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{{Chronic renal failure}} | |||
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==Risk factors== | ==Risk factors== | ||
* The kidneys are able to recover from many insults without necessary progression to CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). | |||
=== | * Several factors have been shown to increase the risk of progression. | ||
* The most studied model of progression to CKD is diabetic nephropathy (DN). | |||
=== | * Studies have linked the risk of progression to CKD in DN to the following risk factors: | ||
** Hypertension | |||
=== | ** Poorly controlled diabetes | ||
* | ** High urinary protein excretion (proteinuria/albuminuria).<ref name="pmid15985177">{{cite journal| author=Leehey DJ, Kramer HJ, Daoud TM, Chatha MP, Isreb MA| title=Progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes - beyond blood pressure control: an observational study. | journal=BMC Nephrol | year= 2005 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= 8 | pmid=15985177 | doi=10.1186/1471-2369-6-8 | pmc=PMC1180831 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15985177 }} </ref><ref name="pmid20090523">{{cite journal| author=Staples A, Wong C| title=Risk factors for progression of chronic kidney disease. | journal=Curr Opin Pediatr | year= 2010 | volume= 22 | issue= 2 | pages= 161-9 | pmid=20090523 | doi=10.1097/MOP.0b013e328336ebb0 | pmc=PMC2948868 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20090523 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8914032">{{cite journal| author=Breyer JA, Bain RP, Evans JK, Nahman NS, Lewis EJ, Cooper M et al.| title=Predictors of the progression of renal insufficiency in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and overt diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1996 | volume= 50 | issue= 5 | pages= 1651-8 | pmid=8914032 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8914032 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11168952">{{cite journal| author=Hovind P, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Smidt UM, Parving HH| title=Progression of diabetic nephropathy. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 2001 | volume= 59 | issue= 2 | pages= 702-9 | pmid=11168952 | doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.059002702.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11168952 }} </ref> | ||
=== | * Other risk factors: | ||
* | ** Chronic NSAID use<ref name="pmid7485222">{{cite journal| author=Murray MD, Black PK, Kuzmik DD, Haag KM, Manatunga AK, Mullin MA et al.| title=Acute and chronic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on glomerular filtration rate in elderly patients. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 1995 | volume= 310 | issue= 5 | pages= 188-97 | pmid=7485222 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7485222 }} </ref> | ||
* | ** Cigarette smoking in diabetic patients.<ref name="pmid16046507">{{cite journal| author=Orth SR, Schroeder T, Ritz E, Ferrari P| title=Effects of smoking on renal function in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. | journal=Nephrol Dial Transplant | year= 2005 | volume= 20 | issue= 11 | pages= 2414-9 | pmid=16046507 | doi=10.1093/ndt/gfi022 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16046507 }} </ref> | ||
** Pre-existing cardiovascular disease including: | |||
* | *** Stroke | ||
* | *** Angina | ||
* | *** Claudication | ||
* | *** Transient ischemic attack | ||
* | *** Coronary angioplasty or bypass | ||
* | *** Recognized or silent myocardial infarction<ref name="pmid17563020">{{cite journal| author=Elsayed EF, Tighiouart H, Griffith J, Kurth T, Levey AS, Salem D et al.| title=Cardiovascular disease and subsequent kidney disease. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2007 | volume= 167 | issue= 11 | pages= 1130-6 | pmid=17563020 | doi=10.1001/archinte.167.11.1130 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17563020 }} </ref> | ||
* | |||
* | |||
=== | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 21:56, 31 July 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
It is important to identify patients at risk for developing chronic renal disease, even in patients with a normal serum creatinine levels. Chronic renal failure, requiring dialysis or organ transplant, can often be prevented with early detection and treatment.
Risk factors
- The kidneys are able to recover from many insults without necessary progression to CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
- Several factors have been shown to increase the risk of progression.
- The most studied model of progression to CKD is diabetic nephropathy (DN).
- Studies have linked the risk of progression to CKD in DN to the following risk factors:
- Other risk factors:
References
- ↑ Leehey DJ, Kramer HJ, Daoud TM, Chatha MP, Isreb MA (2005). "Progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes - beyond blood pressure control: an observational study". BMC Nephrol. 6: 8. doi:10.1186/1471-2369-6-8. PMC 1180831. PMID 15985177.
- ↑ Staples A, Wong C (2010). "Risk factors for progression of chronic kidney disease". Curr Opin Pediatr. 22 (2): 161–9. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328336ebb0. PMC 2948868. PMID 20090523.
- ↑ Breyer JA, Bain RP, Evans JK, Nahman NS, Lewis EJ, Cooper M; et al. (1996). "Predictors of the progression of renal insufficiency in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and overt diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1651–8. PMID 8914032.
- ↑ Hovind P, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Smidt UM, Parving HH (2001). "Progression of diabetic nephropathy". Kidney Int. 59 (2): 702–9. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.059002702.x. PMID 11168952.
- ↑ Murray MD, Black PK, Kuzmik DD, Haag KM, Manatunga AK, Mullin MA; et al. (1995). "Acute and chronic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on glomerular filtration rate in elderly patients". Am J Med Sci. 310 (5): 188–97. PMID 7485222.
- ↑ Orth SR, Schroeder T, Ritz E, Ferrari P (2005). "Effects of smoking on renal function in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus". Nephrol Dial Transplant. 20 (11): 2414–9. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfi022. PMID 16046507.
- ↑ Elsayed EF, Tighiouart H, Griffith J, Kurth T, Levey AS, Salem D; et al. (2007). "Cardiovascular disease and subsequent kidney disease". Arch Intern Med. 167 (11): 1130–6. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.11.1130. PMID 17563020.