Amenorrhea historical perspective
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
|
Amenorrhea Microchapters |
|
Patient Information |
|---|
|
Diagnosis |
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Amenorrhea historical perspective On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Amenorrhea historical perspective |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Amenorrhea historical perspective |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Overview
The ancient Egyptian belief honored "menstrual blood" as life-giving. The Mesopotamian mother goddess, named Ninhursag, is believed to have created mankind from loam and her "blood of life". The first description on disturbances in menstrual cycle can be found in Papyrus Ebres [named after the Egyptologist Georg M. Ebers (1837-1898)], from New Kingdom period (1450-1550 B.C.E). They described the patients as a "women who suffers from the side of her pubic region as an irregularity of her menstruation". In 1907, British Medical Journal, released an article about different types of treatments (mostly herbal and conservative) for amenorrhea. These treatment options were further evaluated in 1911 and led to a better approach in the management of amenorrhea. The term amenorrhea is derived from Greek language [a = negative, men = month, rhoia = flow], means lack of menstruation cycle in a woman.
Historical Perspective
Amenorrhea historical perspective
| Believed to create mankind from loam and her "blood of life" Ninhursag Mesopotamian mother goddess | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First descriptions about disturbances in menstrual cycle Papyrus Ebres, from New Kingdom period (1450-1550 B.C.E) Named after the Egyptologist Georg M. Ebers (1837-1898) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First definition of amenorrhea "woman suffering in her abdomen, so that the menstrual discharge can not leave her" Papyrus Edwin Smith, from 2900 B.C.E Named after an American antiques dealer (1822-1906) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description of secondary amenorrhea in severe cachexia due to chronic peptic ulcer William Brinton, a British physician In 1855 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Suggestion of Permanganate of Potash for treatment of psychosis associated amenorrhea Maury Deas, a British physician In 1885 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description of secondary amenorrhea with brain mass lesion Jollye, a British physician In 1894 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Release an article about treatments (mostly herbal and conservative) for amenorrhea British Medical Journal In 1907 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First description of pituitary gland as a regulator of gonads' stem cell Crowe, a Canadian physician In 1910 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First description of hypophysis, pituitary stalk, and centres above medulla oblongata as the pituitary gland controlling systems Bernhard Aschner, an Austrian endocrinologist In 1912 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Initiation of puberty and gonads enlargement by implanting animals' pituitary glands into other animals (mice, cats, and rabbits) Philip Smith, an American endocrinologist In 1926 | Puberty induction by implanting adult humans' or cows' pituitary glands into some immature animals Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli gynecologist In 1926 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First revealing that pituitary gland secrets "prolan A" and "prolan B" as major controllers of the sexual life Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli gynecologist In 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First presentation of sexual characteristics regression in mature animals and failure of sexual maturation in immature animals, both after excision of pituitary gland Philip Smith, an American endocrinologist In 1930 | First description of prolan A and prolan B roles in sexual cycle, leading to secretion of "fuliculin" and "lutein" Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli gynecologist In 1930 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First naming fuliculin and lutein as follicle stimulating factor and luteinizing factor, respectively Fevold, an American zoologist In 1931 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- The ancient Egyptian belief honored menstrual blood as life-giving. The Mesopotamian mother goddess, named Ninhursag, is believed to have created mankind from loam and her "blood of life".[1]
- The first description on disturbances in menstrual cycle can be found in Papyrus Ebres [named after the Egyptologist Georg M. Ebers (1837-1898)], from New Kingdom period (1450-1550 B.C.E). They described the patients as a "women who suffers from the side of her pubic region as an irregularity of her menstruation".[2][3]
- In Papyrus Edwin Smith [named after an American antiques dealer (1822-1906)], from 2900 B.C.E, first definition of amenorrhea presents as "woman suffering in her abdomen, so that the menstrual discharge can not leave her". There are also herbal treatment options for this condition in the Papyrus.[4]
- The term amenorrhea is derived from Greek language [a = negative, men = month, rhoia = flow]. The opposite is the normal menstrual period.
- Historically, the term amenorrhea has been often used as a euphemism for "unwanted pregnancy" and many traditional treatments for this condition were in fact abortifacients.
- In 1855, William Brinton, a British physician, presented a woman with secondary amenorrhea caused by severe cachexia due to chronic peptic ulcer disease.[5]
- In 1885, Maury Deas, a British physician, suggested Permanganate of Potash as a treatment option for psychosis associated amenorrhea.[6]
- In 1894, Jollye, a British physician, described a girl with secondary amenorrhea along with some symptoms reflecting brain mass lesion.[7]
- In 1910, Crowe, a Canadian physician, was the first to describe pituitary gland as a regulator of gonadal stem cell.[8]
- In 1912, Bernhard Aschner, an Austrian endocrinologist, found gonadal control by pituitary gland is regulated by another superior center in the brain. He suggested hypophysis, pituitary stalk, and centers superior to the medulla oblongata as the controlling centers. Their dysfunction leads to hypopituitarism as well as hypogonadism.[9]
- In 1926, Philip Smith, an American endocrinologist, experienced and approved that implanting animals' pituitary gland into other animals (mice, cats, and rabbits) leads to initiation of puberty and enlargement of gonads.[10]
- In 1926, Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli gynecologist, had the same experience, injecting adult humans' or cows' pituitary gland into immature animals and witnessing the rapid rush of their puberty process.[11]
- In 1929, Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli gynecologist, identified that, pituitary gland secretes two major hormones, that controls sexual life and maintains the species. He named them as "prolan A" and "prolan B", named after the Latin word "prole" which means "descendant".[12]
- In 1930, Philip Smith, an American endocrinologist, suggested that excision of pituitary gland in immature animals can lead to failure of sexual maturation; whereas in mature animals excision can lead to gonadal atrophy, regression of sexual characteristics, and infertility.[13]
- In 1930, Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli gynecologist, found prolan A is responsible for follicular growth stimulation and prolan B is responsible for ovulation induction and corpus luteum formation. Zondek also described that prolan A and B together induce the hormone "fuliculin" from gonads, while prolan B alone induce both fuliculin and "lutein" hormones.[14]
- In 1931, Fevold, an American zoologist, named fuliculin and lutein as follicle stimulating factor and luteinizing factor respectively.[15]
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- In 1907, British Medical Journal, released an article about different types of treatments (mostly herbal and conservative) for amenorrhea.[16]
- In 1911, researchers further evaluated the therapeutic methods (described in 1907) and suggested better management of amenorrhea.[17]
References
- ↑ "Menstruation in ancient Egypt, by Petra Habiger, at the Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health".
- ↑ Sigerist, Henry (1951). A history of medicine. New York: Oxford. ISBN 9780195001020.
- ↑ "Reorganized text". JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 141 (5): 428. 2015. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540. PMID 25996397.
- ↑ Breasted, James (1930). The Edwin Smith surgical papyrus, published in facsimile and hieroglyphic transliteration with translation and commentary in two volumes. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago, Oriental Institute. ISBN 0-918986-73-7.
- ↑ Brinton W (1856). "ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL. ULCER OF THE STOMACH, COMPLICATED WITH AMENORRHOEA, TREATED SUCCESSFULLY". Assoc Med J. 4 (158): 22–4. PMC 2439376. PMID 20741224.
- ↑ Deas PM (1885). "Note on the Use of Permanganate of Potash in Cases of Insanity Associated with Amenorrhoea". Br Med J. 1 (1268): 778–9. PMC 2256047. PMID 20751231.
- ↑ Jollye FW (1894). "A Case of Amenorrhoea with Brain Symptoms". Br Med J. 1 (1747): 1354–5. PMC 2404280. PMID 20754906.
- ↑ Crowe, SJ (1910). Experimental hypophysectomy (Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital). Johns Hopkins Hospital: Johns Hopkins Press. ASIN B00088F464.
- ↑ Aschner, Bernhard (1912). "Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Hypophysis und Genitale". Archiv für Gynaekologie. 97 (2): 200–228. doi:10.1007/BF01726121. ISSN 0003-9128.
- ↑ Smith, P. E. (1926). "Hastening Development of Female Genital System by Daily Homoplastic Pituitary Transplants". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 24 (2): 131–132. doi:10.3181/00379727-24-3260. ISSN 1535-3702.
- ↑ Zondek, Bernhard (1926). "Ueber die Funktion des Ovariums". Zeitschr Geburtsh Gynäkol. 90: 327.
- ↑ Zondek, Bernhard (1929). "Weitere Untersuchungen zur Darstellung, Biologie und Klinik des Hypophysenvorderlappen-Hormons (Prolan)". Klinische Wochenschrift. 8 (4): 157–159. doi:10.1007/BF01748589. ISSN 0023-2173.
- ↑ Steelman, Sanford L.; Pohley, Florence M. (1953). "ASSAY OF THE FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE BASED ON THE AUGMENTATION WITH HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN". Endocrinology. 53 (6): 604–616. doi:10.1210/endo-53-6-604. ISSN 0013-7227.
- ↑ Zondek, Bernhard (1930). "über die Hormone des Hypophysenvorderlappens". Klinische Wochenschrift. 9 (6): 245–248. doi:10.1007/BF01765181. ISSN 0023-2173.
- ↑ Fevold, HL; Hisaw, FL; Leonard, SL (1931). "The gonad stimulating and the luteinizing hormones of the anterior lobe of the hypophesis". American Journal of Physiology--Legacy Content. 97 (2): 291–301. ISSN 0002-9513.
- ↑ "The Composition Of Certain Secret Remedies. VIII. "Female Medicines" on JSTOR".
- ↑ "THE COMPOSITION OF CERTAIN SECRET REMEDIES : PREPARATIONS FOR AMENORRHOEA AND OTHER WOMEN'S COMPLAINTS". Br Med J. 2 (2635): 32–7. 1911. PMC 2331498. PMID 20765710.
]]