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__NOTOC__
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{{Uveitis}}
{{Uveitis}}
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==Overview==
Common causes of uveitis include [[seronegative spondyloarthropathy]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[juvenile idiopathic arthritis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Behçet syndrome]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[AIDS]], [[syphilis]], and [[tuberculosis]].<ref name="pmid20943722">{{cite journal| author=Guly CM, Forrester JV| title=Investigation and management of uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c4976 | pmid=20943722 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4976 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20943722  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8619771">{{cite journal| author=Rodriguez A, Calonge M, Pedroza-Seres M, Akova YA, Messmer EM, D'Amico DJ et al.| title=Referral patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 1996 | volume= 114 | issue= 5 | pages= 593-9 | pmid=8619771 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8619771  }} </ref>


== Causes ==
== Causes ==
A myriad of conditions can lead to the development of uveitis, including systemic diseases as well as syndromes confined to the eye. In anterior uveitis, no specific diagnosis is made in approximately one-half of cases. However, anterior uveitis is often one of the syndromes associated with [[HLA-B27]].
Uveitis may be caused by either systemic inflammatory diseases, localized infectious diseases, or isolated syndromes confined to the eye. No specific diagnosis is made in approximately one-half of cases. However, uveitis is often associated with [[human leukocyte antigen|human leukocyte antigen (HLA)]] alleles such as [[HLA-B27]], [[HLA-A29]], HLA-B51, [[HLA-B8]], [[HLA-DR15]], [[HLA-DR2]].<ref name="pmid20943722">{{cite journal| author=Guly CM, Forrester JV| title=Investigation and management of uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c4976 | pmid=20943722 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4976 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20943722  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8619771">{{cite journal| author=Rodriguez A, Calonge M, Pedroza-Seres M, Akova YA, Messmer EM, D'Amico DJ et al.| title=Referral patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 1996 | volume= 114 | issue= 5 | pages= 593-9 | pmid=8619771 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8619771  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26438050">{{cite journal| author=Przeździecka-Dołyk J, Węgrzyn A, Turno-Kręcicka A, Misiuk-Hojło M| title=Immunopathogenic Background of Pars Planitis. | journal=Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) | year= 2016 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 127-37 | pmid=26438050 | doi=10.1007/s00005-015-0361-y | pmc=4805694 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26438050  }} </ref>


=== Systemic disorders causing uveitis ===
=== Systemic inflammatory disorders causing uveitis ===
Systemic disorders that can cause uveitis include: <ref>White G.[http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/uveitis.htm "Uveitis."] AllAboutVision.com. Retrieved August 20, 2006.</ref>
Systemic autoimmune disorders that can cause uveitis include:<ref name="pmid20943722">{{cite journal| author=Guly CM, Forrester JV| title=Investigation and management of uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c4976 | pmid=20943722 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4976 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20943722  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8619771">{{cite journal| author=Rodriguez A, Calonge M, Pedroza-Seres M, Akova YA, Messmer EM, D'Amico DJ et al.| title=Referral patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 1996 | volume= 114 | issue= 5 | pages= 593-9 | pmid=8619771 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8619771  }} </ref><ref>White G.[http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/uveitis.htm "Uveitis."] AllAboutVision.com. Retrieved August 20, 2006.</ref>
 
* [[Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy]]
* [[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
* [[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
* [[Behçet's disease]]
* [[Behçet's disease]]
* [[Birdshot retinochoroidopathy]]
* [[Brucellosis]]
* [[Herpes simplex]]
* [[Herpes zoster]]
* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
* [[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]]
* [[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]]
* [[Kawasaki disease]]
* [[Kawasaki disease]]
* [[Leptospirosis]]
* [[Lyme disease]]
* [[Multiple sclerosis]]
* [[Multiple sclerosis]]
* [[Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome]]
* [[Psoriatic arthritis]]
* [[Psoriatic arthritis]]
* [[Reiter's syndrome]]
* [[Reiter's syndrome]]
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
* [[Syphilis]]
* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
* [[Whipple disease]]
=== Infectious disease causes of uveitis ===
Infectious diseases that can cause uveitis include:<ref name="pmid20943722">{{cite journal| author=Guly CM, Forrester JV| title=Investigation and management of uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c4976 | pmid=20943722 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4976 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20943722  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8619771">{{cite journal| author=Rodriguez A, Calonge M, Pedroza-Seres M, Akova YA, Messmer EM, D'Amico DJ et al.| title=Referral patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 1996 | volume= 114 | issue= 5 | pages= 593-9 | pmid=8619771 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8619771  }} </ref><ref>White G.[http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/uveitis.htm "Uveitis."] AllAboutVision.com. Retrieved August 20, 2006.</ref>
* [[Toxocariasis]]
* [[Toxocariasis]]
* [[Toxoplasmosis]]
* [[Toxoplasmosis]]
* [[Tuberculosis]]
* [[Tuberculosis]]
* [[Syphilis]]
* [[Leptospirosis]]
* [[Brucellosis]]
* [[Herpes simplex]]
* [[Varicella zoster]]
* [[Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome]]
* [[Lyme disease]]
* [[Cytomegalovirus]]
* [[Rubella]]
* [[Cat scratch disease|Cat scratch disease (''Batronela spp.'')]]
=== Isolated eye disorders causing uveitis ===
Isolated eye disorders that can cause uveitis include:<ref name="pmid20943722">{{cite journal| author=Guly CM, Forrester JV| title=Investigation and management of uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c4976 | pmid=20943722 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4976 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20943722  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8619771">{{cite journal| author=Rodriguez A, Calonge M, Pedroza-Seres M, Akova YA, Messmer EM, D'Amico DJ et al.| title=Referral patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 1996 | volume= 114 | issue= 5 | pages= 593-9 | pmid=8619771 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8619771  }} </ref><ref>White G.[http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/uveitis.htm "Uveitis."] AllAboutVision.com. Retrieved August 20, 2006.</ref>
* [[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
* [[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
* [[Whipple disease]]
* [[Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy]]
* [[Birdshot retinochoroidopathy]]


=== Masquerade syndromes ===
===Cause by Anatomical Location===
Masquerade syndromes are ophthalmic disorders that clinically present as either an anterior or posterior uveitis, but are not primarily inflammatory. The following are some of the most common:
The cause of uveitis may vary depending on the anatomical location affected:<ref name="pmid20943722">{{cite journal| author=Guly CM, Forrester JV| title=Investigation and management of uveitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c4976 | pmid=20943722 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4976 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20943722  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8619771">{{cite journal| author=Rodriguez A, Calonge M, Pedroza-Seres M, Akova YA, Messmer EM, D'Amico DJ et al.| title=Referral patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 1996 | volume= 114 | issue= 5 | pages= 593-9 | pmid=8619771 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8619771  }} </ref><br>
 
* Anterior segment
:* Intraocular [[foreign body]]
:* [[Juvenile xanthogranuloma]]
:* [[Leukemia]]
:* Malignant melanoma
:* [[Retinoblastoma]]
:* [[Retinal detachment]]
* Posterior segment
:* Lymphoma
:* Malignant melanoma
:* Multiple sclerosis
:* Reticulum cell sarcoma
:* Retinitis pigmentosa
:* Retinoblastoma
 
Additionally, the causes may vary depending on the form of uveitis:<br>


* '''Anterior uveitis''' may be associated with [[autoimmune diseases]], but most cases occur in healthy people for unapparent reasons. The disorder may affect only one eye. It is most common in young and middle-aged people.
* '''Anterior uveitis''' may be associated with [[autoimmune diseases]], but most cases occur in healthy people for unapparent reasons. The disorder may affect only one eye. It is most common in young and middle-aged people.


* '''[[Intermediate uveitis]]''' usually occurs in young men and is generally not associated with any other disease.  In most cases, the cause is unknown<ref>http://www.preventblindness.org/uveitis/what/types.html</ref>.  However, some evidence suggests it may be linked to [[Crohn's disease]] and possibly [[multiple sclerosis]] <ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001005.htm</ref>.
* '''[[Intermediate uveitis]]''' usually occurs in young men and is generally not associated with any other disease.  In most cases, the cause is unknown.<ref>http://www.preventblindness.org/uveitis/what/types.html</ref> However, some evidence suggests it may be linked to [[Crohn's disease]] and possibly [[multiple sclerosis]].<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001005.htm</ref>


* '''Posterior uveitis''' may develop in people who have an [[autoimmune disease]] or who have had a [[systemic]] (body-wide) infection.  The most common cause of posterior uveitis is infections resulting from [[toxoplasmosis]] <ref>http://www.preventblindness.org/uveitis/what/types.html</ref>
* '''Posterior uveitis''' may develop in people who have an [[autoimmune disease]] or who have had a [[systemic]] (body-wide) infection.  The most common cause of posterior uveitis is infections resulting from [[toxoplasmosis]].<ref>http://www.preventblindness.org/uveitis/what/types.html</ref>


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Etidronate]], [[Fomivirsen sodium]], [[Latanoprost]], [[Nivolumab]],  [[Rifabutin]], [[Vemurafenib]]
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Certolizumab pegol]], [[etidronate]], [[fomivirsen sodium]], [[latanoprost]], [[metipranolol]], [[medrysone]],[[nivolumab]], [[pembrolizumab]],  [[rifabutin]], [[trametinib]], [[vemurafenib]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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*[[Blau syndrome]]
*[[Blau syndrome]]
*[[Brucellosis]]
*[[Brucellosis]]
*[[Certolizumab pegol]]
*[[Cat scratch fever]]
*[[Cat scratch fever]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
Line 208: Line 202:
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Medrysone]]
*[[Multiple sclerosis]]
*[[Multiple sclerosis]]
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
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== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Ophthalmology]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]


{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Ophthalmology]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Latest revision as of 00:37, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Tarek Nafee, M.D. [2]

Overview

Common causes of uveitis include seronegative spondyloarthropathy, sarcoidosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Behçet syndrome, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, syphilis, and tuberculosis.[1][2]

Causes

Uveitis may be caused by either systemic inflammatory diseases, localized infectious diseases, or isolated syndromes confined to the eye. No specific diagnosis is made in approximately one-half of cases. However, uveitis is often associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles such as HLA-B27, HLA-A29, HLA-B51, HLA-B8, HLA-DR15, HLA-DR2.[1][2][3]

Systemic inflammatory disorders causing uveitis

Systemic autoimmune disorders that can cause uveitis include:[1][2][4]

Infectious disease causes of uveitis

Infectious diseases that can cause uveitis include:[1][2][5]

Isolated eye disorders causing uveitis

Isolated eye disorders that can cause uveitis include:[1][2][6]

Cause by Anatomical Location

The cause of uveitis may vary depending on the anatomical location affected:[1][2]

  • Anterior uveitis may be associated with autoimmune diseases, but most cases occur in healthy people for unapparent reasons. The disorder may affect only one eye. It is most common in young and middle-aged people.
  • Posterior uveitis may develop in people who have an autoimmune disease or who have had a systemic (body-wide) infection. The most common cause of posterior uveitis is infections resulting from toxoplasmosis.[9]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Kawasaki disease, Wegener granulomatosis
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic Vitiligo, Psoriasis
Drug Side Effect Certolizumab pegol, etidronate, fomivirsen sodium, latanoprost, metipranolol, medrysone,nivolumab, pembrolizumab, rifabutin, trametinib, vemurafenib
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease
Genetic Blau syndrome, Granulomatous arthritis of childhood, Incontinentia pigmenti, Synovitis granulomatous with uveitis and cranial neuropathies
Hematologic Lymphoma
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Brucellosis, Cat scratch fever, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, HTLV-1, Lepromatous leprosy, Leptospirosis, Lyme disease, Malaria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Ocular bartonellosis, Onchocerciasis, Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, Secondary syphilis, Syphilis, Toxocariasis, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Tuberculosis, West nile virus, Whipple disease , AIDS
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Granulomatous arthritis of childhood, Ankylosing spondylitis, Juvenile chronic arthritis, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Polychondritis, Rheumatoid disease, Still disease, juvenile-onset
Neurologic Tropical spastic paraparesis, Multiple sclerosis
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Lymphoma
Opthalmologic Acute retinal necrosis syndrome, Alezzandrini syndrome, Birdshot retinochoroidopathy, Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis, Heerfordt-Waldenstroem syndrome, Ocular ischemic syndrome, Pars planitis, Scleritis, Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis, Systemic ophthalmitis, Intraocular foreign body
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Ulcerative colitis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Autoimmune uveitis, Behcet disease, Crohn's disease, Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, Juvenile chronic arthritis, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Kawasaki disease, Multiple sclerosis, Polychondritis, Psoriasis, Reiter syndrome, Rheumatoid disease, Sarcoidosis, Still disease, juvenile-onset, Sympathetic ophthalmitis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Wegener granulomatosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Trauma
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Intraocular foreign body

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Guly CM, Forrester JV (2010). "Investigation and management of uveitis". BMJ. 341: c4976. doi:10.1136/bmj.c4976. PMID 20943722.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Rodriguez A, Calonge M, Pedroza-Seres M, Akova YA, Messmer EM, D'Amico DJ; et al. (1996). "Referral patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center". Arch Ophthalmol. 114 (5): 593–9. PMID 8619771.
  3. ↑ Przeździecka-Dołyk J, Węgrzyn A, Turno-Kręcicka A, Misiuk-Hojło M (2016). "Immunopathogenic Background of Pars Planitis". Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 64 (2): 127–37. doi:10.1007/s00005-015-0361-y. PMC 4805694. PMID 26438050.
  4. ↑ White G."Uveitis." AllAboutVision.com. Retrieved August 20, 2006.
  5. ↑ White G."Uveitis." AllAboutVision.com. Retrieved August 20, 2006.
  6. ↑ White G."Uveitis." AllAboutVision.com. Retrieved August 20, 2006.
  7. ↑ http://www.preventblindness.org/uveitis/what/types.html
  8. ↑ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001005.htm
  9. ↑ http://www.preventblindness.org/uveitis/what/types.html

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