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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Stomatitis}} | | {{Stomatitis}} |
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{USAMA}}, {{SaraM}} |
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| ==Overview==
| | {{SK}} [[Aphthous stomatitis]]; [[Herpetic stomatitis]] |
| Stomatitis is an [[inflammation]] of the [[mucous lining]] of any of the structures in the [[mouth]], which may involve the [[cheeks]], [[gums]], [[tongue]], [[lips]], [[throat]], and roof or floor of the mouth. Most physicians do not regularly examine the mouth of patients and so stomatitis or triggering conditions can remain undiagnosed unless they become symptomatic.<ref>{{Cite journal
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| | author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
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| | title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
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| | journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
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| | volume = 77
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| | issue = 908
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| | pages = 392–394
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| | year = 2001
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| | month = June
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| | pmid = 11375454
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| }}</ref> The inflammation of the structures in the mouth can be caused by a condition limited just to the mouth, such as poor [[oral hygiene]], poorly fitted [[dentures]], or from mouth burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as [[medications]], [[allergic reactions]], or [[infections]]. A form of stomatitis known as stomatitis nicotina can be caused by smoking cigars, cigarettes, and pipes, and is characterized by small red bumps on the roof of the mouth.<ref>{{cite web|year=1969|title=Smoking and Noncancerous Oral Disease|format=PDF|work=The Reports of the Surgeon General|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/L/N/_/nnbbln.pdf|accessdate=2006-06-23}}</ref> | |
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| When it also involves an inflammation of the [[gingiva]], it is called gingivostomatitis.
| | ==[[Stomatitis overview|Overview]]== |
| Irritation and [[fissure|fissuring]] in the corners of the lips is termed angular stomatits or [[angular cheilitis]]. In children a frequent cause is repeated lip-licking and in adults it may be a sign of underlying [[iron deficiency anemia]], or [[vitamin B]] deficiencis (e.g. B2-[[riboflavin]], B9-[[folate]] or [[B12]]-cobalamins), which in turn may be evidence of poor diets or malnutrition (e.g. [[celiac disease]]).
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| ==Historical Perspective== | | ==[[Stomatitis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| *Between460-370 B.C., in relation to disorders of the mouth the term aphthae was first used by [[Hippocrates]].<ref name=Stomatitis-update> Ship, Jonathan A. "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: an update." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 81.2 (1996): 141-147.</ref>
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| *In 1898, the first clinical description of the aphthous stomatitis was reported by Von Mikulicz and Kumme as a Mikuliez aphthea
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| *In 1911, stomatitis aphthae recurrens cicatricicans was first described by Sutton.
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| *In 1961, stomatitis aphthae recurrens herpetiformis was first described by Cooke.<ref name="pmid6929240">{{cite journal| author=Kramer IR, Pindborg JJ, Bezroukov V, Infirri JS| title=Guide to epidemiology and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases and conditions. World Health Organization. | journal=Community Dent Oral Epidemiol | year= 1980 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-26 | pmid=6929240 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6929240 }} </ref>
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| ==Classification== | | ==[[Stomatitis classification|Classification]]== |
| According to the etiology, stomatitis may be classified into:
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| '''Infectious Stomatitis'''
| | ==[[Stomatitis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| *[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
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| **Major aphthous stomatitis
| | ==[[Stomatitis causes|Causes]]== |
| **Minor aphthous stomatitis
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| **Herpetiform stomatitis
| | ==[[Stomatitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Stomatitis from other Diseases]]== |
| *[[Herpetic gingivostomatitis]]
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| *[[Necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis]] or [[gangrenous stomatitis|stomatitis gangrenosa]]
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| *Vesicular stomatitis
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| *[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease|Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]]
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| *[[Candidal stomatitis]]
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| '''Other forms'''
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| *[[angular cheilitis|Angular stomatitis]]
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| *[[Denture stomatitis]]
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| *Contact stomatitis<ref>{{Cite journal
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| | author = [[A. Tosti]], [[B. M. Piraccini]] & [[A. M. Peluso]]
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| | title = Contact and irritant stomatitis
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| | journal = [[Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery]]
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| | volume = 16
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| | issue = 4
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| | pages = 314–319
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| | year = 1997
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| | month = December
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| | pmid = 9421224
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| }}</ref>
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| *Migratory stomatitis or geographic stomatitis
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| *Stomatitis nicotina
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| *Pyostomatitis vegetans
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| ==Pathophysiology== | | ==[[Stomatitis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| ==Causes==
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| ===Life Threatening Causes===
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| Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
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| *[[Ebola]]
| | ==[[Stomatitis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| ===Common Causes=== | | ==[[Stomatitis screening|Screening]]== |
| The common causes of stomatitis include:<ref>{{Cite journal
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| | author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
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| | title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
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| | journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
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| | volume = 77
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| | issue = 908
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| | pages = 392–394
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| | year = 2001
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| | month = June
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| | pmid = 11375454
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| }}</ref>
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| *[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
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| *[[Dentures]]
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| *[[Folate deficiency]]
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| *[[Herpes stomatitis]]
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| *[[Oropharyngeal candidiasis]]
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| *[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
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| ===Causes by Organ System=== | | ==[[Stomatitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Kawasaki disease]]
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| |-
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| |bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Bismuthia]], [[gold]], [[mercury poisoning]], [[nickel]], [[thallium]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angular cheilitis]], [[angular cheilitis|angular stomatitis]], [[aphthous stomatitis]], [[aphthous ulcer]], [[burning mouth syndrome]], [[dentures]], [[desquamative gingivitis]], [[dry mouth]], [[herpetic gingivostomatitis]], [[hypertrophic gums]], [[nicotine stomatitis]], [[oral lesions]], oral submucous fibrosis, [[oral lesions|oral ulceration]], [[trench mouth]], [[gingivitis|ulcerative gingivitis]], [[Vincent's angina]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]], [[bismuthia]], [[erythema multiforme]], [[gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions]], [[lip balm]], [[pemphigoid]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]], [[warts]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acmella oleracea]], [[afatinib]], [[aflibercept]], [[alemtuzumab]], [[aminopterin]], [[chloroquine|aralen phosphate]], [[auranofin]], [[benzydamine]], [[bleomycin]], [[boceprevir]], [[busulfan]], [[cabozantinib]], [[capecitabine]], [[carboplatin]], [[cerubidine]], [[chemotherapy]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[chloroquine phosphate]], [[clofibrate]], [[cosmegen]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[cytosine arabinoside]], [[dacarbazine]], [[dactinomycin]], [[daptomycin]], [[daunorubicin]], [[docetaxel]], [[epirubicin]],[[eribulin]], [[etoposide]], [[everolimus]], [[floxuridine]], [[fluorouracil]], [[gemcitabine]], [[gemtuzumab ozogamicin]], [[gentamicin]], [[ginkgo biloba]], [[hexetidine]], [[ixabepilone]], [[ketorolac tromethamine]], [[lenvatinib]], [[levoleucovorin]], [[lincomycin hydrochloride]], [[lomustine]], [[loratadine]], [[melphalan]], [[methotrexate]], [[metronidazole]], [[mitomycin]], [[mitoxantrone]], [[nabumetone]], [[nicotine polacrilex]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[oxaprozin]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[palbociclib]], [[panitumumab]], [[paraplatin]], [[penicillin G potassium]], [[pentostatin]], peplomycin, [[pertuzumab]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[pixantrone]], [[pralatrexate]], [[pramipexole]], [[procainamide]], [[sargramostim]], [[sirolimus]], [[sodium aurothiomalate]], [[sorafenib]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[sulindac]], [[sunitinib]], [[temsirolimus]], [[thioguanine]], [[tiagabine]], [[tolmetin]], [[trametinib]], [[ziv-aflibercept]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[angular cheilitis|Angular stomatitis]], [[aphthous stomatitis]], [[aphthous ulcer]], [[glandular fever]], [[oropharyngeal cancer]], [[periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]], [[trench mouth]], [[palatine uvula|uvulitis]], [[Vincent's angina]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Glucagonoma]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Celiac disease]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[dysphagia]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[odynophagia]], [[oropharyngeal candidiasis]], [[ulcerative colitis]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Agranulocytosis]], [[anemia]], [[cyclic neutropenia]], [[iron deficiency anemia]], [[leukemia]], [[neutropenia]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Irradiation]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aphthous stomatitis]], [[aphthous ulcer]], [[arbovirus]], [[baculovirus]], [[bovine papular stomatitis]], [[candidiasis]], [[coxsackie virus]], [[diphtheritic stomatitis]], [[ebola]], [[esophageal candidiasis]], [[feline calicivirus]], [[feline immunodeficiency virus]], [[gangrenous stomatitis]], [[glandular fever]], [[hand-foot-and-mouth disease]], [[herpangina]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[herpes zoster]], [[herpes]], [[herpetic gingivostomatitis]], [[HIV]], infectious stomatitis, [[lassa fever]], [[lichen planus]], [[Marburg virus]], [[noma (disease)]], [[oncolytic virus]], [[oropharyngeal candidiasis]], [[parapoxvirus]], [[periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]], [[syphilis]], [[trench mouth]], [[tuberculosis]], [[typhlitis]], [[vesicular stomatitis virus]], [[vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]], [[vesiculovirus]], [[Vincent's angina]], [[warts]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Odynophagia]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Parkinson's disease]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angular cheilitis]], [[ariboflavinosis]], [[folate deficiency]], [[kwashiorkor]], [[lingzhi]], [[nutritional deficiency]], [[pyrophosphate]], [[vitamin B12 deficiency]], [[riboflavin|vitamin B2 deficiency]], [[vitamin B6 deficiency]], [[vitamin C deficiency]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Warts]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Oncologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cancer]], [[glucagonoma]], [[leukemia]], [[oropharyngeal cancer]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ophthalmologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Psychiatric'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Emotional stress]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergies]], [[autoimmune diseases]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[chronic granulomatous disease]], [[combined immunodeficiencies]], [[drug hypersensitivity]], [[gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions]], [[pemphigoid]], [[periodic fever syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Trauma]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Mucosa hemorrhage]]
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| |-
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| |}
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN140510368X</ref>=== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| {{columns-list|3|
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| *[[Acmella oleracea]]
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| *[[Afatinib]]
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| *[[Aflibercept]]
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| *[[Agranulocytosis]]
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| *[[Alemtuzumab]]
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| *[[Allergies]]
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| *[[Aminopterin]]
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| *[[Anemia]]
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| *[[Angular cheilitis]]
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| *[[angular cheilitis|Angular stomatitis]]
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| *[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
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| *[[Aphthous ulcer]]
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| *[[chloroquine|Aralen phosphate]]
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| *[[Arbovirus]]
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| *[[Ariboflavinosis]]
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| *[[Auranofin]]
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| *[[Autoimmune diseases]]
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| *[[Baculovirus]]
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| *[[Behcet's disease]]
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| *[[Benzydamine]]
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| *[[Bismuthia]]
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| *[[Bleomycin]]
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| *[[Bovine papular stomatitis]]
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| *[[Burning mouth syndrome]]
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| *[[Busulfan]]
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| *[[Cabozantinib]]
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| *[[Cancer]]
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| *[[Candidiasis]]
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| *[[Capecitabine]]
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| *[[Carboplatin]]
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| *[[Celiac disease]]
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| *[[Cerubidine]]
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| *[[Chemotherapy]]
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| *[[Chloramphenicol]]
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| *[[Chloroquine phosphate]]
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| *[[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
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| *[[Clofibrate]]
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| *[[Combined immunodeficiencies]]
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| *[[Cosmegen]]
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| *[[Coxsackie virus]]
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| *[[Crohn's disease]]
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| *[[Cyclic neutropenia]]
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| *[[Cyclophosphamide]]
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| *[[Cytosine arabinoside]]
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| *[[Dacarbazine]]
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| *[[Dactinomycin]]
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| *[[Daptomycin]]
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| *[[Daunorubicin]]
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| *[[Dentures]]
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| *[[Desquamative gingivitis]]
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| *[[Diphtheritic stomatitis]]
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| *[[Docetaxel]]
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| *[[Doxorubicin]]
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| *[[Drug hypersensitivity]]
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| *[[Dry mouth]]
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| *[[Dysphagia]]
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| *[[Ebola]]
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| *[[Emotional stress]]
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| *[[Epirubicin]]
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| *[[Eribulin]]
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| *[[Erythema multiforme]]
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| *[[Esophageal candidiasis]]
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| *[[Etoposide]]
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| *[[Everolimus]]
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| *[[Feline calicivirus]]
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| *[[Feline immunodeficiency virus]]
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| *[[Floxuridine]]
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| *[[Fluorouracil]]
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| *[[Folate deficiency]]
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| *[[Gangrenous stomatitis]]
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| *[[Gemcitabine]]
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| *[[Gemtuzumab ozogamicin]]
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| *[[Gentamicin]]
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| *[[Ginkgo biloba ]]
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| *[[Glandular fever]]
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| *[[Glucagonoma]]
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| *[[Gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions]]
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| *[[Gold]]
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| *[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease]]
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| *[[Herpangina]]
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| *[[Herpes]]
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| *[[Herpes simplex virus]]
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| *[[Herpes zoster]]
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| *[[Herpetic gingivostomatitis]]
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| *[[Hexetidine]]
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| *[[HIV]]
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| *[[Hypertrophic gums]]
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| *[[Infectious stomatitis]]
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| *[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
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| *[[Iron deficiency anemia]]
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| *[[Irradiation]]
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| *[[Ixabepilone]]
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| *[[Kawasaki disease]]
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| *[[Ketorolac tromethamine]]
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| *[[Kwashiorkor]]
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| *[[Lassa fever]]
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| *[[Lenvatinib]]
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| *[[Leukemia]]
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| *[[Levoleucovorin]]
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| *[[Lichen planus]]
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| *[[Lincomycin hydrochloride]]
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| *[[Lingzhi]]
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| *[[Lip balm]]
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| *[[Lomustine]]
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| *[[Loratadine]]
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| *[[Marburg virus]]
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| *[[Melphalan]]
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| *[[Mercury poisoning]]
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| *[[Methotrexate]]
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| *[[Metronidazole]]
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| *[[Mitomycin]]
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| *[[Mitoxantrone]]
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| *[[Mucosa hemorrhage]]
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| *[[Nabumetone]]
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| *[[Neutropenia]]
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| *[[Nickel]]
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| *[[Nicotine polacrilex]]
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| *[[Nicotine stomatitis]]
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| *[[Noma (disease)]]
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| *[[Nutritional deficiency]]
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| *[[Odynophagia]]
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| *[[Oncolytic virus]]
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| *[[Oral lesions]]
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| *[[Oral submucous fibrosis]]
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| *[[oral lesions|Oral ulceration]]
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| *[[Oropharyngeal cancer]]
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| *[[Oropharyngeal candidiasis]]
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| *[[Oxaliplatin]]
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| *[[Oxaprozin]]
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| *[[Oxcarbazepine]]
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| *[[Palbociclib]]
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| *[[Panitumumab]]
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| *[[Paraplatin]]
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| *[[Parapoxvirus]]
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| *[[Parkinson's disease]]
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| *[[Pemphigoid]]
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| *[[Penicillin G potassium]]
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| *[[Pentostatin]]
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| *[[Peplomycin]]
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| *[[Periodic fever syndrome]]
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| *[[Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]]
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| *[[Pertuzumab]]
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| *[[Phenylbutazone]]
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| *[[Pixantrone]]
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| *[[Pralatrexate]]
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| *[[Pramipexole]]
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| *[[Procainamide]]
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| *[[Pyrophosphate]]
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| *[[Sargramostim]]
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| *[[Sirolimus]]
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| *[[Sodium aurothiomalate]]
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| *[[Sorafenib]]
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| *[[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
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| *[[Sucralfate]]
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| *[[Sulfasalazine]]
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| *[[Sulindac]]
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| *[[Sunitinib]]
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| *[[Syphilis]]
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| *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
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| *[[Temsirolimus]]
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| *[[Thallium]]
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| *[[Thioguanine]]
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| *[[Tiagabine]]
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| *[[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
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| *[[Tolmetin]]
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| *[[Trametinib]]
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| *[[Trauma]]
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| *[[Trench mouth]]
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| *[[Tuberculosis]]
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| *[[Typhlitis]]
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| *[[Ulcerative colitis]]
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| *[[gingivitis|Ulcerative gingivitis]]
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| *[[palatine uvula|Uvulitis]]
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| *[[Vesicular stomatitis virus]]
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| *[[Vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]]
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| *[[Vesiculovirus]]
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| *[[Vincent's angina]]
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| *[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
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| *[[riboflavin|Vitamin B2 deficiency]]
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| *[[Vitamin B6 deficiency]]
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| *[[Vitamin C deficiency]]
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| *[[Warts]]
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| *[[Ziv-aflibercept]]
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| }}
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| == Differentiating Stomatitis from other Diseases ==
| | [[Stomatitis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Stomatitis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Stomatitis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] |
| Stomatitis should be differentiated from other disease as well as from possible underlying conditions causing stomatitis including:
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| *Tumors of the tongue
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| **Squamous cell carcinoma
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| ***It can prevent as a non healing ulcer or as a mass and is mostly caused by smoking or alcohol utilization.<ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| |
| | title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| |
| | journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| |
| | volume = 77
| |
| | issue = 908
| |
| | pages = 392–394
| |
| | year = 2001
| |
| | month = June
| |
| | pmid = 11375454
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| **Leukoplakia
| |
| ***It is benign but can progress to carcinoma after almost 10 years. It is common in atypical users of tobacco, other than smoking.<ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | author = [[D. Grady]], [[J. Greene]], [[T. E. Daniels]], [[V. L. Ernster]], [[P. B. Robertson]], [[W. Hauck]], [[D. Greenspan]], [[J. Greenspan]] & [[S. Jr Silverman]]
| |
| | title = Oral mucosal lesions found in smokeless tobacco users
| |
| | journal = [[Journal of the American Dental Association (1939)]]
| |
| | volume = 121
| |
| | issue = 1
| |
| | pages = 117–123
| |
| | year = 1990
| |
| | month = July
| |
| | pmid = 2370378
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| ***Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is an aggressive sub type that has multiple lesions and has higher conversion to warts or carcinoma.<ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | author = [[Ann M. Gillenwater]], [[Nadarajah Vigneswaran]], [[Hanadi Fatani]], [[Pierre Saintigny]] & [[Adel K. El-Naggar]]
| |
| | title = Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity!
| |
| | journal = [[Advances in anatomic pathology]]
| |
| | volume = 20
| |
| | issue = 6
| |
| | pages = 416–423
| |
| | year = 2013
| |
| | month = November
| |
| | doi = 10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182a92df1
| |
| | pmid = 24113312
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| **Melanoma
| |
| ***It has the typical abcde characteristics including asymmetry, irregular borders, color change, increase in diameter and evolution and is usually diagnosed in its later stages.<ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | author = [[P. DeMatos]], [[D. S. Tyler]] & [[H. F. Seigler]]
| |
| | title = Malignant melanoma of the mucous membranes: a review of 119 cases
| |
| | journal = [[Annals of surgical oncology]]
| |
| | volume = 5
| |
| | issue = 8
| |
| | pages = 733–742
| |
| | year = 1998
| |
| | month = December
| |
| | pmid = 9869521
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| **Fordyce spots
| |
| ***These are benign neoplasms with sebaceous features
| |
| **Torrus Paltinus
| |
| ***It is a nodular mass on the hard palate, covered with normal mucosa<ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | author = [[Barry Ladizinski]] & [[Kachiu C. Lee]]
| |
| | title = A nodular protuberance on the hard palate
| |
| | journal = [[JAMA]]
| |
| | volume = 311
| |
| | issue = 15
| |
| | pages = 1558–1559
| |
| | year = 2014
| |
| | month = April
| |
| | doi = 10.1001/jama.2014.271
| |
| | pmid = 24737369
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| *Autoimmune diseases
| |
| *Aphthous ulcers
| |
| **Apthous stomatitis
| |
| **Behcet's syndrome
| |
| **Nicorandil induced ulcers
| |
| ***It is a drug use in angina pectoris
| |
| *Burning mouth syndrome
| |
| **It is characterized by constant sensation of burning in the mouth in post menopausal women.
| |
| **There is no particular cause for it and no specific treatment is done.
| |
|
| |
|
| == Epidemiology and Demographics == | | ==Treatment== |
|
| |
|
| ==Risk Factors==
| | [[Stomatitis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Stomatitis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Stomatitis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Stomatitis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] |
| The following risk factors are believed to influence the development of stomatitis:<ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| |
| | title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| |
| | journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| |
| | volume = 77
| |
| | issue = 908
| |
| | pages = 392–394
| |
| | year = 2001
| |
| | month = June
| |
| | pmid = 11375454
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Smoking]]
| |
| *[[Alcohol]]
| |
|
| |
|
| == Screening == | | ==Related Chapters== |
| Screening for stomatitis is not recommended.<ref name=stomatitis-Screening>U.S. Preventive Services Task Force http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/Search?s=stomatitis Accessed on August 31, 2016</ref>
| | *[[Aphthous stomatitis]] |
| | *[[Herpetic stomatitis]] |
| | *[[Chicken pox]] |
| | *[[Trench mouth]] |
| | *[[Bovine papular stomatitis]] |
| | *[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease]] |
|
| |
|
| ==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
| |
| ==History and Symptoms==
| |
| ==Physical Examination==
| |
| ==Laboratory Findings==
| |
| ==Medical Therapy==
| |
| ==Primary Prevention==
| |
| ==Secondary Prevention==
| |
| ==References==
| |
|
| |
|
| {{reflist|2}}
| |
| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |
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| [[Category:Infectious Disease]] | | [[Category:Infectious Disease]] |
| [[Category:Primary Care]] | | [[Category:Primary Care]] |
| | [[Category:Emergency mdicine]] |
| | [[Category:Disease]] |
| | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] |
| | [[Category:Infectious disease]] |
| | [[Category:Otolaryngology]] |
| | [[Category:Dermatology]] |
| | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] |