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{{infobox protein | |||
{{protein | | Name = [[proopiomelanocortin|pro-opiomelanocortin]] | ||
| Name = proopiomelanocortin | |||
| caption = | | caption = | ||
| image = | | image = | ||
| width = | | width = | ||
| HGNCid = 9201 | | HGNCid = 9201 | ||
| Symbol = POMC | | Symbol = POMC | ||
| Line 19: | Line 18: | ||
| LocusSupplementaryData = | | LocusSupplementaryData = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Lipotropin''' is a [[hormone]] produced by the cleavage of [[pro-opiomelanocortin]] (POMC). The [[anterior pituitary|anterior pituitary gland]] produces the [[pro-hormone]] POMC, which is then cleaved again to form [[Adrenocorticotropic hormone|adrenocorticotropin]] (ACTH) and β-lipotropin (β-LPH). | |||
''' | |||
β- | == β-Lipotropin == | ||
β-Lipotropin is a 90-[[amino acid]] [[polypeptide]] that is the [[C-terminus|carboxy-terminal]] fragment of POMC. It was initially reported to stimulate [[melanocytes]] to produce [[melanin]]. It was also reported to perform lipid-mobilizing functions such as [[lipolysis]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li CH, Chung D | title = Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 73 | issue = 4 | pages = 1145–8 | date = April 1976 | pmid = 1063395 | pmc = 430217 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.73.4.1145 | bibcode = 1976PNAS...73.1145L }}</ref> and [[steroidogenesis]]. However, no subsequent studies have been published that support these early findings and no receptor has been identified for β-lipotropin. | |||
==External links== | β-Lipotropin can be cleaved into smaller peptides. In humans, γ-lipotropin, [[β-MSH]], and [[β-endorphin]], are all possible fragments of β-lipotropin.<ref>{{citation | title= NH2-Terminal amino acid sequence and peptide mapping of purified human β-lipotropin: Comparison with previously proposed sequences |author1=Joachim Spiess |author2=Charles D. Mount |author3=Wendell E. Nicholson |author4=David N. Orth | journal= Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | pages= 5071–5 | issue=16 |volume= 79 |year= 1982 | doi=10.1073/pnas.79.16.5071 | bibcode=1982PNAS...79.5071S | pmc=346829 | pmid=6956916}}</ref> β-Lipotropin is the predominant opioid of the anterior human and rat pituitary gland. It is found in essentially equimolar concentrations to that of [[corticotropin]]. Evidence shows that β-Lipotropin is metabolized into [[endorphins]] that can greatly affect mood and behavior and is thus regarded as a [[prohormone]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lazarus LH, Ling N, Guillemin R | title = beta-Lipotropin as a prohormone for the morphinomimetic peptides endorphins and enkephalins | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 73 | issue = 6 | pages = 2156–9 | date = June 1976 | pmid = 1064883 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.73.6.2156 | pmc = 430469 | bibcode = 1976PNAS...73.2156L }}</ref> | ||
== γ-Lipotropin == | |||
γ-lipotropin is the [[N-terminus|amino-terminal]] peptide fragment of β-lipotropin. In humans, it has 56 amino acids. Gamma lipotropin is identical to the first 56 amino acid sequences of β-lipotropin. It can be cleaved to [[melanocyte-stimulating hormone|β-melanocyte stimulating hormone]]. | |||
== Use in sport == | |||
Lipotropin has also, under its alternate name AOD-9604 (Anti-Obesity Drug-9604),<ref>[https://peptidesdirect.com.au/peptides/AOD9604 Peptides Direct information page, accessed 26 August 2013]</ref> been connected with controversies in [[Australian Rules Football]]. Allegations have arisen around the use of the drug and its administration to players of the [[Essendon Football Club]] as a supplement, including weekly administration to players in the 2012 season. The matters are currently under investigation due to the relationship between Lipotropin and growth hormones, as noted by club medical staff.<ref>AFL Statement of Charges against James Hird and Essendon Football Club, accessed 26 August 2013 [http://www.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/EssendonFC-notice-of-charges.pdf]</ref> | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
== External links == | |||
* {{MeshName|beta-Lipotropin}} | * {{MeshName|beta-Lipotropin}} | ||
* {{MeshName|gamma-Lipotropin}} | * {{MeshName|gamma-Lipotropin}} | ||
{{Hormones}} | {{Hormones}} | ||
{{Neuropeptides}} | {{Neuropeptides}} | ||
{{Peptidergics}} | |||
[[Category:Tumor markers]] | |||
{{Molecular-biology-stub}} | |||
{{ | |||
Latest revision as of 20:11, 24 June 2018
| pro-opiomelanocortin | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | POMC |
| Entrez | 5443 |
| HUGO | 9201 |
| OMIM | 176830 |
| RefSeq | NM_000939 |
| UniProt | P01189 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 2 p23 |
Lipotropin is a hormone produced by the cleavage of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). The anterior pituitary gland produces the pro-hormone POMC, which is then cleaved again to form adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and β-lipotropin (β-LPH).
β-Lipotropin
β-Lipotropin is a 90-amino acid polypeptide that is the carboxy-terminal fragment of POMC. It was initially reported to stimulate melanocytes to produce melanin. It was also reported to perform lipid-mobilizing functions such as lipolysis[1] and steroidogenesis. However, no subsequent studies have been published that support these early findings and no receptor has been identified for β-lipotropin.
β-Lipotropin can be cleaved into smaller peptides. In humans, γ-lipotropin, β-MSH, and β-endorphin, are all possible fragments of β-lipotropin.[2] β-Lipotropin is the predominant opioid of the anterior human and rat pituitary gland. It is found in essentially equimolar concentrations to that of corticotropin. Evidence shows that β-Lipotropin is metabolized into endorphins that can greatly affect mood and behavior and is thus regarded as a prohormone.[3]
γ-Lipotropin
γ-lipotropin is the amino-terminal peptide fragment of β-lipotropin. In humans, it has 56 amino acids. Gamma lipotropin is identical to the first 56 amino acid sequences of β-lipotropin. It can be cleaved to β-melanocyte stimulating hormone.
Use in sport
Lipotropin has also, under its alternate name AOD-9604 (Anti-Obesity Drug-9604),[4] been connected with controversies in Australian Rules Football. Allegations have arisen around the use of the drug and its administration to players of the Essendon Football Club as a supplement, including weekly administration to players in the 2012 season. The matters are currently under investigation due to the relationship between Lipotropin and growth hormones, as noted by club medical staff.[5]
References
- ↑ Li CH, Chung D (April 1976). "Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 73 (4): 1145–8. Bibcode:1976PNAS...73.1145L. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.4.1145. PMC 430217. PMID 1063395.
- ↑ Joachim Spiess; Charles D. Mount; Wendell E. Nicholson; David N. Orth (1982), "NH2-Terminal amino acid sequence and peptide mapping of purified human β-lipotropin: Comparison with previously proposed sequences", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79 (16): 5071–5, Bibcode:1982PNAS...79.5071S, doi:10.1073/pnas.79.16.5071, PMC 346829, PMID 6956916
- ↑ Lazarus LH, Ling N, Guillemin R (June 1976). "beta-Lipotropin as a prohormone for the morphinomimetic peptides endorphins and enkephalins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 73 (6): 2156–9. Bibcode:1976PNAS...73.2156L. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.6.2156. PMC 430469. PMID 1064883.
- ↑ Peptides Direct information page, accessed 26 August 2013
- ↑ AFL Statement of Charges against James Hird and Essendon Football Club, accessed 26 August 2013 [1]
External links
- beta-Lipotropin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- gamma-Lipotropin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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