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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Effective measures for the primary prevention of lung mass include [[smoking cessation]] and avoidance of second hand smoking. In general, lifestyle changes with diet rich in vitamins and antioxidants such as healthy diet rich | Effective measures for the [[Prevention (medical)|primary prevention]] of lung mass include [[smoking cessation]] and avoidance of [[Passive smoking|second hand smoking]]. In general, lifestyle changes with [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] rich in [[Vitamin|vitamins]] and [[Antioxidant|antioxidants]], such as [[healthy]] [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] rich in [[Fruit|fruits]] and [[Vegetable|vegetables]] and regular [[Physical exercise|exercise]], may decrease the risk of [[tumorigenesis]] and [[Cancer|malignancy]]. | ||
==Primary Prevention== | ==Primary Prevention== | ||
*Effective measures for the primary prevention of lung cancer include:<ref name="pmid12610194">{{cite journal| author=Ebbert JO, Yang P, Vachon CM, Vierkant RA, Cerhan JR, Folsom AR et al.| title=Lung cancer risk reduction after smoking cessation: observations from a prospective cohort of women. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2003 | volume= 21 | issue= 5 | pages= 921-6 | pmid=12610194 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12610194 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21747301">{{cite journal| author=Tse LA, Yu IT, Qiu H, Au JS, Wang XR, Tam W et al.| title=Lung cancer decreased sharply in first 5 years after smoking cessation in Chinese men. | journal=J Thorac Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 6 | issue= 10 | pages= 1670-6 | pmid=21747301 | doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182217bd4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21747301 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23940744">{{cite journal| author=Villanti AC, Jiang Y, Abrams DB, Pyenson BS| title=A cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the additional benefits of incorporating smoking cessation interventions. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 8 | pages= e71379 | pmid=23940744 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0071379 | pmc=PMC3737088 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23940744 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15841256">{{cite journal| author=Barnard RJ| title=Prevention of Cancer Through Lifestyle Changes. | journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | year= 2004 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 233-239 | pmid=15841256 | doi=10.1093/ecam/neh036 | pmc=PMC538507 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15841256 }} </ref><ref name="Vineis">{{cite journal | last =Vineis | first =P | coauthors =Hoek G, Krzyzanowski M et al. | title =Lung cancers attributable to environmental tobacco smoke and air pollution in non-smokers in different European countries: a prospective study | journal =Environmental Health | volume =6 | issue = | pages =7 | publisher =BioMed Central | date =Feb 2007 | url =http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17302981 | doi =10.1186/1476-069X-6-7 | pmid =17302981 | accessdate =2007-08-11 }}</ref><ref name="Bhutan">{{cite web | last =Pandey | first =G | title =Bhutan's smokers face public ban | publisher =BBC | date =Feb 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4305715.stm | accessdate =2007-09-07 }}</ref><ref name="Gray">{{cite journal | last =Gray | first =N | title =A global approach to tobacco policy | journal =Lung Cancer | volume =39 | issue =2 | pages =113–117 | publisher =BioMed Central | date =Feb 2003 | pmid =12581561 }}</ref> | *Effective measures for the [[Prevention (medical)|primary prevention]] of a [[malignant]] lung mass ([[lung cancer]]) include:<ref name="pmid12610194">{{cite journal| author=Ebbert JO, Yang P, Vachon CM, Vierkant RA, Cerhan JR, Folsom AR et al.| title=Lung cancer risk reduction after smoking cessation: observations from a prospective cohort of women. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2003 | volume= 21 | issue= 5 | pages= 921-6 | pmid=12610194 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12610194 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21747301">{{cite journal| author=Tse LA, Yu IT, Qiu H, Au JS, Wang XR, Tam W et al.| title=Lung cancer decreased sharply in first 5 years after smoking cessation in Chinese men. | journal=J Thorac Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 6 | issue= 10 | pages= 1670-6 | pmid=21747301 | doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182217bd4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21747301 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23940744">{{cite journal| author=Villanti AC, Jiang Y, Abrams DB, Pyenson BS| title=A cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the additional benefits of incorporating smoking cessation interventions. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 8 | pages= e71379 | pmid=23940744 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0071379 | pmc=PMC3737088 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23940744 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15841256">{{cite journal| author=Barnard RJ| title=Prevention of Cancer Through Lifestyle Changes. | journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | year= 2004 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 233-239 | pmid=15841256 | doi=10.1093/ecam/neh036 | pmc=PMC538507 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15841256 }} </ref><ref name="Vineis">{{cite journal | last =Vineis | first =P | coauthors =Hoek G, Krzyzanowski M et al. | title =Lung cancers attributable to environmental tobacco smoke and air pollution in non-smokers in different European countries: a prospective study | journal =Environmental Health | volume =6 | issue = | pages =7 | publisher =BioMed Central | date =Feb 2007 | url =http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17302981 | doi =10.1186/1476-069X-6-7 | pmid =17302981 | accessdate =2007-08-11 }}</ref><ref name="Bhutan">{{cite web | last =Pandey | first =G | title =Bhutan's smokers face public ban | publisher =BBC | date =Feb 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4305715.stm | accessdate =2007-09-07 }}</ref><ref name="Gray">{{cite journal | last =Gray | first =N | title =A global approach to tobacco policy | journal =Lung Cancer | volume =39 | issue =2 | pages =113–117 | publisher =BioMed Central | date =Feb 2003 | pmid =12581561 }}</ref> | ||
**[[Smoking cessation]] | **[[Smoking cessation]] | ||
**[[ | **Avoidance of [[passive smoking]] | ||
*Prevention is the most cost-effective means of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with lung mass. As a result in most countries, industrial and domestic carcinogens have been identified and banned. However, [[tobacco]] | *[[Prevention (medical)|Prevention]] is the most [[Cost-effectiveness|cost-effective]] means of reducing the [[morbidity]] and [[mortality]] associated with lung mass. As a result, in most countries, industrial and domestic [[Carcinogen|carcinogens]] have been identified and banned. However, [[tobacco smoking]] is still [[Prevalence|prevalent]] and widespread. | ||
**Eliminating tobacco smoking is | **Eliminating [[tobacco smoking]] is the primary goal in the [[Prevention (medical)|prevention]] of lung mass. | ||
**Policy interventions to decrease [[passive smoking]] in public areas such as restaurants and workplaces have become | **Policy interventions to decrease [[passive smoking]] in public areas such as restaurants and workplaces have become common in many Western countries. | ||
***California | ***In 1998, California was the first US State to ban [[smoking]] in public establishments. | ||
***Ireland played a similar role | ***In 2004, European countries such as Ireland played a similar role, followed by Italy and Norway in 2005, Scotland as well as several others in 2006, and England in 2007. | ||
***In 2004, New Zealand | ***In 2004, New Zealand also banned [[smoking]] in public places. | ||
***In 2005, the state of Bhutan implemented a complete smoking ban | ***In 2005, the state of Bhutan implemented a complete [[smoking]] ban. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 17:01, 26 June 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Effective measures for the primary prevention of lung mass include smoking cessation and avoidance of second hand smoking. In general, lifestyle changes with diet rich in vitamins and antioxidants, such as healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables and regular exercise, may decrease the risk of tumorigenesis and malignancy.
Primary Prevention
- Effective measures for the primary prevention of a malignant lung mass (lung cancer) include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
- Smoking cessation
- Avoidance of passive smoking
- Prevention is the most cost-effective means of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with lung mass. As a result, in most countries, industrial and domestic carcinogens have been identified and banned. However, tobacco smoking is still prevalent and widespread.
- Eliminating tobacco smoking is the primary goal in the prevention of lung mass.
- Policy interventions to decrease passive smoking in public areas such as restaurants and workplaces have become common in many Western countries.
- In 1998, California was the first US State to ban smoking in public establishments.
- In 2004, European countries such as Ireland played a similar role, followed by Italy and Norway in 2005, Scotland as well as several others in 2006, and England in 2007.
- In 2004, New Zealand also banned smoking in public places.
- In 2005, the state of Bhutan implemented a complete smoking ban.
References
- ↑ Ebbert JO, Yang P, Vachon CM, Vierkant RA, Cerhan JR, Folsom AR; et al. (2003). "Lung cancer risk reduction after smoking cessation: observations from a prospective cohort of women". J Clin Oncol. 21 (5): 921–6. PMID 12610194.
- ↑ Tse LA, Yu IT, Qiu H, Au JS, Wang XR, Tam W; et al. (2011). "Lung cancer decreased sharply in first 5 years after smoking cessation in Chinese men". J Thorac Oncol. 6 (10): 1670–6. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182217bd4. PMID 21747301.
- ↑ Villanti AC, Jiang Y, Abrams DB, Pyenson BS (2013). "A cost-utility analysis of lung cancer screening and the additional benefits of incorporating smoking cessation interventions". PLoS One. 8 (8): e71379. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071379. PMC 3737088. PMID 23940744.
- ↑ Barnard RJ (2004). "Prevention of Cancer Through Lifestyle Changes". Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 1 (3): 233–239. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh036. PMC 538507. PMID 15841256.
- ↑ Vineis, P (Feb 2007). "Lung cancers attributable to environmental tobacco smoke and air pollution in non-smokers in different European countries: a prospective study". Environmental Health. BioMed Central. 6: 7. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-6-7. PMID 17302981. Retrieved 2007-08-11. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Pandey, G (Feb 2005). "Bhutan's smokers face public ban". BBC. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
- ↑ Gray, N (Feb 2003). "A global approach to tobacco policy". Lung Cancer. BioMed Central. 39 (2): 113&ndash, 117. PMID 12581561.