Endometrial hyperplasia historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Badria Munir M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Discovery
- The earliest descriptions of endometrial cancer were reported in the early 1900s.
- The association between estrogen and development of endometrial cancer was first reported in the 1970s when the incidence of endometrial cancer significantly increased between 1970 and 1975 following the introduction of estrogen replacement therapy.[1]
- Surgical staging of endometrial cancer was first suggested in 1988 and was later revised in 2009.[2]
- The first laparoscopic hysterectomy was reported in 1992.[3]
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
The current use of estrogen therapy (ET) and estrogen-progestin therapy (EPT) is the product of approximately 100 years of research and 75 years of clinical practice.
- The history of estrogen lays back to 1900s, when ovarian extracts were used for treatment of dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea.
- In 1923, researchers isolated an ovarian extract
- In the late 1920s researchers evaluated the impact of ovarian extracts on menopausal symptoms.
- In 1928, the first commercially available injectable estrogen was developed.
- In 1942, Ayerst Laboratories commercially introduced the first orally active estrogen, Premarin (conjugated estrogens), in the United States.
- In the mid-1970s, researchers recognized the association between unopposed estrogen therapy and endometrial cancer in women with an intact uterus.
- In the following decades, some evidence also indicated that long-term ET/EPT use was associated with a small increase in the risk of breast cancer.
- In 1990s, estrogen therapy and estrogen progesterone therapy was prescribed for the prevention of chronic conditions and the treatment of menopausal symptoms.
- In 2002, the EPT arm of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) was prematurely halted because of small increases in the risk of breast cancer and CHD, risks that led the study's data safety and monitoring board to conclude that the risk of EPT use outweighed its benefits in the study population.
- In 2004, the ET arm of the WHI was also prematurely discontinued, reporting that ET had no effect on CHD risk and increased the risk of stroke and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in this population.[4][5][6][7][8][9]
References
- ↑ Jick H, Walker AM, Rothman KJ (1980). "The epidemic of endometrial cancer: a commentary". Am J Public Health. 70 (3): 264–7. PMC 1619376. PMID 7356090.
- ↑ Creasman W (2009). "Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the endometrium". Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 105 (2): 109. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.02.010. PMID 19345353.
- ↑ Childers JM, Surwit EA (1992). "Combined laparoscopic and vaginal surgery for the management of two cases of stage I endometrial cancer". Gynecol Oncol. 45 (1): 46–51. PMID 1534780.
- ↑ Brucker C (August 2001). "Controlled trial with a monthly combination injectable contraceptive in Europe". Gynecol. Endocrinol. 15 Suppl 3: 11–4. PMID 11570312.
- ↑ Smith DC, Prentice R, Thompson DJ, Herrmann WL (December 1975). "Association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma". N. Engl. J. Med. 293 (23): 1164–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM197512042932302. PMID 1186789.
- ↑ Davis SR, Dinatale I, Rivera-Woll L, Davison S (May 2005). "Postmenopausal hormone therapy: from monkey glands to transdermal patches". J. Endocrinol. 185 (2): 207–22. doi:10.1677/joe.1.05847. PMID 15845914.
- ↑ Ettinger B (January 1998). "Overview of estrogen replacement therapy: a historical perspective". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 217 (1): 2–5. PMID 9421200.
- ↑ Ziel HK, Finkle WD (December 1975). "Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens". N. Engl. J. Med. 293 (23): 1167–70. doi:10.1056/NEJM197512042932303. PMID 171569.
- ↑ Weiss NS, Ure CL, Ballard JH, Williams AR, Daling JR (November 1980). "Decreased risk of fractures of the hip and lower forearm with postmenopausal use of estrogen". N. Engl. J. Med. 303 (21): 1195–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198011203032102. PMID 7421945.