13] Al-Shaer DS, Ayoub O, Ahamed NA, Al-Hibshi AM, Baeesa SS (2016). "Cerebral fat embolism syndrome following total knee replacement causing a devastating neurocognitive sequelae". Neurosciences (Riyadh). 21 (3): 271–4. doi:10.17712/nsj.2016.3.20150716. PMC 5107298. PMID 27356663.

[pmid24314905-14] Ahmadzai H, Campbell S, Archis C, Clark WA (2014). "Fat embolism syndrome following percutaneous vertebroplasty: a case report". Spine J. 14 (4): e1–5. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2013.09.021. PMID 24314905.

[pmid10071678-15] Eckardt P, Raez LE, Restrepo A, Temple JD (1999). "Pulmonary bone marrow embolism in sickle cell disease". South Med J. 92 (2): 245–7. PMID 10071678.

[pmid9646854-16] Ballas SK, Pindzola A, Chang CD, Rubin R, Weibel SB, Manci E (1998). "Postmortem diagnosis of hemoglobin SC disease complicated by fat embolism". Ann Clin Lab Sci. 28 (3): 144–9. PMID 9646854.

[pmid2305755-17] Garza JA (1990). "Massive fat and necrotic bone marrow embolization in a previously undiagnosed patient with sickle cell disease". Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 11 (1): 83–8. PMID 2305755.

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