SLC25A10: Difference between revisions

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<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
The '''mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier (DIC)''' is an [[integral membrane protein]] encoded by the ''SLC25A10'' [[gene]] in humans that [[Catalysis|catalyzes]] the transport of [[dicarboxylate]]s such as [[malonate]], [[Malic acid|malate]], and [[Succinic acid|succinate]] across the [[inner mitochondrial membrane]] in exchange for [[phosphate]], [[sulfate]], and [[thiosulfate]] by a simultaneous antiport mechanism, thus supplying [[Substrate (chemistry)|substrates]] for the [[Citric acid cycle|Krebs cycle]], [[gluconeogenesis]], [[Urea cycle|urea synthesis]], [[fatty acid synthesis]], and [[sulfur metabolism]].<ref name="pmid9733776">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fiermonte G, Palmieri L, Dolce V, Lasorsa FM, Palmieri F, Runswick MJ, Walker JE | title = The sequence, bacterial expression, and functional reconstitution of the rat mitochondrial dicarboxylate transporter cloned via distant homologs in yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 273 | issue = 38 | pages = 24754–9 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9733776 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.38.24754 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10072589">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pannone E, Fiermonte G, Dolce V, Rocchi M, Palmieri F | title = Assignment of the human dicarboxylate carrier gene (DIC) to chromosome 17 band 17q25.3 | journal = Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics | volume = 83 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 238–9 | date = Mar 1999 | pmid = 10072589 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1159/000015190 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SLC25A10 solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; dicarboxylate transporter), member 10| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1468| access-date = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Palmieri L, Palmieri F, Runswick MJ, Walker JE | title = Identification by bacterial expression and functional reconstitution of the yeast genomic sequence encoding the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier protein | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 399 | issue = 3 | pages = 299–302 | date = December 1996 | pmid = 8985166 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01350-6 }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Structure ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
The ''SLC25A10'' gene is located on the q arm of [[chromosome 17]] in position 25.3 and spans 8,781 base pairs.<ref name = "entrez"/> The gene has 11 [[exon|exons]] and produces a 31.3 kDa protein composed of 287 [[amino acids]].<ref name=COPaKB>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P | title = Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 113 | issue = 9 | pages = 1043–53 | date = Oct 2013 | pmid = 23965338 | pmc = 4076475 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151 }}</ref><ref name="url_COPaKB">{{cite web | url = https://amino.heartproteome.org/web/protein/Q9UBX3 | work = Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) | title = SLC25A10 - Mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier }}</ref> [[Intron]] 1 of this gene has five short [[Alu element|Alu sequences]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fiermonte G, Dolce V, Arrigoni R, Runswick MJ, Walker JE, Palmieri F | title = Organization and sequence of the gene for the human mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier: evolution of the carrier family | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 344 Pt 3 | pages = 953–60 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10585886 | pmc = 1220721 }}</ref><ref>{{OMIM|606794|SLC25A10}}</ref> Mitochondrial dicarboxylate carriers are [[Dimer (chemistry)|dimers]], each consisting of six [[transmembrane domain]]s with both the [[N-terminus|N-]] and [[C-terminus|C- terminus]] exposed to the [[cytoplasm]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Das K, Lewis RY, Combatsiaris TP, Lin Y, Shapiro L, Charron MJ, Scherer PE | title = Predominant expression of the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier in white adipose tissue | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 344 Pt 2 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 313–20 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10567211 | pmc = 1220646 }}</ref> Like all mitochondrial carriers, dicarboxylate carriers features a tripartite structure with three repeats of about 100 [[amino acid]] residues, each of which contains a conserved sequence motif.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kunji ER | title = The role and structure of mitochondrial carriers | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 564 | issue = 3 | pages = 239–44 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15111103 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00242-X }}</ref> These three tandem sequences fold into two anti-parallel transmembrane [[Alpha helix|α-helices]] linked by [[Hydrophile|hydrophilic]] sequences.<ref name="pmid9733776" />
| image =
[[File:Bacterial DIC.png|thumb|Crystal structure of a bacterial dicarboxylate carrier]]
| image_source =
[[File:Active site bacterial DIC.png|thumb|Coordinated dicarboxylate within bacterial dicarboxylate carrier]]
| PDB =
| Name = Solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; dicarboxylate transporter), member 10
| HGNCid = 10980
| Symbol = SLC25A10
| AltSymbols =; DIC
| OMIM = 606794
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 6519
| MGIid = 1353497
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_SLC25A10_218275_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005310 |text = dicarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005488 |text = binding}}  
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005739 |text = mitochondrion}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006094 |text = gluconeogenesis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006810 |text = transport}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006835 |text = dicarboxylic acid transport}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006839 |text = mitochondrial transport}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 1468
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000183048
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_036272
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_012140
    | Hs_GenLoc_db =
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 17
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 77289742
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 77298446
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q9UBX3
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 27376
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000025792
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_013770
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_038798
    | Mm_GenLoc_db =
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 11
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 120307952
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 120317251
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q9QZD8
  }}
}}
'''Solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; dicarboxylate transporter), member 10''', also known as '''SLC25A10''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SLC25A10 solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; dicarboxylate transporter), member 10| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1468| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{PBB_Summary
A crucial function of dicarboxylate carriers is to export malate from the mitochondria in exchange for inorganic phosphate. Dicarboxylate carriers are highly abundant in the [[adipose tissue]] and play a central role in supplying cytosolic malate for the citrate transporter, which then exchanges cytosolic malate for mitochondrial [[Citric acid|citrate]] to begin [[fatty acid synthesis]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mizuarai S, Miki S, Araki H, Takahashi K, Kotani H | title = Identification of dicarboxylate carrier Slc25a10 as malate transporter in de novo fatty acid synthesis | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 280 | issue = 37 | pages = 32434–41 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16027120 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M503152200 }}</ref> Abundant levels of DIC are also detected in the [[kidney]]s and [[liver]], whereas lower levels are found in the [[lung]], [[spleen]], [[heart]], and [[brain]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fiermonte G, Dolce V, Arrigoni R, Runswick MJ, Walker JE, Palmieri F | title = Organization and sequence of the gene for the human mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier: evolution of the carrier family | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 344 Pt 3 | issue = Pt 3 | pages = 953–60 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10585886 | pmc = 1220721 }}</ref> Dicarboxylate carriers are involved in glucose-stimulated [[insulin]] secretion through [[pyruvate cycling]], which mediates [[Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate|NADPH]] production, and by providing cytosolic malate as a counter-substrate for citrate export.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huypens P, Pillai R, Sheinin T, Schaefer S, Huang M, Odegaard ML, Ronnebaum SM, Wettig SD, Joseph JW | title = The dicarboxylate carrier plays a role in mitochondrial malate transport and in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from rat pancreatic beta cells | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 135–45 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20949348 | doi = 10.1007/s00125-010-1923-5 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> It is also involved in [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS) production through [[Hyperpolarization (biology)|hyperpolarization]] of [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]] and increases ROS levels when overexpressed.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lin Y, Berg AH, Iyengar P, Lam TK, Giacca A, Combs TP, Rajala MW, Du X, Rollman B, Li W, Hawkins M, Barzilai N, Rhodes CJ, Fantus IG, Brownlee M, Scherer PE | title = The hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory response in adipocytes: the role of reactive oxygen species | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 280 | issue = 6 | pages = 4617–26 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15536073 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M411863200 }}</ref> Furthermore, dicarboxylate carriers are crucial for cellular respiration, and inhibition of DIC impairs [[NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)|complex I]] activity in mitochondria.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kamga CK, Zhang SX, Wang Y | title = Dicarboxylate carrier-mediated glutathione transport is essential for reactive oxygen species homeostasis and normal respiration in rat brain mitochondria | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume = 299 | issue = 2 | pages = C497-505 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20538765 | pmc = 2928630 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.00058.2010 }}</ref>
| section_title =  
| summary_text = The dicarboxylate carrier catalyzes the transport of dicarboxylates such as malate and succinate across the mitochondrial membrane in exchange for phosphate, sulfate, and thiosulfate, thus supplying substrates for the Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis, urea synthesis, and sulfur metabolism.[supplied by OMIM]<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SLC25A10 solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; dicarboxylate transporter), member 10| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1468| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==See also==
== Regulation ==
Insulin causes a dramatic (approximately 80%) reduction of DIC expression in mice, whereas free fatty acids induces DIC expression. Cold exposure, which increases energy expenditure and decreases fatty acid biosynthesis, resulted in a significant (approximately 50%) reduction of DIC expression.<ref name=":0" /> DIC is inhibited by some dicarboxylate analogues, such as butylmalonate, as well as bathophenanthroline and thiol reagents such as [[Mersalyl]] and [[4-Chloromercuribenzoic acid|p-hydroxymercuribenzoate]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chappell JB | title = Systems used for the transport of substrates into mitochondria | journal = British Medical Bulletin | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 150–7 | date = May 1968 | pmid = 5649935 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070618 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meijer AJ, Groot GS, Tager JM | title = Effect of sulphydryl-blocking reagents on mitochondrial anion-exchange reactions involving phosphate | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–44 | date = May 1970 | pmid = 11947527 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(70)80220-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Passarella S, Palmieri F, Quagliariello E | title = The role of metal ions in the transport of substrates in mitochondria | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 91–5 | date = December 1973 | pmid = 4772695 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(73)80521-6 }}</ref> The activity of dicarboxylate carriers has also been found to be upregulated in plants in response to stress.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Palmieri F, Pierri CL, De Grassi A, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR | title = Evolution, structure and function of mitochondrial carriers: a review with new insights | journal = The Plant Journal | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 161–81 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21443630 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04516.x }}</ref> The rate of malonate uptake is inhibited by [[Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid|2-oxoglutarate]] and unaffected by citrate, whereas the rates of succinate and malate uptake are inhibited by both 2-oxoglutarate and citrate.
 
== Disease relevance ==
Suppression of ''SLC25A10'' down-regulated fatty acid synthesis in mice, resulting in decreased lipid accumulation in [[adipocyte]]s. Additionally, knockout of ''SLC25A10'' inhibited insulin-stimulated [[lipogenesis]] in adipocytes. These findings presents a possible target for anti-obesity treatments.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kulyté A, Ehrlund A, Arner P, Dahlman I | title = Global transcriptome profiling identifies KLF15 and SLC25A10 as modifiers of adipocytes insulin sensitivity in obese women | journal = PLOS One | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = e0178485 | date = 2017-06-01 | pmid = 28570579 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0178485 }}</ref> It is also upregulated in tumors, which is likely because it regulates [[energy metabolism]] and [[redox]] homeostasis, both of which are frequently altered in tumor cells. In [[Non-small-cell lung carcinoma|non-small cell lung cancer]] (NSCLC) cells, inhibition of ''SLC25A10'' was found to increase the sensitivity to traditional anticancer drugs, and thus may present a potential target for anti-cancer strategies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou X, Paredes JA, Krishnan S, Curbo S, Karlsson A | title = The mitochondrial carrier SLC25A10 regulates cancer cell growth | journal = Oncotarget | volume = 6 | issue = 11 | pages = 9271–83 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25797253 | pmc = 4496216 | doi = 10.18632/oncotarget.3375 }}</ref> Furthermore, overexpression of dicarboxylate carriers in renal proximal tubular cells has been found to cause a reversion to a non-diabetic state and protect cells from oxidative injury. This finding supports the dicarboxylate carriers as a potential therapeutic target to correct underlying metabolic disturbances in diabetic nephropathy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lash LH | title = Mitochondrial Glutathione in Diabetic Nephropathy | journal = Journal of Clinical Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 7 | pages = 1428–47 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26239684 | pmc = 4519798 | doi = 10.3390/jcm4071428 }}</ref>
 
== Interactions ==
This protein has binary [[protein-protein interactions|interactions]] with [[NOTCH2NL]], [[KRTAP5-9]], [[KRTAP4-2]], [[KRTAP10-8]], [[MDFI]], and [[KRT40]].<ref name="UniProt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBX3|title=SLC25A3 - Mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier - Homo sapiens (Human) - SLC25A10 gene & protein|website=www.uniprot.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-21}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal|vauthors=|date=January 2017|title=UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw1099|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=45|issue=D1|pages=D158-D169|doi=10.1093/nar/gkw1099|pmc=5210571|pmid=27899622}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Solute carrier family]]
* [[Solute carrier family]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Fiermonte G, Dolce V, Arrigoni R, Runswick MJ, Walker JE, Palmieri F | title = Organization and sequence of the gene for the human mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier: evolution of the carrier family | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 344 Pt 3 | issue = Pt 3 | pages = 953–60 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10585886 | pmc = 1220721 | doi = 10.1042/0264-6021:3440953 }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Douglas MW, Diefenbach RJ, Homa FL, Miranda-Saksena M, Rixon FJ, Vittone V, Byth K, Cunningham AL | title = Herpes simplex virus type 1 capsid protein VP26 interacts with dynein light chains RP3 and Tctex1 and plays a role in retrograde cellular transport | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 279 | issue = 27 | pages = 28522–30 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15117959 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M311671200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fiermonte G, Palmieri L, Dolce V, ''et al.'' |title=The sequence, bacterial expression, and functional reconstitution of the rat mitochondrial dicarboxylate transporter cloned via distant homologs in yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue= 38 |pages= 24754-9 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9733776 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mizuarai S, Miki S, Araki H, Takahashi K, Kotani H | title = Identification of dicarboxylate carrier Slc25a10 as malate transporter in de novo fatty acid synthesis | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 280 | issue = 37 | pages = 32434–41 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16027120 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M503152200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Pannone E, Fiermonte G, Dolce V, ''et al.'' |title=Assignment of the human dicarboxylate carrier gene (DIC) to chromosome 17 band 17q25.3. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=83 |issue= 3-4 |pages= 238-9 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10072589 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna H, Hurd TW, Lillo C, Shu X, Parapuram SK, He S, Akimoto M, Wright AF, Margolis B, Williams DS, Swaroop A | title = RPGR-ORF15, which is mutated in retinitis pigmentosa, associates with SMC1, SMC3, and microtubule transport proteins | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 280 | issue = 39 | pages = 33580–7 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16043481 | pmc = 1249479 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M505827200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Fiermonte G, Dolce V, Arrigoni R, ''et al.'' |title=Organization and sequence of the gene for the human mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier: evolution of the carrier family. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=344 Pt 3 |issue= |pages= 953-60 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10585886 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M | title = Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network | journal = Nature | volume = 437 | issue = 7062 | pages = 1173–8 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16189514 | doi = 10.1038/nature04209 | authorlink30 = Huda Zoghbi }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Hayashi K, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto J, Wakamatsu A, Kimura K, Sakamoto K, Hatano N, Kawai Y, Ishii S, Saito K, Kojima S, Sugiyama T, Ono T, Okano K, Yoshikawa Y, Aotsuka S, Sasaki N, Hattori A, Okumura K, Nagai K, Sugano S, Isogai T | title = Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries | journal = DNA Research | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 117–26 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16303743 | doi = 10.1093/dnares/12.2.117 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Douglas MW, Diefenbach RJ, Homa FL, ''et al.'' |title=Herpes simplex virus type 1 capsid protein VP26 interacts with dynein light chains RP3 and Tctex1 and plays a role in retrograde cellular transport. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=279 |issue= 27 |pages= 28522-30 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15117959 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M311671200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Mizuarai S, Miki S, Araki H, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of dicarboxylate carrier Slc25a10 as malate transporter in de novo fatty acid synthesis. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=280 |issue= 37 |pages= 32434-41 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16027120 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M503152200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Khanna H, Hurd TW, Lillo C, ''et al.'' |title=RPGR-ORF15, which is mutated in retinitis pigmentosa, associates with SMC1, SMC3, and microtubule transport proteins. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=280 |issue= 39 |pages= 33580-7 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16043481 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M505827200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, ''et al.'' |title=Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network. |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue= 7062 |pages= 1173-8 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16189514 |doi= 10.1038/nature04209 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, ''et al.'' |title=Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries. |journal=DNA Res. |volume=12 |issue= 2 |pages= 117-26 |year= 2007 |pmid= 16303743 |doi= 10.1093/dnares/12.2.117 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{membrane-protein-stub}}
{{Portal bar|Mitochondria|Gene Wiki}}
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{{Membrane transport proteins}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier}}
[[Category:Solute carrier family]]
[[Category:Solute carrier family]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[Category:Membrane proteins]]

Latest revision as of 21:10, 21 August 2018

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

The mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier (DIC) is an integral membrane protein encoded by the SLC25A10 gene in humans that catalyzes the transport of dicarboxylates such as malonate, malate, and succinate across the inner mitochondrial membrane in exchange for phosphate, sulfate, and thiosulfate by a simultaneous antiport mechanism, thus supplying substrates for the Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis, urea synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and sulfur metabolism.[1][2][3][4]

Structure

The SLC25A10 gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 17 in position 25.3 and spans 8,781 base pairs.[3] The gene has 11 exons and produces a 31.3 kDa protein composed of 287 amino acids.[5][6] Intron 1 of this gene has five short Alu sequences.[7][8] Mitochondrial dicarboxylate carriers are dimers, each consisting of six transmembrane domains with both the N- and C- terminus exposed to the cytoplasm.[9] Like all mitochondrial carriers, dicarboxylate carriers features a tripartite structure with three repeats of about 100 amino acid residues, each of which contains a conserved sequence motif.[10] These three tandem sequences fold into two anti-parallel transmembrane α-helices linked by hydrophilic sequences.[1]

File:Bacterial DIC.png
Crystal structure of a bacterial dicarboxylate carrier
File:Active site bacterial DIC.png
Coordinated dicarboxylate within bacterial dicarboxylate carrier

Function

A crucial function of dicarboxylate carriers is to export malate from the mitochondria in exchange for inorganic phosphate. Dicarboxylate carriers are highly abundant in the adipose tissue and play a central role in supplying cytosolic malate for the citrate transporter, which then exchanges cytosolic malate for mitochondrial citrate to begin fatty acid synthesis.[11] Abundant levels of DIC are also detected in the kidneys and liver, whereas lower levels are found in the lung, spleen, heart, and brain.[12] Dicarboxylate carriers are involved in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through pyruvate cycling, which mediates NADPH production, and by providing cytosolic malate as a counter-substrate for citrate export.[13][13] It is also involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through hyperpolarization of mitochondria and increases ROS levels when overexpressed.[14] Furthermore, dicarboxylate carriers are crucial for cellular respiration, and inhibition of DIC impairs complex I activity in mitochondria.[15]

Regulation

Insulin causes a dramatic (approximately 80%) reduction of DIC expression in mice, whereas free fatty acids induces DIC expression. Cold exposure, which increases energy expenditure and decreases fatty acid biosynthesis, resulted in a significant (approximately 50%) reduction of DIC expression.[9] DIC is inhibited by some dicarboxylate analogues, such as butylmalonate, as well as bathophenanthroline and thiol reagents such as Mersalyl and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate.[16][17][18] The activity of dicarboxylate carriers has also been found to be upregulated in plants in response to stress.[19] The rate of malonate uptake is inhibited by 2-oxoglutarate and unaffected by citrate, whereas the rates of succinate and malate uptake are inhibited by both 2-oxoglutarate and citrate.

Disease relevance

Suppression of SLC25A10 down-regulated fatty acid synthesis in mice, resulting in decreased lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Additionally, knockout of SLC25A10 inhibited insulin-stimulated lipogenesis in adipocytes. These findings presents a possible target for anti-obesity treatments.[11][20] It is also upregulated in tumors, which is likely because it regulates energy metabolism and redox homeostasis, both of which are frequently altered in tumor cells. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, inhibition of SLC25A10 was found to increase the sensitivity to traditional anticancer drugs, and thus may present a potential target for anti-cancer strategies.[21] Furthermore, overexpression of dicarboxylate carriers in renal proximal tubular cells has been found to cause a reversion to a non-diabetic state and protect cells from oxidative injury. This finding supports the dicarboxylate carriers as a potential therapeutic target to correct underlying metabolic disturbances in diabetic nephropathy.[22]

Interactions

This protein has binary interactions with NOTCH2NL, KRTAP5-9, KRTAP4-2, KRTAP10-8, MDFI, and KRT40.[23][24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fiermonte G, Palmieri L, Dolce V, Lasorsa FM, Palmieri F, Runswick MJ, Walker JE (September 1998). "The sequence, bacterial expression, and functional reconstitution of the rat mitochondrial dicarboxylate transporter cloned via distant homologs in yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (38): 24754–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.38.24754. PMID 9733776.
  2. ↑ Pannone E, Fiermonte G, Dolce V, Rocchi M, Palmieri F (Mar 1999). "Assignment of the human dicarboxylate carrier gene (DIC) to chromosome 17 band 17q25.3". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 83 (3–4): 238–9. doi:10.1159/000015190. PMID 10072589.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Entrez Gene: SLC25A10 solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; dicarboxylate transporter), member 10".
  4. ↑ Palmieri L, Palmieri F, Runswick MJ, Walker JE (December 1996). "Identification by bacterial expression and functional reconstitution of the yeast genomic sequence encoding the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier protein". FEBS Letters. 399 (3): 299–302. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01350-6. PMID 8985166.
  5. ↑ Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (Oct 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.
  6. ↑ "SLC25A10 - Mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB).
  7. ↑ Fiermonte G, Dolce V, Arrigoni R, Runswick MJ, Walker JE, Palmieri F (December 1999). "Organization and sequence of the gene for the human mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier: evolution of the carrier family". The Biochemical Journal. 344 Pt 3: 953–60. PMC 1220721. PMID 10585886.
  8. ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) SLC25A10 -606794
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Das K, Lewis RY, Combatsiaris TP, Lin Y, Shapiro L, Charron MJ, Scherer PE (December 1999). "Predominant expression of the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier in white adipose tissue". The Biochemical Journal. 344 Pt 2 (Pt 2): 313–20. PMC 1220646. PMID 10567211.
  10. ↑ Kunji ER (April 2004). "The role and structure of mitochondrial carriers". FEBS Letters. 564 (3): 239–44. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00242-X. PMID 15111103.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mizuarai S, Miki S, Araki H, Takahashi K, Kotani H (September 2005). "Identification of dicarboxylate carrier Slc25a10 as malate transporter in de novo fatty acid synthesis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (37): 32434–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.M503152200. PMID 16027120.
  12. ↑ Fiermonte G, Dolce V, Arrigoni R, Runswick MJ, Walker JE, Palmieri F (December 1999). "Organization and sequence of the gene for the human mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier: evolution of the carrier family". The Biochemical Journal. 344 Pt 3 (Pt 3): 953–60. PMC 1220721. PMID 10585886.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Huypens P, Pillai R, Sheinin T, Schaefer S, Huang M, Odegaard ML, Ronnebaum SM, Wettig SD, Joseph JW (January 2011). "The dicarboxylate carrier plays a role in mitochondrial malate transport and in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from rat pancreatic beta cells". Diabetologia. 54 (1): 135–45. doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1923-5. PMID 20949348.
  14. ↑ Lin Y, Berg AH, Iyengar P, Lam TK, Giacca A, Combs TP, Rajala MW, Du X, Rollman B, Li W, Hawkins M, Barzilai N, Rhodes CJ, Fantus IG, Brownlee M, Scherer PE (February 2005). "The hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory response in adipocytes: the role of reactive oxygen species". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (6): 4617–26. doi:10.1074/jbc.M411863200. PMID 15536073.
  15. ↑ Kamga CK, Zhang SX, Wang Y (August 2010). "Dicarboxylate carrier-mediated glutathione transport is essential for reactive oxygen species homeostasis and normal respiration in rat brain mitochondria". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 299 (2): C497–505. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00058.2010. PMC 2928630. PMID 20538765.
  16. ↑ Chappell JB (May 1968). "Systems used for the transport of substrates into mitochondria". British Medical Bulletin. 24 (2): 150–7. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070618. PMID 5649935.
  17. ↑ Meijer AJ, Groot GS, Tager JM (May 1970). "Effect of sulphydryl-blocking reagents on mitochondrial anion-exchange reactions involving phosphate". FEBS Letters. 8 (1): 41–44. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(70)80220-4. PMID 11947527.
  18. ↑ Passarella S, Palmieri F, Quagliariello E (December 1973). "The role of metal ions in the transport of substrates in mitochondria". FEBS Letters. 38 (1): 91–5. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(73)80521-6. PMID 4772695.
  19. ↑ Palmieri F, Pierri CL, De Grassi A, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR (April 2011). "Evolution, structure and function of mitochondrial carriers: a review with new insights". The Plant Journal. 66 (1): 161–81. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04516.x. PMID 21443630.
  20. ↑ Kulyté A, Ehrlund A, Arner P, Dahlman I (2017-06-01). "Global transcriptome profiling identifies KLF15 and SLC25A10 as modifiers of adipocytes insulin sensitivity in obese women". PLOS One. 12 (6): e0178485. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178485. PMID 28570579.
  21. ↑ Zhou X, Paredes JA, Krishnan S, Curbo S, Karlsson A (April 2015). "The mitochondrial carrier SLC25A10 regulates cancer cell growth". Oncotarget. 6 (11): 9271–83. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.3375. PMC 4496216. PMID 25797253.
  22. ↑ Lash LH (July 2015). "Mitochondrial Glutathione in Diabetic Nephropathy". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 4 (7): 1428–47. doi:10.3390/jcm4071428. PMC 4519798. PMID 26239684.
  23. ↑ "SLC25A3 - Mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier - Homo sapiens (Human) - SLC25A10 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2018-08-21.File:CC-BY-icon-80x15.png This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  24. ↑ "UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (D1): D158–D169. January 2017. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1099. PMC 5210571. PMID 27899622.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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