Alzheimer's disease natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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{{Alzheimer's disease}} | {{Alzheimer's disease}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}} | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a slow-progressing condition that involves complications such as the inability to take care of oneself. If left untreated, Alzheimer's disease progresses from pre-clinical stage to advanced dementia. Common complications of Alzheimer's disease include [[anosmia]], [[bedsores]], [[psychosis]], [[malnutrition]] and [[dehydration]]. There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease currently and the treatment focuses on [[symptomatic]] management of the disease. | |||
== Natural History == | |||
If left untreated, Alzheimer's disease (AD) may progress through three stages:<ref name="pmid22553492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarawneh R, Holtzman DM |title=The clinical problem of symptomatic Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment |journal=Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=a006148 |year=2012 |pmid=22553492 |pmc=3331682 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006148 |url=}}</ref> | |||
* '''''(i) Preclinical stage:''''' | |||
** The preclinical phase of AD represents [[asymptomatic]] individuals with [[Serological testing|serological]] evidence of AD associated [[pathological]] changes and individuals exhibiting minor [[Cognitive impairment|cognitive decline]], but who do not yet meet the clinical criteria for mild [[cognitive impairment]] | |||
* '''''(II) Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) :''''' | |||
** MCI denotes the period during which there is observable evidence of [[cognitive impairment]], often also reported by an informant; however, the impairment is not enough to limit daily activities | |||
* '''''(III) Alzheimer's disease dementia:''''' | |||
** The transition or prodromal stage between normal ageing and dementia or mild [[cognitive impairment]] (MCI) is a heterogeneous entity. | |||
**Advanced dementia may display the following features: | |||
*** Becoming unaware of the time and place | |||
*** Difficulty recognizing relatives and friends | |||
*** Increased need for assisted self-care | |||
*** Difficulty walking | |||
*** Behavioural changes that may escalate and include aggression | |||
[[Life expectancy]] of the population with the disease is reduced | ==Complications== | ||
Potential complications of Alzheimer's disease include:<ref name="pmid8014346">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kukull WA, Brenner DE, Speck CE, Nochlin D, Bowen J, McCormick W, Teri L, Pfanschmidt ML, Larson EB |title=Causes of death associated with Alzheimer disease: variation by level of cognitive impairment before death |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=723–6 |year=1994 |pmid=8014346 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10653284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Förstl H, Kurz A |title=Clinical features of Alzheimer's disease |journal=Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci |volume=249 |issue=6 |pages=288–90 |year=1999 |pmid=10653284 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9307585">{{cite journal |vauthors=Devanand DP |title=Behavioral complications and their treatment in Alzheimer's disease |journal=Geriatrics |volume=52 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S37–9 |year=1997 |pmid=9307585 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
* Abuse by an over-stressed caregiver | |||
*[[Anosmia]] | |||
* [[Bedsores]], muscle contractures (loss of ability to move [[joints]] because of loss of muscle function), [[infection]] (particularly [[urinary tract infections]] and [[pneumonia]]), and other complications related to [[immobility]] during the end stages of AD | |||
* [[Behavioral and psychotic symptoms of dementia]] ([[Behavioral and psychotic symptoms of dementia|BPSD]]) or [[psychosis]] | |||
*[[Chronic brain failure]] | |||
* Falls and [[bone fractures]] | |||
* Harmful or violent behavior toward oneself or others | |||
*[[Hirano body]] formation | |||
* Loss of ability to function or care for oneself | |||
* Loss of ability to interact with others | |||
* [[Malnutrition]] and [[dehydration]] | |||
==Prognosis== | |||
* Individual [[prognosis]] is difficult to assess due to the variability of the duration of the disease. AD develops for an indeterminate period of time before becoming fully apparent, and it can progress undiagnosed for years | |||
* The early stages of Alzheimer's disease are most difficult to [[diagnose]]. A definitive [[diagnosis]] is usually made once [[cognitive impairment]] compromises everyday activities, although the patient may still be living independently | |||
* People with Alzheimer's disease progress from mild [[Cognitive impairment|cognitive problems]], such as [[memory loss]], through increasing stages of [[cognitive]] and non-[[cognitive]] disturbances, eliminating any possibility of independent living<ref name="pmid10653284">{{cite journal |author=Förstl H, Kurz A |title=Clinical features of Alzheimer's disease |journal=[[European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience]] |volume=249 |issue=6 |pages=288–90 |year=1999 |pmid=10653284 |doi= |url=http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00406/bibs/9249006/92490288.htm |accessdate=2012-08-16}}</ref> | |||
* [[Life expectancy]] of the population with the disease is reduced<ref name="pmid3776457">{{cite journal |author=Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK |title=Survival and cause of death in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia |journal=[[Acta Neurologica Scandinavica]] |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=103–7 |pmid=3776457 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-08-16}}</ref><ref name="pmid8757016">{{cite journal | |||
|author=Bowen JD, Malter AD, Sheppard L, ''et al'' | |author=Bowen JD, Malter AD, Sheppard L, ''et al'' | ||
|title=Predictors of mortality in patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease | |title=Predictors of mortality in patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease | ||
| Line 13: | Line 47: | ||
|issue=2 | |issue=2 | ||
|pages=433–9 | |pages=433–9 | ||
|pmid=8757016 | |pmid=8757016 | ||
}}</ref><ref name="pmid12580712">{{cite journal | }}</ref><ref name="pmid12580712">{{cite journal | ||
| Line 23: | Line 55: | ||
|issue=2 | |issue=2 | ||
|pages=253–9 | |pages=253–9 | ||
|pmid=12580712 | |pmid=12580712 | ||
}}</ref> The mean life expectancy following diagnosis is approximately seven years | }}</ref> | ||
* The mean [[life expectancy]] following diagnosis is approximately seven years<ref name="pmid7793228">{{cite journal |author=Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK |title=Long-term survival and predictors of mortality in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia |journal=[[Acta Neurologica Scandinavica]] |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=159–64 |pmid=7793228 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-08-16}}</ref> | |||
* Fewer than 3% of patients live more than fourteen years<ref name="pmid7793228" /> | |||
* Disease features significantly associated with reduced survival are an increased severity of [[cognitive impairment]], decreased functional level, history of falls, and disturbances in the [[neurological examination]] | |||
* Other coincident diseases such as [[Heart disease|heart problems]], [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], or history of [[alcohol abuse]] are also related with shortened survival<ref name="pmid8757016" /><ref name="pmid15068977">{{cite journal | |||
|author=Larson EB, Shadlen MF, Wang L, ''et al'' | |author=Larson EB, Shadlen MF, Wang L, ''et al'' | ||
|title=Survival after initial diagnosis of Alzheimer disease | |title=Survival after initial diagnosis of Alzheimer disease | ||
| Line 33: | Line 67: | ||
|issue=7 | |issue=7 | ||
|pages=501–9 | |pages=501–9 | ||
|pmid=15068977 | |pmid=15068977 | ||
}}</ref><ref name="pmid7792352">{{cite journal | }}</ref><ref name="pmid7792352">{{cite journal | ||
| Line 43: | Line 75: | ||
|issue=1 | |issue=1 | ||
|pages=171–7 | |pages=171–7 | ||
|pmid=7792352 | |pmid=7792352 | ||
}}</ref> While the earlier the age | }}</ref> | ||
* While the earlier the [[age of onset]] the higher the total survival years, life expectancy is particularly reduced when compared to the healthy population among those who are younger<ref name="pmid12580712" /> | |||
* Men have a less favorable survival [[prognosis]] than women<ref name="pmid7793228" /><ref name="pmid15883266">{{cite journal | |||
|author=Ganguli M, Dodge HH, Shen C, Pandav RS, DeKosky ST | |author=Ganguli M, Dodge HH, Shen C, Pandav RS, DeKosky ST | ||
|title=Alzheimer disease and mortality: a 15-year epidemiological study | |title=Alzheimer disease and mortality: a 15-year epidemiological study | ||
| Line 53: | Line 85: | ||
|issue=5 | |issue=5 | ||
|pages=779–84 | |pages=779–84 | ||
|pmid=15883266 | |pmid=15883266 | ||
|doi=10.1001/archneur.62.5.779 | |doi=10.1001/archneur.62.5.779 | ||
}}</ref> [[Pneumonia]] and [[dehydration]] are the most frequent immediate causes of death, while [[cancer]] is a less frequent cause of death than in the general population.<ref name="pmid3776457"/><ref name="pmid15883266"/> | }}</ref> | ||
* [[Pneumonia]] and [[dehydration]] are the most frequent immediate causes of death, while [[cancer]] is a less frequent cause of death than in the general population.<ref name="pmid3776457" /><ref name="pmid15883266" /> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WS}} | |||
{{WH}} | |||
[[Category:Psychiatry]] | |||
[[Category:Neurology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 04:56, 22 September 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a slow-progressing condition that involves complications such as the inability to take care of oneself. If left untreated, Alzheimer's disease progresses from pre-clinical stage to advanced dementia. Common complications of Alzheimer's disease include anosmia, bedsores, psychosis, malnutrition and dehydration. There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease currently and the treatment focuses on symptomatic management of the disease.
Natural History
If left untreated, Alzheimer's disease (AD) may progress through three stages:[1]
- (i) Preclinical stage:
- The preclinical phase of AD represents asymptomatic individuals with serological evidence of AD associated pathological changes and individuals exhibiting minor cognitive decline, but who do not yet meet the clinical criteria for mild cognitive impairment
- (II) Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) :
- MCI denotes the period during which there is observable evidence of cognitive impairment, often also reported by an informant; however, the impairment is not enough to limit daily activities
- (III) Alzheimer's disease dementia:
- The transition or prodromal stage between normal ageing and dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a heterogeneous entity.
- Advanced dementia may display the following features:
- Becoming unaware of the time and place
- Difficulty recognizing relatives and friends
- Increased need for assisted self-care
- Difficulty walking
- Behavioural changes that may escalate and include aggression
Complications
Potential complications of Alzheimer's disease include:[2][3][4]
- Abuse by an over-stressed caregiver
- Anosmia
- Bedsores, muscle contractures (loss of ability to move joints because of loss of muscle function), infection (particularly urinary tract infections and pneumonia), and other complications related to immobility during the end stages of AD
- Behavioral and psychotic symptoms of dementia (BPSD) or psychosis
- Chronic brain failure
- Falls and bone fractures
- Harmful or violent behavior toward oneself or others
- Hirano body formation
- Loss of ability to function or care for oneself
- Loss of ability to interact with others
- Malnutrition and dehydration
Prognosis
- Individual prognosis is difficult to assess due to the variability of the duration of the disease. AD develops for an indeterminate period of time before becoming fully apparent, and it can progress undiagnosed for years
- The early stages of Alzheimer's disease are most difficult to diagnose. A definitive diagnosis is usually made once cognitive impairment compromises everyday activities, although the patient may still be living independently
- People with Alzheimer's disease progress from mild cognitive problems, such as memory loss, through increasing stages of cognitive and non-cognitive disturbances, eliminating any possibility of independent living[3]
- Life expectancy of the population with the disease is reduced[5][6][7]
- The mean life expectancy following diagnosis is approximately seven years[8]
- Fewer than 3% of patients live more than fourteen years[8]
- Disease features significantly associated with reduced survival are an increased severity of cognitive impairment, decreased functional level, history of falls, and disturbances in the neurological examination
- Other coincident diseases such as heart problems, diabetes, or history of alcohol abuse are also related with shortened survival[6][9][10]
- While the earlier the age of onset the higher the total survival years, life expectancy is particularly reduced when compared to the healthy population among those who are younger[7]
- Men have a less favorable survival prognosis than women[8][11]
- Pneumonia and dehydration are the most frequent immediate causes of death, while cancer is a less frequent cause of death than in the general population.[5][11]
References
- ↑ Tarawneh R, Holtzman DM (2012). "The clinical problem of symptomatic Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2 (5): a006148. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006148. PMC 3331682. PMID 22553492.
- ↑ Kukull WA, Brenner DE, Speck CE, Nochlin D, Bowen J, McCormick W, Teri L, Pfanschmidt ML, Larson EB (1994). "Causes of death associated with Alzheimer disease: variation by level of cognitive impairment before death". J Am Geriatr Soc. 42 (7): 723–6. PMID 8014346.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Förstl H, Kurz A (1999). "Clinical features of Alzheimer's disease". Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 249 (6): 288–90. PMID 10653284.
- ↑ Devanand DP (1997). "Behavioral complications and their treatment in Alzheimer's disease". Geriatrics. 52 Suppl 2: S37–9. PMID 9307585.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK. "Survival and cause of death in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 74 (2): 103–7. PMID 3776457.
|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bowen JD, Malter AD, Sheppard L; et al. "Predictors of mortality in patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease". Neurology. 47 (2): 433–9. PMID 8757016.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Dodge HH, Shen C, Pandav R, DeKosky ST, Ganguli M. "Functional transitions and active life expectancy associated with Alzheimer disease". Arch. Neurol. 60 (2): 253–9. PMID 12580712.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK. "Long-term survival and predictors of mortality in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 91 (3): 159–64. PMID 7793228.
|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Larson EB, Shadlen MF, Wang L; et al. "Survival after initial diagnosis of Alzheimer disease". Ann. Intern. Med. 140 (7): 501–9. PMID 15068977.
- ↑ Jagger C, Clarke M, Stone A. "Predictors of survival with Alzheimer's disease: a community-based study". Psychol Med. 25 (1): 171–7. PMID 7792352.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ganguli M, Dodge HH, Shen C, Pandav RS, DeKosky ST. "Alzheimer disease and mortality: a 15-year epidemiological study". Arch. Neurol. 62 (5): 779–84. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.5.779. PMID 15883266.