Autoimmune retinopathy pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: M. Hassan, M.B.B.S
Overview
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an autoimmune retinal degenerative disease caused by serum autoantibodies cross reacting against the retinal, and retinal like antigens.
There are a significant number of anti-retinal antibodies that are associated with AIR, these include antibodies to anti-recoverin, anti-alpha-enolase, anti-transducin, anti-CAII, anti-arrestin, anti-rhodopsin, anti-Muller glial cells, anti-mitofilin, anti-tintin, anti-COX. However, seronegative disease is also common. AIR has been observed in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases and neoplastic diseases i.e melanoma.
Pathophysiology
- Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an autoimmune retinal degenerative disease caused by serum autoantibodies cross reacting against the retinal, and retinal like antigens. [1] [2]
- There are a significant number of anti-retinal antibodies that are associated with AIR, these include antibodies to anti-recoverin, anti-alpha-enolase, anti-transducin, anti-CAII, anti-arrestin, anti-rhodopsin, anti-Muller glial cells, anti-mitofilin, anti-tintin, anti-COX. However, seronegative disease is also common.
- Paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is triggered by molecular mimicry between tumor antigens and retinal proteins, and non-paraneoplastic AIR is triggered by cross reactivity between the viral or bacterial proteins and retinal proteins.
- Both recoverin and α-enolase cause apoptosis of the retinal cells by cellular internalization via cascade pathways and intracellular calcium influx.
- AIR has been observed in patients with a history of autoimmune diseases and neoplastic diseases i.e melanoma. [3]
| Type of Autoimmune retinopathy | Antibody specificity |
|---|---|
| Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) | Anti-recoverin, Anti-alpha-enolase, Anti-transducin, Anti-carbonic anhydrase II |
| Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) | Anti-transducin, Anti-carbonic anhydrase II, Anti-arrestin, Anti-rhodopsin, Anti-Muller glial cells,
Anti-mitofilin (mitochondrial protein), Anti-tintin, Anti-COX (cytochrome c oxidase, assembly mitochondrial protein) |
| Non-paraneoplastic AIR (npAIR) | Anti-alpha-enolase, Anti-transducin, Anti-carbonic anhydrase II |
References
- ↑ Dutta Majumder P, Marchese A, Pichi F, Garg I, Agarwal A (2020). "An update on autoimmune retinopathy". Indian J Ophthalmol. 68 (9): 1829–1837. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_786_20. PMC 7690499 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32823399 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Choi EY, Kim M, Adamus G, Koh HJ, Lee SC (2016). "Non-Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Retinopathy: The First Case Report in Korea". Yonsei Med J. 57 (2): 527–31. doi:10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.527. PMC 4740551. PMID 26847311.
- ↑ Canamary AM, Takahashi WY, Sallum JMF (2018). "Autoimmune retinopathy: A Review". Int J Retina Vitreous. 4: 1. doi:10.1186/s40942-017-0104-9. PMC 5759752. PMID 29340169.