Minimal change disease differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2] Yazan Daaboul, Serge Korjian

Overview

The differential diagnosis of minimal change disease must always include other renal etiologies of nephrotic syndrome, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and IgM nephropathy, and causes of peripheral edema and hypoalbuminemia, such as congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and protein-losing enteropathy.

Differential Diagnosis

The various types of glomerulonephritides should be differentiated from each other based on associations, presence of pitting edema, hemeturia, hypertension, hemoptysis, oliguria, peri-orbital edema, hyperlipidemia, type of antibodies, light and electron microscopic features. The following table differentiates between various types of glomerulonephritides:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]

Glomerulonephritis	Sub-entity	Causes and associations	History and Symtoms							Laboratory Findings
			History and Symtoms							Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia	Nephrotic features	Nephritic features	ANCA	Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (Anti-GBM antibody)	Immune complex formation	Light microscope	Electron microscope	Immunoflourescence pattern
			History	Pitting edema	Hemeturia (pre-dominantly microscopic)	Hypertension	Hemoptysis	Oliguria	Peri-orbital edema	Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia	Nephrotic features	Nephritic features	ANCA		Immune complex formation	Light microscope	Electron microscope	Immunoflourescence pattern
Non-proliferative	Minimal change disease	Idiopathic Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (glomerular epithelial protein 1- GLEPP1)	Young children Recent infection and immunization Atopy Hodgkin lymphoma Thrombosis (due to urinary loss of antithrombin-III)	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	Normal	Fusion of podocytes	-
	Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	Idiopathic HIV Heroine use Sickle cell disease Interferon Severe obesity Mixed cryoglobulinemia (Hepatitis C)	Adults	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	Focal (some glomeruli) and segmental (only part of glomerulus)	Effacement of podocytes	-
	Membranous glomerulonephritis	Idiopathic Hepatitis B and C Solid tumors Systemic lupus erythematosus Drugs (NSAIDS, pencilamine, gold, captopril)		+	-	-	-	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	Thick glomerular basement membrane	Sub-epithelial immune complex depositis with 'spike and dome' appearance	-
Proliferative	IgA nephropathy	Idiopathic Viral infections	Young children History of mucosal infections (e.g. gastroenteritis) and upper respiratory tract infection 2-3 days after infection (synpharyngitic)	+/-	+	+	-	+	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	+	Crescent formation	Mesangial proliferation	-
	Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis	Goodpasture syndrome	Young adults	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	+	+	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli (Crescent formation)	Diffuse thickening of the glomerular basement membrane with absence of sub-epithelial and sub-endothelial deposits	+ (Linear)
		Post infectious glomerulonephritis	Streptococcal skin infections Streptococcal pharyngitis 2-3 weeks after infection	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	+	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli	Sub-epithelial immune complex deposits	+ (Granular)
		Granulomatosis with polyangitis (Wegner's granulomatosis)	Necrotizing granulomas (Nasopharynx, lungs, kidneys) Conjunctivitis Ulceration of the cornea Episcleritis Peripheral neuropathy	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+ (C-ANCA)	-	-	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli (Crescent formation)	- (pauci-immune)	+/-
		Churg Strauss syndrome	Necrotizing granulomas (Lungs and kidneys) Asthma Peripheral neuropathy	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+ (C-ANCA)	-	-	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli (Crescent formation)	- (pauci-immune)	-
		Microscopic polyangiitis	Necrotizing vasculitis (no granuloma)	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+ (P-ANCA)	-	-	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli (Crescent formation)	- (pauci-immune)	-
	Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis	Idiopathic Hepatitis B and C (Type 1) C3 nepritic factor (Type2)	Hematuria Oliguria Periorbital edema Hypertension	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	Thick glomerular basement membrane (Tram-track appearance)	Mesangial proliferation and leukocyte infiltration	+ (Granular)

Other differentials

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
IgM nephropathy
C1q nephropathy
IgG nephropathy
C3 mesangial nephropathy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Congestive heart failure
Liver cirrhosis
Protein-losing enteropathy
Kwashiorkor

References

↑ Saha TC, Singh H (November 2006). "Minimal change disease: a review". South. Med. J. 99 (11): 1264–70. doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000243183.87381.c2. PMID 17195422.
↑ Saleem MA, Kobayashi Y (2016). "Cell biology and genetics of minimal change disease". F1000Res. 5. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7300.1. PMC 4821284. PMID 27092244.
↑ Keskar V, Jamale TE, Kulkarni MJ, Kiggal Jagadish P, Fernandes G, Hase N (October 2013). "Minimal-change disease in adolescents and adults: epidemiology and therapeutic response". Clin Kidney J. 6 (5): 469–72. doi:10.1093/ckj/sft063. PMC 4438390. PMID 26064510.
↑ Chugh SS, Clement LC, Macé C (February 2012). "New insights into human minimal change disease: lessons from animal models". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 59 (2): 284–92. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.07.024. PMC 3253318. PMID 21974967.
↑ Rosenberg AZ, Kopp JB (March 2017). "Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 12 (3): 502–517. doi:10.2215/CJN.05960616. PMC 5338705. PMID 28242845.
↑ Jefferson JA, Shankland SJ (September 2014). "The pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis". Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 21 (5): 408–16. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2014.05.009. PMC 4149756. PMID 25168829.
↑ Gephardt GN, Tubbs RR, Popowniak KL, McMahon JT (October 1986). "Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Immunohistologic study of 20 renal biopsy specimens". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 110 (10): 902–5. PMID 2429634.
↑ Lai WL, Yeh TH, Chen PM, Chan CK, Chiang WC, Chen YM, Wu KD, Tsai TJ (February 2015). "Membranous nephropathy: a review on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 114 (2): 102–11. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2014.11.002. PMID 25558821.
↑ Wasserstein AG (April 1997). "Membranous glomerulonephritis". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8 (4): 664–74. PMID 10495797.
↑ Suzuki H, Kiryluk K, Novak J, Moldoveanu Z, Herr AB, Renfrow MB, Wyatt RJ, Scolari F, Mestecky J, Gharavi AG, Julian BA (October 2011). "The pathophysiology of IgA nephropathy". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22 (10): 1795–803. doi:10.1681/ASN.2011050464. PMC 3892742. PMID 21949093.
↑ Wyatt RJ, Julian BA (June 2013). "IgA nephropathy". N. Engl. J. Med. 368 (25): 2402–14. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1206793. PMID 23782179.
↑ He S, Wu Z (November 2011). "Gene-based Higher Criticism methods for large-scale exonic single-nucleotide polymorphism data". BMC Proc. 5 Suppl 9: S65. doi:10.1186/1753-6561-5-S9-S65. PMC 3287904. PMID 22373436.
↑ Higgins RM, Goldsmith DJ, Connolly J, Scoble JE, Hendry BM, Ackrill P, Venning MC (January 1996). "Vasculitis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in the elderly". Postgrad Med J. 72 (843): 41–4. PMC 2398323. PMID 8746284.
↑ Jennette JC (March 2003). "Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis". Kidney Int. 63 (3): 1164–77. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00843.x. PMID 12631105.
↑ Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.
↑ Mathew TH, Hobbs JB, Kalowski S, Sutherland PW, Kincaid-Smith P (February 1975). "Goodpasture's syndrome: normal renal diagnostic findings". Ann. Intern. Med. 82 (2): 215–8. PMID 1090223.
↑ Renaudineau Y, Le Meur Y (October 2008). "Renal involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis". Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 35 (1–2): 22–9. doi:10.1007/s12016-007-8066-6. PMID 18172777.
↑ Weiss MA, Crissman JD (October 1984). "Renal biopsy findings in Wegener's granulomatosis: segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis with glomerular thrombosis". Hum. Pathol. 15 (10): 943–56. PMID 6384024.
↑ Sinico RA, Di Toma L, Maggiore U, Tosoni C, Bottero P, Sabadini E, Giammarresi G, Tumiati B, Gregorini G, Pesci A, Monti S, Balestrieri G, Garini G, Vecchio F, Buzio C (May 2006). "Renal involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 47 (5): 770–9. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.01.026. PMID 16632015.
↑ Cartin-Ceba R, Keogh KA, Specks U, Sethi S, Fervenza FC (September 2011). "Rituximab for the treatment of Churg-Strauss syndrome with renal involvement". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 26 (9): 2865–71. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfq852. PMC 3218640. PMID 21325353.
↑ Chung SA, Seo P (August 2010). "Microscopic polyangiitis". Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 36 (3): 545–58. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2010.04.003. PMC 2917831. PMID 20688249.
↑ Pagnoux C (March 2008). "[Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis]". Rev Prat (in French). 58 (5): 522–32. PMID 18524109.
↑ Alchi B, Jayne D (August 2010). "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis". Pediatr. Nephrol. 25 (8): 1409–18. doi:10.1007/s00467-009-1322-7. PMC 2887509. PMID 19908070.
↑ Davis AE, Schneeberger EE, Grupe WE, McCluskey RT (May 1978). "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN type I) and dense deposit disease (DDD) in children". Clin. Nephrol. 9 (5): 184–93. PMID 657595.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid17195422-1] Saha TC, Singh H (November 2006). "Minimal change disease: a review". South. Med. J. 99 (11): 1264–70. doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000243183.87381.c2. PMID 17195422.

[pmid27092244-2] Saleem MA, Kobayashi Y (2016). "Cell biology and genetics of minimal change disease". F1000Res. 5. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7300.1. PMC 4821284. PMID 27092244.

[pmid26064510-3] Keskar V, Jamale TE, Kulkarni MJ, Kiggal Jagadish P, Fernandes G, Hase N (October 2013). "Minimal-change disease in adolescents and adults: epidemiology and therapeutic response". Clin Kidney J. 6 (5): 469–72. doi:10.1093/ckj/sft063. PMC 4438390. PMID 26064510.

[pmid21974967-4] Chugh SS, Clement LC, Macé C (February 2012). "New insights into human minimal change disease: lessons from animal models". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 59 (2): 284–92. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.07.024. PMC 3253318. PMID 21974967.

[pmid28242845-5] Rosenberg AZ, Kopp JB (March 2017). "Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 12 (3): 502–517. doi:10.2215/CJN.05960616. PMC 5338705. PMID 28242845.

[pmid25168829-6] Jefferson JA, Shankland SJ (September 2014). "The pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis". Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 21 (5): 408–16. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2014.05.009. PMC 4149756. PMID 25168829.

[pmid2429634-7] Gephardt GN, Tubbs RR, Popowniak KL, McMahon JT (October 1986). "Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Immunohistologic study of 20 renal biopsy specimens". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 110 (10): 902–5. PMID 2429634.

[pmid25558821-8] Lai WL, Yeh TH, Chen PM, Chan CK, Chiang WC, Chen YM, Wu KD, Tsai TJ (February 2015). "Membranous nephropathy: a review on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 114 (2): 102–11. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2014.11.002. PMID 25558821.

[pmid10495797-9] Wasserstein AG (April 1997). "Membranous glomerulonephritis". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8 (4): 664–74. PMID 10495797.

[pmid21949093-10] Suzuki H, Kiryluk K, Novak J, Moldoveanu Z, Herr AB, Renfrow MB, Wyatt RJ, Scolari F, Mestecky J, Gharavi AG, Julian BA (October 2011). "The pathophysiology of IgA nephropathy". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22 (10): 1795–803. doi:10.1681/ASN.2011050464. PMC 3892742. PMID 21949093.

[pmid23782179-11] Wyatt RJ, Julian BA (June 2013). "IgA nephropathy". N. Engl. J. Med. 368 (25): 2402–14. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1206793. PMID 23782179.

[pmid22373436-12] He S, Wu Z (November 2011). "Gene-based Higher Criticism methods for large-scale exonic single-nucleotide polymorphism data". BMC Proc. 5 Suppl 9: S65. doi:10.1186/1753-6561-5-S9-S65. PMC 3287904. PMID 22373436.

[pmid8746284-13] Higgins RM, Goldsmith DJ, Connolly J, Scoble JE, Hendry BM, Ackrill P, Venning MC (January 1996). "Vasculitis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in the elderly". Postgrad Med J. 72 (843): 41–4. PMC 2398323. PMID 8746284.

[pmid12631105-14] Jennette JC (March 2003). "Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis". Kidney Int. 63 (3): 1164–77. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00843.x. PMID 12631105.

[pmid8914046-15] Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.

[pmid1090223-16] Mathew TH, Hobbs JB, Kalowski S, Sutherland PW, Kincaid-Smith P (February 1975). "Goodpasture's syndrome: normal renal diagnostic findings". Ann. Intern. Med. 82 (2): 215–8. PMID 1090223.

[pmid18172777-17] Renaudineau Y, Le Meur Y (October 2008). "Renal involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis". Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 35 (1–2): 22–9. doi:10.1007/s12016-007-8066-6. PMID 18172777.

[pmid6384024-18] Weiss MA, Crissman JD (October 1984). "Renal biopsy findings in Wegener's granulomatosis: segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis with glomerular thrombosis". Hum. Pathol. 15 (10): 943–56. PMID 6384024.

[pmid16632015-19] Sinico RA, Di Toma L, Maggiore U, Tosoni C, Bottero P, Sabadini E, Giammarresi G, Tumiati B, Gregorini G, Pesci A, Monti S, Balestrieri G, Garini G, Vecchio F, Buzio C (May 2006). "Renal involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 47 (5): 770–9. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.01.026. PMID 16632015.

[pmid21325353-20] Cartin-Ceba R, Keogh KA, Specks U, Sethi S, Fervenza FC (September 2011). "Rituximab for the treatment of Churg-Strauss syndrome with renal involvement". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 26 (9): 2865–71. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfq852. PMC 3218640. PMID 21325353.

[pmid20688249-21] Chung SA, Seo P (August 2010). "Microscopic polyangiitis". Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 36 (3): 545–58. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2010.04.003. PMC 2917831. PMID 20688249.

[pmid18524109-22] Pagnoux C (March 2008). "[Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis]". Rev Prat (in French). 58 (5): 522–32. PMID 18524109.

[pmid19908070-23] Alchi B, Jayne D (August 2010). "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis". Pediatr. Nephrol. 25 (8): 1409–18. doi:10.1007/s00467-009-1322-7. PMC 2887509. PMID 19908070.

[pmid657595-24] Davis AE, Schneeberger EE, Grupe WE, McCluskey RT (May 1978). "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN type I) and dense deposit disease (DDD) in children". Clin. Nephrol. 9 (5): 184–93. PMID 657595.

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Minimal change disease differential diagnosis

Overview

Differential Diagnosis

Other differentials

References

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