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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Stomatitis}}
{{Stomatitis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{USAMA}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{USAMA}}, {{SaraM}}


==Overview==
{{SK}} [[Aphthous stomatitis]]; [[Herpetic stomatitis]]
Stomatitis is an [[inflammation]] of the [[mucous lining]] of any of the structures in the [[mouth]], which may involve the [[cheeks]], [[gums]], [[tongue]], [[lips]], [[throat]], and roof or floor of the mouth. Most physicians do not regularly examine the mouth of patients and so stomatitis or triggering conditions can remain undiagnosed unless they become symptomatic.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| volume = 77
| issue = 908
| pages = 392–394
| year = 2001
| month = June
| pmid = 11375454
}}</ref> The inflammation of the structures in the mouth can be caused by a condition limited just to the mouth, such as poor [[oral hygiene]], poorly fitted [[dentures]], or from mouth burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as [[medications]], [[allergic reactions]], or [[infections]]. A form of stomatitis known as stomatitis nicotina can be caused by smoking cigars, cigarettes, and pipes, and is characterized by small red bumps on the roof of the mouth.<ref>{{cite web|year=1969|title=Smoking and Noncancerous Oral Disease|format=PDF|work=The Reports of the Surgeon General|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/L/N/_/nnbbln.pdf|accessdate=2006-06-23}}</ref>


When it also involves an inflammation of the [[gingiva]], it is called gingivostomatitis.
==[[Stomatitis overview|Overview]]==
Irritation and [[fissure|fissuring]] in the corners of the lips is termed angular stomatits or [[angular cheilitis]]. In children a frequent cause is repeated lip-licking and in adults it may be a sign of underlying [[iron deficiency anemia]], or [[vitamin B]] deficiencis (e.g. B2-[[riboflavin]], B9-[[folate]] or [[B12]]-cobalamins), which in turn may be evidence of poor diets or malnutrition (e.g. [[celiac disease]]).


==Historical Perspective==
==[[Stomatitis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
*Between 460-370 B.C., in relation to disorders of the mouth the term aphthae was first used by [[Hippocrates]].<ref name=Stomatitis-update> Ship, Jonathan A. "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: an update." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 81.2 (1996): 141-147.</ref>
*In 1898, the first clinical description of the aphthous stomatitis was reported by Von Mikulicz and Kumme as a Mikuliez aphthea
*In 1911, stomatitis aphthae recurrens cicatricicans was first described by Sutton.
*In 1961, stomatitis aphthae recurrens herpetiformis was first described by Cooke.<ref name="pmid6929240">{{cite journal| author=Kramer IR, Pindborg JJ, Bezroukov V, Infirri JS| title=Guide to epidemiology and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases and conditions. World Health Organization. | journal=Community Dent Oral Epidemiol | year= 1980 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-26 | pmid=6929240 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6929240  }} </ref>


==Classification==
==[[Stomatitis classification|Classification]]==
According to the etiology, stomatitis may be classified into:


'''Infectious Stomatitis'''
==[[Stomatitis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
*[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
**Major aphthous stomatitis
**Minor aphthous stomatitis
**Recurrent aphthous stomatitis<ref name="pmid10668310">{{cite journal| author=Murray LN, Amedee RG| title=Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. | journal=J La State Med Soc | year= 2000 | volume= 152 | issue= 1 | pages= 10-4 | pmid=10668310 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10668310  }} </ref>
**Herpetiform stomatitis
*[[Herpetic gingivostomatitis]]
*[[Necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis]] or [[gangrenous stomatitis|stomatitis gangrenosa]](NOMA)<ref name="pmid26235765">{{cite journal| author=Zwetyenga N, See LA, Szwebel J, Beuste M, Aragou M, Oeuvrard C et al.| title=[Noma]. | journal=Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac Chir Orale | year= 2015 | volume= 116 | issue= 4 | pages= 261-79 | pmid=26235765 | doi=10.1016/j.revsto.2015.06.009 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26235765  }} </ref>
*Vesicular stomatitis
*Diphtheritic stomatitis
*Vincent's stomatitis (Trench Mouth)
*[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease|Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]]
*Candida stomatitis
'''Other forms'''
*[[angular cheilitis|Angular stomatitis]]
*Denture stomatitis
*Ulcerative or Chronic ulcerative stomatitis<ref name="pmid28113036">{{cite journal| author=Anderson JG, Peralta S, Kol A, Kass PH, Murphy B| title=Clinical and Histopathologic Characterization of Canine Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis. | journal=Vet Pathol | year= 2017 | volume=  | issue=  | pages= 300985816688754 | pmid=28113036 | doi=10.1177/0300985816688754 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28113036  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27957282">{{cite journal| author=Katsoulas N, Chrysomali E, Piperi E, Levidou G, Sklavounou-Andrikopoulou A| title=Atypical methotrexate ulcerative stomatitis with features of lymphoproliferative like disorder: Report of a rare ciprofloxacin-induced case and review of the literature. | journal=J Clin Exp Dent | year= 2016 | volume= 8 | issue= 5 | pages= e629-e633 | pmid=27957282 | doi=10.4317/jced.52909 | pmc=5149103 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27957282  }} </ref>
*Contact stomatitis<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[A. Tosti]], [[B. M. Piraccini]] & [[A. M. Peluso]]
| title = Contact and irritant stomatitis
| journal = [[Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery]]
| volume = 16
| issue = 4
| pages = 314–319
| year = 1997
| month = December
| pmid = 9421224
}}</ref>
*Migratory stomatitis or geographic stomatitis
*Stomatitis nicotina
*Pyostomatitis vegetans
*Bovine papular stomatitis<ref name="pmid27751948">{{cite journal| author=Kurosaki Y, Okada S, Nakamae S, Yasuda J| title=A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of bovine papular stomatitis virus. | journal=J Virol Methods | year= 2016 | volume= 238 | issue=  | pages= 42-47 | pmid=27751948 | doi=10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.031 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27751948  }} </ref>
*Feline stomatitis<ref name="pmid25719848">{{cite journal| author=Jennings MW, Lewis JR, Soltero-Rivera MM, Brown DC, Reiter AM| title=Effect of tooth extraction on stomatitis in cats: 95 cases (2000-2013). | journal=J Am Vet Med Assoc | year= 2015 | volume= 246 | issue= 6 | pages= 654-60 | pmid=25719848 | doi=10.2460/javma.246.6.654 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25719848  }} </ref>
*Chemotherapy induced stomatitis


==Pathophysiology==
==[[Stomatitis causes|Causes]]==
Different mechanism are understood to cause different types of stomatitis:<ref name="pmid15057287">{{cite journal| author=Sonis ST| title=The pathobiology of mucositis. | journal=Nat Rev Cancer | year= 2004 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 277-84 | pmid=15057287 | doi=10.1038/nrc1318 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15057287  }} </ref>
*Chemotherapy causes RNA and DNA damage by the reactive oxygen species leading to an excessive production of inflammatory cytokines. These cytosines cause inflammation thus causing breaks in the epithelium.
*Denture stomatitis effects upto 67% of denture wearers. It moct commonly affects the palatal mucosa. <ref name="pmid3298586">{{cite journal| author=Arendorf TM, Walker DM| title=Denture stomatitis: a review. | journal=J Oral Rehabil | year= 1987 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= 217-27 | pmid=3298586 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3298586  }} </ref> The material used in fillings and dentures are porus because of the chemicals used and to give it a better grip. Pathogens like candida alibicans can colonize such suitable sites leading to an inflammatory response and thus denture stomatitis. The irritaitive effect of the foreign denture material can also contribute to the pathogenesis.<ref name="pmid28130176">{{cite journal| author=Abduljabbar T, Al-Askar M, Baig MK, AlSowygh ZH, Kellesarian SV, Vohra F| title=Efficacy of photodynamic therapy in the inactivation of oral fungal colonization among cigarette smokers and non-smokers with denture stomatitis. | journal=Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther | year= 2017 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=28130176 | doi=10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.01.182 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28130176  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid25082257">{{cite journal| author=Marinoski J, Bokor-Bratić M, Čanković M| title=Is denture stomatitis always related with candida infection? A case control study. | journal=Med Glas (Zenica) | year= 2014 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 379-84 | pmid=25082257 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25082257  }} </ref>


==Causes==
==[[Stomatitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Stomatitis from other Diseases]]==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


*[[Ebola]]
==[[Stomatitis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


===Common Causes===
==[[Stomatitis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
The common causes of stomatitis include:<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| volume = 77
| issue = 908
| pages = 392–394
| year = 2001
| month = June
| pmid = 11375454
}}</ref><ref name="pmid15057287">{{cite journal| author=Sonis ST| title=The pathobiology of mucositis. | journal=Nat Rev Cancer | year= 2004 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 277-84 | pmid=15057287 | doi=10.1038/nrc1318 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15057287  }} </ref>
*[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
*[[Dentures]]
*[[Folate deficiency]]
*[[Herpes stomatitis]]
*[[Oropharyngeal candidiasis]]
*[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]


===Causes by Organ System===
==[[Stomatitis screening|Screening]]==
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Kawasaki disease]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Bismuthia]], [[gold]], [[mercury poisoning]], [[nickel]], [[thallium]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angular cheilitis]], [[angular cheilitis|angular stomatitis]], [[aphthous stomatitis]], [[aphthous ulcer]], [[burning mouth syndrome]], [[dentures]], [[desquamative gingivitis]], [[dry mouth]], [[herpetic gingivostomatitis]], [[hypertrophic gums]], [[nicotine stomatitis]], [[oral lesions]], oral submucous fibrosis, [[oral lesions|oral ulceration]], [[trench mouth]], [[gingivitis|ulcerative gingivitis]], [[Vincent's angina]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]], [[bismuthia]], [[erythema multiforme]], [[gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions]], [[lip balm]], [[pemphigoid]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]], [[warts]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acmella oleracea]], [[afatinib]], [[aflibercept]], [[alemtuzumab]], [[aminopterin]], [[chloroquine|aralen phosphate]], [[auranofin]], [[benzydamine]], [[bleomycin]], [[boceprevir]], [[busulfan]], [[cabozantinib]], [[capecitabine]], [[carboplatin]], [[cerubidine]], [[chemotherapy]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[chloroquine phosphate]], [[clofibrate]], [[cosmegen]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[cytosine arabinoside]], [[dacarbazine]], [[dactinomycin]], [[daptomycin]], [[daunorubicin]], [[docetaxel]], [[epirubicin]],[[eribulin]], [[etoposide]], [[everolimus]], [[floxuridine]], [[fluorouracil]], [[gemcitabine]], [[gemtuzumab ozogamicin]], [[gentamicin]], [[ginkgo biloba]], [[hexetidine]], [[ixabepilone]], [[ketorolac tromethamine]], [[lenvatinib]], [[levoleucovorin]], [[lincomycin hydrochloride]], [[lomustine]], [[loratadine]], [[melphalan]], [[methotrexate]], [[metronidazole]], [[mitomycin]], [[mitoxantrone]], [[nabumetone]], [[nicotine polacrilex]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[oxaprozin]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[palbociclib]], [[panitumumab]], [[paraplatin]], [[penicillin G potassium]], [[pentostatin]], peplomycin, [[pertuzumab]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[pixantrone]], [[pralatrexate]], [[pramipexole]], [[procainamide]], [[sargramostim]], [[sirolimus]], [[sodium aurothiomalate]], [[sorafenib]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[sulindac]], [[sunitinib]], [[temsirolimus]], [[thioguanine]], [[tiagabine]], [[tolmetin]], [[trametinib]], [[ziv-aflibercept]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[angular cheilitis|Angular stomatitis]], [[aphthous stomatitis]], [[aphthous ulcer]], [[glandular fever]], [[oropharyngeal cancer]], [[periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]], [[trench mouth]], [[palatine uvula|uvulitis]], [[Vincent's angina]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Glucagonoma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Celiac disease]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[dysphagia]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[odynophagia]], [[oropharyngeal candidiasis]], [[ulcerative colitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Agranulocytosis]], [[anemia]], [[cyclic neutropenia]], [[iron deficiency anemia]], [[leukemia]], [[neutropenia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Irradiation]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aphthous stomatitis]], [[aphthous ulcer]], [[arbovirus]], [[baculovirus]], [[bovine papular stomatitis]], [[candidiasis]], [[coxsackie virus]], [[diphtheritic stomatitis]], [[ebola]], [[esophageal candidiasis]], [[feline calicivirus]], [[feline immunodeficiency virus]], [[gangrenous stomatitis]], [[glandular fever]], [[hand-foot-and-mouth disease]], [[herpangina]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[herpes zoster]], [[herpes]], [[herpetic gingivostomatitis]], [[HIV]], infectious stomatitis, [[lassa fever]], [[lichen planus]], [[Marburg virus]], [[noma (disease)]], [[oncolytic virus]], [[oropharyngeal candidiasis]], [[parapoxvirus]], [[periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]], [[syphilis]], [[trench mouth]], [[tuberculosis]], [[typhlitis]], [[vesicular stomatitis virus]], [[vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]], [[vesiculovirus]], [[Vincent's angina]], [[warts]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Odynophagia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Parkinson's disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angular cheilitis]], [[ariboflavinosis]], [[folate deficiency]], [[kwashiorkor]], [[lingzhi]], [[nutritional deficiency]], [[pyrophosphate]], [[vitamin B12 deficiency]], [[riboflavin|vitamin B2 deficiency]], [[vitamin B6 deficiency]], [[vitamin C deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Warts]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cancer]], [[glucagonoma]], [[leukemia]], [[oropharyngeal cancer]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Emotional stress]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergies]], [[autoimmune diseases]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[chronic granulomatous disease]], [[combined immunodeficiencies]], [[drug hypersensitivity]], [[gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions]], [[pemphigoid]], [[periodic fever syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Trauma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Mucosa hemorrhage]]
|-
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN140510368X</ref>===
==[[Stomatitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
{{columns-list|3|
*[[Acmella oleracea]]
*[[Afatinib]]
*[[Aflibercept]]
*[[Agranulocytosis]]
*[[Alemtuzumab]]
*[[Allergies]]
*[[Aminopterin]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Angular cheilitis]]
*[[angular cheilitis|Angular stomatitis]]
*[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
*[[Aphthous ulcer]]
*[[chloroquine|Aralen phosphate]]
*[[Arbovirus]]
*[[Ariboflavinosis]]
*[[Auranofin]]
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*[[Baculovirus]]
*[[Behcet's disease]]
*[[Benzydamine]]
*[[Bismuthia]]
*[[Bleomycin]]
*[[Bovine papular stomatitis]]
*[[Burning mouth syndrome]]
*[[Busulfan]]
*[[Cabozantinib]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Candidiasis]]
*[[Capecitabine]]
*[[Carboplatin]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Cerubidine]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]
*[[Chloramphenicol]]
*[[Chloroquine phosphate]]
*[[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Combined immunodeficiencies]]
*[[Cosmegen]]
*[[Coxsackie virus]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cyclic neutropenia]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Cytosine arabinoside]]
*[[Dacarbazine]]
*[[Dactinomycin]]
*[[Daptomycin]]
*[[Daunorubicin]]
*[[Dentures]]
*[[Desquamative gingivitis]]
*[[Diphtheritic stomatitis]]
*[[Docetaxel]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Drug hypersensitivity]]
*[[Dry mouth]]
*[[Dysphagia]]
*[[Ebola]]
*[[Emotional stress]]
*[[Epirubicin]]
*[[Eribulin]]
*[[Erythema multiforme]]
*[[Esophageal candidiasis]]
*[[Etoposide]]
*[[Everolimus]]
*[[Feline calicivirus]]
*[[Feline immunodeficiency virus]]
*[[Floxuridine]]
*[[Fluorouracil]]
*[[Folate deficiency]]
*[[Gangrenous stomatitis]]
*[[Gemcitabine]]
*[[Gemtuzumab ozogamicin]]
*[[Gentamicin]]
*[[Ginkgo biloba ]]
*[[Glandular fever]]
*[[Glucagonoma]]
*[[Gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions]]
*[[Gold]]
*[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease]]
*[[Herpangina]]
*[[Herpes]]
*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
*[[Herpes zoster]]
*[[Herpetic gingivostomatitis]]
*[[Hexetidine]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[Hypertrophic gums]]
*[[Infectious stomatitis]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Iron deficiency anemia]]
*[[Irradiation]]
*[[Ixabepilone]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Ketorolac tromethamine]]
*[[Kwashiorkor]]
*[[Lassa fever]]
*[[Lenvatinib]]
*[[Leukemia]]
*[[Levoleucovorin]]
*[[Lichen planus]]
*[[Lincomycin hydrochloride]]
*[[Lingzhi]]
*[[Lip balm]]
*[[Lomustine]]
*[[Loratadine]]
*[[Marburg virus]]
*[[Melphalan]]
*[[Mercury poisoning]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Metronidazole]]
*[[Mitomycin]]
*[[Mitoxantrone]]
*[[Mucosa hemorrhage]]
*[[Nabumetone]]
*[[Neutropenia]]
*[[Nickel]]
*[[Nicotine polacrilex]]
*[[Nicotine stomatitis]]
*[[Noma (disease)]]
*[[Nutritional deficiency]]
*[[Odynophagia]]
*[[Oncolytic virus]]
*[[Oral lesions]]
*[[Oral submucous fibrosis]]
*[[oral lesions|Oral ulceration]]
*[[Oropharyngeal cancer]]
*[[Oropharyngeal candidiasis]]
*[[Oxaliplatin]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Oxcarbazepine]]
*[[Palbociclib]]
*[[Panitumumab]]
*[[Paraplatin]]
*[[Parapoxvirus]]
*[[Parkinson's disease]]
*[[Pemphigoid]]
*[[Penicillin G potassium]]
*[[Pentostatin]]
*[[Peplomycin]]
*[[Periodic fever syndrome]]
*[[Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]]
*[[Pertuzumab]]
*[[Phenylbutazone]]
*[[Pixantrone]]
*[[Pralatrexate]]
*[[Pramipexole]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[Pyrophosphate]]
*[[Sargramostim]]
*[[Sirolimus]]
*[[Sodium aurothiomalate]]
*[[Sorafenib]]
*[[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
*[[Sucralfate]]
*[[Sulfasalazine]]
*[[Sulindac]]
*[[Sunitinib]]
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Temsirolimus]]
*[[Thallium]]
*[[Thioguanine]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
*[[Tolmetin]]
*[[Trametinib]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Trench mouth]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Typhlitis]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[gingivitis|Ulcerative gingivitis]]
*[[palatine uvula|Uvulitis]]
*[[Vesicular stomatitis virus]]
*[[Vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]]
*[[Vesiculovirus]]
*[[Vincent's angina]]
*[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
*[[riboflavin|Vitamin B2 deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin B6 deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin C deficiency]]
*[[Warts]]
*[[Ziv-aflibercept]]
}}


== Differentiating Stomatitis from other Diseases ==
==Diagnosis==
Stomatitis should be differentiated from other disease as well as from possible underlying conditions causing stomatitis including:<ref name="pmid10597357">{{cite journal| author=Scully C| title=A review of common mucocutaneous disorders affecting the mouth and lips. | journal=Ann Acad Med Singapore | year= 1999 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 704-7 | pmid=10597357 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10597357  }} </ref>
*Tumors of the tongue
**Squamous cell carcinoma
***It can prevent as a non healing ulcer or as a mass and is mostly caused by smoking or alcohol utilization.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| volume = 77
| issue = 908
| pages = 392–394
| year = 2001
| month = June
| pmid = 11375454
}}</ref>
**Leukoplakia
***It is benign but can progress to carcinoma after almost 10 years. It is common in atypical users of tobacco, other than smoking.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[D. Grady]], [[J. Greene]], [[T. E. Daniels]], [[V. L. Ernster]], [[P. B. Robertson]], [[W. Hauck]], [[D. Greenspan]], [[J. Greenspan]] & [[S. Jr Silverman]]
| title = Oral mucosal lesions found in smokeless tobacco users
| journal = [[Journal of the American Dental Association (1939)]]
| volume = 121
| issue = 1
| pages = 117–123
| year = 1990
| month = July
| pmid = 2370378
}}</ref>
***Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is an aggressive sub type that has multiple lesions and has higher conversion to warts or carcinoma.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Ann M. Gillenwater]], [[Nadarajah Vigneswaran]], [[Hanadi Fatani]], [[Pierre Saintigny]] & [[Adel K. El-Naggar]]
| title = Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity!
| journal = [[Advances in anatomic pathology]]
| volume = 20
| issue = 6
| pages = 416–423
| year = 2013
| month = November
| doi = 10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182a92df1
| pmid = 24113312
}}</ref>
**Melanoma
***It has the typical abcde characteristics including asymmetry, irregular borders, color change, increase in diameter and evolution and is usually diagnosed in its later stages.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[P. DeMatos]], [[D. S. Tyler]] & [[H. F. Seigler]]
| title = Malignant melanoma of the mucous membranes: a review of 119 cases
| journal = [[Annals of surgical oncology]]
| volume = 5
| issue = 8
| pages = 733–742
| year = 1998
| month = December
| pmid = 9869521
}}</ref>
**Fordyce spots
***These are benign neoplasms with sebaceous features
**Torrus Paltinus
***It is a nodular mass on the hard palate, covered with normal mucosa<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Barry Ladizinski]] & [[Kachiu C. Lee]]
| title = A nodular protuberance on the hard palate
| journal = [[JAMA]]
| volume = 311
| issue = 15
| pages = 1558–1559
| year = 2014
| month = April
| doi = 10.1001/jama.2014.271
| pmid = 24737369
}}</ref>
*Autoimmune diseases
*Aphthous ulcers
**Apthous stomatitis
**Behcet's syndrome
**Nicorandil induced ulcers
***It is a drug use in angina pectoris
*Burning mouth syndrome
**It is characterized by constant sensation of burning in the mouth in post menopausal women.
**There is no particular cause for it and no specific treatment is done.


== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
[[Stomatitis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Stomatitis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Stomatitis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]]
===Age===
*Herpetic gingivostomatitis occurs commonly in children between 6 months to 5 years. It can also occur in other age groups.<ref name="pmid16451405">{{cite journal| author=Kolokotronis A, Doumas S| title=Herpes simplex virus infection, with particular reference to the progression and complications of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Infect | year= 2006 | volume= 12 | issue= 3 | pages= 202-11 | pmid=16451405 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01336.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16451405  }} </ref>


===Season===
==Treatment==
*Herpetic gingivostomatitis has no seasonal preference.<ref name="pmid16210107">{{cite journal| author=Kimberlin DW| title=Herpes simplex virus infections in neonates and early childhood. | journal=Semin Pediatr Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= 271-81 | pmid=16210107 | doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.06.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16210107  }} </ref>


==Risk Factors==
[[Stomatitis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Stomatitis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Stomatitis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Stomatitis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]]
The following risk factors are believed to influence the development of stomatitis:<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| volume = 77
| issue = 908
| pages = 392–394
| year = 2001
| month = June
| pmid = 11375454
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Carolina-Cavalieri Gomes]], [[Ricardo-Santiago Gomez]], [[Livia-Guimaraes Zina]] & [[Fabricio-Rezende Amaral]]
| title = Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Helicobacter pylori
| journal = [[Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal]]
| volume = 21
| issue = 2
| pages = e187–e191
| year = 2016
| month = March
| pmid = 26827061
}}</ref>
*[[Smoking]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[H. pylori]]
*Sensitivity to food
*Nutritional abnormalities
*Immunologic deficiencies e.g [[HIV]]
*Genetic factors
*[[Chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Kenji Momo]]
| title = &#91;Indomethacin Spray Preparation for the Control of Pain Associated with Stomatitis Caused by Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Cancer Patients&#93;
| journal = [[Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan]]
| volume = 135
| issue = 8
| pages = 931–935
| year = 2015
| month =
| doi = 10.1248/yakushi.15-00112-1
| pmid = 26234349
}}</ref>


== Screening ==
==Related Chapters==
Screening for stomatitis is not recommended.<ref name=stomatitis-Screening>U.S. Preventive Services Task Force http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/Search?s=stomatitis Accessed on August 31, 2016</ref>
*[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
*[[Herpetic stomatitis]]
*[[Chicken pox]]
*[[Trench mouth]]
*[[Bovine papular stomatitis]]
*[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease]]


==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
==History and Symptoms==
==Physical Examination==
==Laboratory Findings==
==Medical Therapy==
==Primary Prevention==
==Secondary Prevention==
==References==


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[[Category:Primary Care]]
[[Category:Primary Care]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]

Latest revision as of 00:18, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2], Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [3]

Synonyms and keywords: Aphthous stomatitis; Herpetic stomatitis

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Stomatitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

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