B-cell lymphoma historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Adnan Ezici, M.D[2]
Overview
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) was first discovered by Thomas Hodgkin, a British physician, in 1832. In 1898 and 1902, Carl Sternberg and Dorothy Reed, respectively, made important contributions to the microscopy of HL including the description of Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells, which are the hallmark tumor cells of HL. In 1994, the Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification proposed a new classification system and classified Hodgkin’s lymphoma into two main types: nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma and classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (includes lymphocyte-predominant, nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depleted). The term ‘malignant lymphoma’ was first coined by Billroth, a Prussian-born Austrian surgeon, in 1871. Burkitt lymphoma (a subtype of NHL) was first discovered by Denis Parsons Burkitt, an Irish surgeon, in 1958, during his work in Africa. In 1974, Lukes and Collins provided a new classification system of NHL according to the site of origin, state of transformation, and predominant cell of origin (B cell, T cell, or histiocyte). Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) was first discovered by Banks, in 1992. In 1994, the Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms (REAL) classified non-Hodgkin's lymphoma according to the clinical features, immunology and genetic information.
Historical Perspective
Discovery
- B-cell lymphomas include both Hodgkin's lymphoma and most Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Historical landmarks of the discovery of Hodgkin's lymphoma include:[1]
- Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) was first discovered by Thomas Hodgkin, a British physician, in 1832. However, a prior description for HL was provided by Marcello Malpighi, an Italian physician, in 1666.
Thomas Hodgkin - In 1838, Richard Bright was the first to discover the association between spleen and HL.
- In 1865, Samuel Wilks honored Thomas Hodgkin by referring this disease as Hodgkin's lymphoma in his publication which he observed and described similar cases since 1856.
- Langhans and Greenfield first described HL's microscopic characteristics in 1872 and 1878, respectively.
- In 1898 and 1902, Carl Sternberg and Dorothy Reed, respectively, made important contributions to the microscopy of HL including the description of Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells, which are the hallmark tumor cells of HL.
- In 1944, Hodgkin’s lymphoma was classified by Jackson and Parker into three subtypes: paragranuloma, granuloma, and sarcoma.[2]
- In 1966, Lukes and Butler proposed a new classification based on the predominant histopathologic type of the disease into six groups: lymphocytic and/or histiocytic, nodular; lymphocytic and/or histiocytic, diffuse; nodular sclerosis; mixed; diffuse fibrosis, and reticular. They also strengthened this classification by suggesting that there was a 'definite relationship between the histological findings, clinical stages, and survival'. In 1966, at the Rye symposium, those 6 types modified into 4 types as lymphocytic predominance (includes both previous types of lymphocytic and/or histiocytic, nodular; lymphocytic and/or histiocytic, diffuse), nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocytic depletion (includes both previous types of diffuse fibrosis and reticular).[1][2][3]
- In 1994, the Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification proposed a new classification system and classified Hodgkin’s lymphoma into two main types: nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma and classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (includes lymphocyte predominant, nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depleted).[4]
- In 2001 and 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification provided a new subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin lymphoma, which replaced the previous type of lymphocytic predominance classical Hodgkin lymphoma. [5][6]
- In 2016, the latest revision of classification of Hodgkin lymphoma was made by World Health Organisation (WHO).[7]
- Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) was first discovered by Thomas Hodgkin, a British physician, in 1832. However, a prior description for HL was provided by Marcello Malpighi, an Italian physician, in 1666.
- Historical landmarks of the discovery of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) include:[8]
- In 1864, Virchow, a German physician, had described the pathologic enlargement of lymph nodes as lymphosarcoma.
- In 1865, Cohnheim, a German-Jewish physician, had described the pathologic enlargement of lymph nodes and spleen as pseudoleukaemia.
- The term ‘malignant lymphoma’ was first coined by Billroth, a Prussian-born Austrian surgeon, in 1871.
- In 1956, Henry Rappaport provided the first organized classification of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which was modified by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, in 1966.
- Burkitt lymphoma (a subtype of NHL) was first discovered by Denis Parsons Burkitt, an Irish surgeon, in 1958, during his work in Africa.[9]
- In 1974, Lukes and Collins provided a new classification system of NHL according to the site of origin, state of transformation, and predominant cell of origin (B cell, T cell, or histiocyte).[8]
- Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) was first discovered by Banks, in 1992.[10]
- In 1994, the Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms (REAL) classified non-Hodgkin's lymphoma according to the clinical features, immunology and genetic information.[4]
- In 2001, 2008, and 2016, World Health Organization (WHO) provided revised classifications of NHL, based on the REAL classification.[11][5][6][7]
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- Landmark events in the development of treatment strategies for Hodgkin's lymphoma include:
- In 1832, treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) was first tried by Thomas Hodgkin. However, there was no improvement seen with this treatment according to the autopsy findings.[1]
- The first satisfactory treatment of HL was first time reported in 1894 using Fowler's solution, which was based on potassium arsenite.[1][12][13]
- In 1902, William A. Pusey, an American physician, used radiotherapy for the treatment of HL.[14]
- In the 1920s and 1950s, Gilbert and Peters, respectively, proposed the pattern of contiguous spread of lymph nodes in HL.[14]
- In the 1940s, nitrogen mustard therapy was announced as a new treatment option for HL by Goodman et al..[15]
- In 1966 and 1973, Peters and Kaplan, respectively, applied appropriate radiotherapy according to the patterns of spread.[14]
- The first combination chemotherapy for the treatment of HL, consisting of [[Mechlorethamine (injection)]|mechlorethamine hydrochloride]], vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP regimen), was developed by National Cancer Institute (NCI), in 1964. This regimen provided increased survival of patients with HL. However, long-term side-effects such as infertility and second malignancies arised. [1]
- In 1981, a new combination chemotherapy for the treatment of HL, consisting of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD regimen), was developed with higher effectiveness and fewer side-effects.
- Landmark events in the development of treatment strategies for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) include:[16]
- In 1975, Devita et al. achieved a cure for diffuse large B cell lymphoma with C-MOPP regimen (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, procarbazine).
- In 1976, McKelvey et al. proposed the CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) for the treatment of intermediate and high-grade lymphomas such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma, follicular mixed and large cell lymphoma, and immunoblastic lymphomas.
- In 1990s, the combination of high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) proposed as an only potential curative therapy for patients with relapsed intermediate or high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas.[17][18]
Impact on Cultural History
- Dorothy Reed Mendenhall, one of the scientists who discovered Reed-Sternberg cells, provided drawings of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma and the microscopic appearance of Reed-Sternberg cells. She was one of the first female physicians who gained a professional medical education, and also one of the first women who graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.[19][20][21]
Famous Cases
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Lakhtakia R, Burney I (May 2015). "A Historical Tale of Two Lymphomas: Part I: Hodgkin lymphoma". Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 15 (2): e202–6. PMC 4450782. PMID 26052452.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cross RM (March 1969). "Hodgkin's disease: histological classification and diagnosis". J Clin Pathol. 22 (2): 165–82. doi:10.1136/jcp.22.2.165. PMC 474028. PMID 5776548.
- ↑ Lukes RJ, Butler JJ (June 1966). "The pathology and nomenclature of Hodgkin's disease". Cancer Res. 26 (6): 1063–83. PMID 5947336.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, Banks PM, Chan JK, Cleary ML, Delsol G, De Wolf-Peeters C, Falini B, Gatter KC (September 1994). "A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group". Blood. 84 (5): 1361–92. PMID 8068936.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Chan JK (December 2001). "The new World Health Organization classification of lymphomas: the past, the present and the future". Hematol Oncol. 19 (4): 129–50. doi:10.1002/hon.660. PMID 11754390.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jaffe ES (2009). "The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practice and translational research". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program: 523–31. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.523. PMC 6324557. PMID 20008237.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, Harris NL, Stein H, Siebert R, Advani R, Ghielmini M, Salles GA, Zelenetz AD, Jaffe ES (May 2016). "The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms". Blood. 127 (20): 2375–90. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-01-643569. PMC 4874220. PMID 26980727.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lakhtakia R, Burney I (August 2015). "A Historical Tale of Two Lymphomas: Part II: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma". Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 15 (3): e317–21. doi:10.18295/squmj.2015.15.03.003. PMC 4554264. PMID 26355399.
- ↑ Esau D (February 2019). "Denis Burkitt: A legacy of global health". J Med Biogr. 27 (1): 4–8. doi:10.1177/0967772016658785. PMID 27681061.
- ↑ Banks PM, Chan J, Cleary ML, Delsol G, De Wolf-Peeters C, Gatter K, Grogan TM, Harris NL, Isaacson PG, Jaffe ES (July 1992). "Mantle cell lymphoma. A proposal for unification of morphologic, immunologic, and molecular data". Am J Surg Pathol. 16 (7): 637–40. doi:10.1097/00000478-199207000-00001. PMID 1530105.
- ↑ Lu P (July 2005). "Staging and classification of lymphoma". Semin Nucl Med. 35 (3): 160–4. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2005.02.002. PMID 16098289.
- ↑ Waxman S, Anderson KC (2001). "History of the development of arsenic derivatives in cancer therapy". Oncologist. 6 Suppl 2: 3–10. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.6-suppl_2-3. PMID 11331434.
- ↑ Chen Z, Chen GQ, Shen ZX, Sun GL, Tong JH, Wang ZY, Chen SJ (April 2002). "Expanding the use of arsenic trioxide: leukemias and beyond". Semin Hematol. 39 (2 Suppl 1): 22–6. doi:10.1053/shem.2002.33611. PMID 12012319.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 DeVita VT (September 2003). "A selective history of the therapy of Hodgkin's disease". Br J Haematol. 122 (5): 718–27. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04541.x. PMID 12930382.
- ↑ GOODMAN LS, WINTROBE MM (September 1946). "Nitrogen mustard therapy; use of methyl-bis (beta-chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride and tris (beta-chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders". J Am Med Assoc. 132: 126–32. doi:10.1001/jama.1946.02870380008004. PMID 20997191.
- ↑ Aisenberg AC (June 2000). "Historical review of lymphomas". Br J Haematol. 109 (3): 466–76. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01988.x. PMID 10886191.
- ↑ Johnston LJ, Horning SJ (October 1999). "Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma". Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 13 (5): 889–918. doi:10.1016/s0889-8588(05)70102-7. PMID 10553254.
- ↑ Nademanee A, Molina A, O'Donnell MR, Dagis A, Snyder DS, Parker P, Stein A, Smith E, Planás I, Kashyap A, Spielberger R, Fung H, Wong KK, Somlo G, Margolin K, Chow W, Sniecinski I, Vora N, Blume KG, Niland J, Forman SJ (November 1997). "Results of high-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow/stem cell transplantation during remission in poor-risk intermediate- and high-grade lymphoma: international index high and high-intermediate risk group". Blood. 90 (10): 3844–52. PMID 9354650.
- ↑ "hekint.org".
- ↑ Parry M (May 2006). "Dorothy Reed Mendenhall (1874-1964)". Am J Public Health. 96 (5): 789. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.085902. PMC 1470592. PMID 16571682.
- ↑ Shrager JB (1991). "Three women at Johns Hopkins: private perspectives on medical coeducation in the 1890s". Ann Intern Med. 115 (7): 564–9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-115-7-564. PMID 1883127.