Chronic renal failure secondary prevention
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]Sargun Singh Walia M.B.B.S.[3]
Overview
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of chronic renal failure include reducing progression, treating complication, and renal replacement therapy(RRT).
Secondary Prevention
Reduce Progression
- Protective therapy most effective if initiated early, before Creatinine > 1.5-2.0 mg/dL
- Treat Hypertension
- Systemic hypertension--elevated intraglomerular pressure +/or glom hypertrophy.
- Blood Pressure (BP) control shown in multiple trials to slow progression of renal disease.
- Goal Blood pressure < 130/80-85; < 125/75 in patients with proteinuria > 1-2 g/d.
- ACE inhibitors (ACEI) and Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) preferred 1st line agents due to reno-protective effects.[1]
- Additional agents as needed, including diuretics if volume overload.
- Restrict Dietary Protein
- Controversial – may decrease intraglomerular pressure.
- Conflicting studies – some show benefit, others do not.
- No significant adverse effects shown in large trial.
- Recommendations
- No restriction (> 0.8 g/kg/d) if GFR 25-55 mL/min.
- Limit protein to 0.8 g/kg/d if progression or uremic symptoms.
- Limit to 0.6 g/kg/d if severe renal insufficiency (GFR 13-25 mL/min).
- Close follow-up by dietician given risk of malnutrition in this population.
- Control Blood sugar:
- Treat Hypertension
Treat complications
- Volume Overload
- Impaired excretion of sodium and water due to decreased GFR +/- AII/aldo activation.
- Restrict dietary sodium to 1-2 g/d if hypertension or edema.
- Diuretics
- Thiazides ineffective if GFR < 25 mL/min (~Creatinine > 2-3).
- Switch to Loop diuretic as Creatinine rises; may need bid dosing.
- Addition of thiazide to Loop diuretic can--additional Diuresis.
- Watch for excessive volume depletion
- Hyperkalemia
- Potassium usually maintained until GFR < 15-20 mL/min.
- Increased risk of hyperkalemia with Oliguria, high potassium diet, (ACE inhibitors therapy).
- Increased risk with many meds: ACEI, NSAIDs, Potassium-sparing diuretics, digoxin, TMP.
- Increased risk in diabetics with type IV RTA
- Management
- Low potassium diet (< 60 mEq/d) once GFR < 15 mL/min.
- Avoidance of salt substitutes (may contain potassium salts).
- +/- loop diuretic
- Low dose Kayexelate (5 g with meals) if needed.
- Calcium/phosphate Abnormalities
- Reduced renal synthesis Calcitriol/Vitamin D--low serum Calcium-- Secondary hyperparathyroidism.
- (Occurs when GFR < 40 mL/min)
- Reduced GFR--phosphate retention
- Elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH)--mobilization of Calcium from bone; increased excretion phosphate.
- Allows maintenance of normal Calcium/phosphate while GFR > 30 mL/min.
- Causes renal osteodystrophy
- Once GFR < 25-30 mL/min, hyperphosphatemia occurs
- Therapy goals = normalize Calcium/Phosphate and maintain parathyroid hormone (PTH)< 200 (2-3x uln).
- Calcium/Phosphate management should be initiated when Creatinine ~ 2.
- Calcium x phosphate product should be < 60 to prevent met calcification.
- Low phosphate diet: < 800 mg/d (challenging)
- Calcium-based oral phosphate binders: Calcium acetate or Calcium carbonate with meals.
- Avoid Aluminium-based phosphate binders except for acute therapy of high Calcium x Phosphate products.
- (Aluminium toxicity = osteomalacia, anemia, encephalopathy)
- Avoid Calcium citrate (increases gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum)
- RenaGel = new non-Calcium/Aluminium-containing phosphate binder (cationic polymer).
- (For patients who cannot tolerate Calcium carbonate or need additional agent)
- Calcitriol 0.125-0.25 mg/d improves Calcium & Parathyroid hormone levels, decreases bone disease.
- (Monitor Calcium--reduce dose if hypercalcemic)
- RenaGel = new non-Calcium/Aluminium-containing phosphate binder (cationic polymer).
- Metabolic Acidosis
- Occurs when GFR < 25 mL/min due to inability to excrete H+ ions.
- Underlying cause = impaired renal ammonia production and bicarbonate reabsorption.
- Risk = bone buffering of acidosis--worsened Osteodystrophy via Calcium/phosphate loss.
- Increased skeletal muscle breakdown--loss of lean body mass.
- Therapy goal = bicarbonate > 22 mEq/L via alkali therapy (NaHCO3 0.5-1 mEq/kg/d)
- Anemia
- Normocytic normochromic anemia due to reduced Erythropoietin production.
- May be exacerbated by reduced RBC survival, coexistent iron/folate deficiency, etc.
- Generally occurs when Creatinine > 2-3 mg/dL.
- If untreated, hematocrit (Hct) usually stabilizes at ~ 25.
- Therapy recommendations = Erythropoietin if symptomatic anemia or Hemoglobin < 10 g/dL (in pre-dialysis patients).
- Goal Hematocrit 33-36
- Must replete iron stores first (oral ferrous sulfate)
- Initial dose ~ 150 U/kg sc weekly to increase Hematocrit.
- Maintenance dose ~ 75 U/kg weekly once Hematocrit goal reached.
- Improves symtoms and may reduce left ventricle (LV) mass (via improvemt of hyperdynamic state).
- Side effects = increased blood pressure (BP); may need to augment Antihypertensive regimen.
Plan for Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)
- Indications for Dialysis
- Malnutrition
- Creatinine clearance 10-15 mL/min
- acidosis not responsive to medical therapy
- Volume overload / CHF
- Uremic pericarditis
- Uremic encephalopathy
- Intractable muscle cramps
- Anorexia and nausea not attributable to reversible causes such as peptic ulcer disease
- Protein energy malnutrition
- Hyperkalemia
- Extracellular fluid volume overload
Recent studies have shown no benefits of initiating early dialysis with improved patient survival. [2]However, advanced preparation for dialysis can help avoid complications like poorly functioning fistula for hemodialysis or malfunctioning peritoneal dialysis catheter, sepsis, bleeding and thrombosis.
- RRT modalities
- Access for hemodialysis should be established when GFR < 25 mL/min (estimated Chronic renal failure within 1 year).
- Diabetics tend to require dialysis sooner than non-diabetics because more symptomatic at given GFR.
- Indications for referral to nephrologist
- Unclear etiology of new or chronic renal insufficiency
- For diagnostic evaluation, e.g. biopsy
- GFR < 50 mL/min: i.e. before vascular access/RRT required
References
- ↑ Lerche D, Kozlov MM, Markin VS (1987). "Electrostatic free energy and spontaneous curvature of spherical charged layered membrane". Biorheology. 24 (1): 23–34. PMID 3651580.
- ↑ Cooper BA, Branley P, Bulfone L; et al. (2010). "A randomized, controlled trial of early versus late initiation of dialysis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (7): 609–19. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1000552. PMID 20581422. Unknown parameter
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