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| | Name = Alzheimer's disease | | | Name = Alzheimer's disease |
| | Image = Alzheimer dementia (3) presenile onset.jpg | | | Image = Alzheimer dementia (3) presenile onset.jpg |
| | Caption = [[Histopathology|Histopathologic]] image of senile plaques seen in the cerebral cortex in a patient with Alzheimer disease of presenile onset. Silver impregnation. | | | Caption = [[Histopathology|Histopathologic]] image of senile plaques seen in the cerebral cortex in a patient with Alzheimer disease of presenile onset. Silver impregnation (souce: wikipedia.org) |
| | DiseasesDB = 490 | | | DiseasesDB = 490 |
| | ICD10 = {{ICD10|G|30||g|30}}, {{ICD10|F|00||f|00}} | | | ICD10 = {{ICD10|G|30||g|30}}, {{ICD10|F|00||f|00}} |
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| | OMIM = 104300 | | | OMIM = 104300 |
| | MedlinePlus = 000760 | | | MedlinePlus = 000760 |
| | eMedicineSubj =
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| | eMedicineTopic =
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| | MeshID = D000544 | | | MeshID = D000544 |
| |}} | | |}} |
| | {| class="infobox" style="float:right;" |
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| | | [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Alzheimer's disease resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br> |
| | | [[Alzheimer's disease resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']] |
| | |} |
| {{Alzheimer's disease}} | | {{Alzheimer's disease}} |
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| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| '''Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson]], M.S.,M.D. [mailto:mgibson@perfuse.org] Phone:617-632-7753; Peter Pressman, M.D. [mailto:pspressman@gmail.com], Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Department of Neurology
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}}, {{ARK}}, {{Akshun}}, {{ADS}}, {{KS}}, {{HW}} |
| <p> Dr. Pressman has nothing to disclose. </p>
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| {{SK}} AD; Alzheimer disease; senile dementia of the Alzheimer type; SDAT; Alzheimer's | | {{SK}} AD; Alzheimer's; Alzheimer dementia; Alzheimer disease; Alzheimer sclerosis; Alzheimer's syndrome; Alzheimer-type dementia; Presenile and senile dementia; Primary senile degenerative dementia; Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type; SDAT; Alzhiemer dementia; Alzhiemer's; Alzheimer's dementia care; Alzheimer's caregiving |
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| ==[[Alzheimer's disease overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Alzheimer's disease overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==[[Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | | ==[[Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| | ==[[Alzheimer's disease causes|Causes]]== |
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| ==[[Alzheimer's disease epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== | | ==[[Alzheimer's disease epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| | ==[[Alzheimer's disease risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| ==[[Alzheimer's disease natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== | | ==[[Alzheimer's disease natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| == Diagnosis == | | == Diagnosis == |
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| :[[Alzheimer's disease history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Alzheimer's disease physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Alzheimer's disease other imaging findings|Other imaging findings]]
| | [[Alzheimer's disease diagnostic criteria|Diagnostic criteria]] | [[Alzheimer's disease history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Alzheimer's disease physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Alzheimer's disease laboratory findings | Laboratory findings]] | [[Alzheimer's disease electrocardiogram | Electrocardiogram]] | [[Alzheimer's disease X-ray | X-ray]] | [[Alzheimer's disease CT scan | CT scan]] | [[Alzheimer's disease MRI | MRI]] | [[Alzheimer's disease other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Alzheimer's disease other diagnostic studies|Other diagnostic studies]] |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
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| :'''Medical:''' [[Alzheimer's disease medical therapy| Medical Therapy]] | [[Alzheimer's disease primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Alzheimer's disease future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Alzheimer's disease family and social impact|Family and Social Impact]]
| | [[Alzheimer's disease medical therapy| Medical Therapy]] | [[Alzheimer's disease surgery| Surgery]] | [[Alzheimer's disease primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Alzheimer's disease future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Alzheimer's disease social impact|Social Impact]] | [[Alzheimer's disease family impact|Family Impact]] |
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| :'''Surgical:''' [[Alzheimer's disease surgery| Surgery]]
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| ==Background==
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| '''Alzheimer's disease''' is the most common form of [[dementia]].
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| Although each sufferer experiences Alzheimer's in a unique way, there are many common symptoms.<ref name="alzheimers.org">
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| {{cite web
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| | title=What is Alzheimer’s disease?
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| | url=http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=100
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| | publisher=Alzheimers.org.uk | |
| | year=2007
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| | month=August
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| | accessdate=2008-02-21
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| }}</ref> The earliest observable symptoms are often mistakenly thought to be 'age-related' changes, or manifestations of [[Stress (medicine)|stress]].<ref name="pmid17222085">{{cite journal
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| |author=Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, ''et al''
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| |title=Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline
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| |journal=Eur. J. Neurol. | |
| |volume=14
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| |issue=1
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| |pages=e1–26
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| |year=2007
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| |month=January
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| |pmid=17222085
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| |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x
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| }}</ref> The most commonly recognized symptom of early Alzheimer's disease is [[memory loss]], usually the forgetting of recently learned facts. As the disease advances, symptoms include [[Mental confusion|confusion]], irritability and aggression, [[mood swing]]s, language breakdown, [[long-term memory]] loss, and the general withdrawal of the sufferer as their senses decline.<ref name="pmid17222085"/><ref name="pmid17823840">
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| {{cite journal
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| |author=Tabert MH, Liu X, Doty RL, Serby M, Zamora D, Pelton GH, Marder K, Albers MW, Stern Y, Devanand DP
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| |title=A 10-item smell identification scale related to risk for Alzheimer's disease
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| |journal=Ann. Neurol.
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| |volume=58
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| |issue=1
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| |pages=155–160
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| |year=2005
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| |pmid=15984022
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| |doi=10.1002/ana.20533
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| }}</ref> Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death.<ref name="nihstages">
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| {{cite web
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| | title=Understanding stages and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease
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| | url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/stages.htm
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| | publisher=National Institute on Aging
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| | date=2007-10-26
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| | accessdate=2008-02-21
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| }}</ref> When a doctor or physician has been notified, and AD is suspected, the diagnosis is usually further supported by behavioral assessments and [[cognitive tests]], often followed by a [[neuroimaging|brain scan]] if available.<ref name="alzres">
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| {{cite web
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| | title=Alzheimer's diagnosis of AD
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| | url=http://www.alzheimers-research.org.uk/info/diagnosis/
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| | publisher=Alzheimer's Research Trust
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| | accessdate=2008-02-29
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| }}</ref> Individual [[prognosis]] is difficult to assess, as the duration of the disease varies. AD develops for an indeterminate period of time before becoming fully apparent, and it can progress undiagnosed for years. The mean life expectancy following diagnosis is approximately seven years.<ref name="pmid3776457">{{cite journal
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| |author=Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK
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| |title=Survival and cause of death in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia
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| |journal=Acta Neurol. Scand.
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| |volume=74
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| |issue=2
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| |pages=103–7
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| |year=1986
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| |month=August
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| |pmid=3776457
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| |accessdate=2008-08-04
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| }}</ref> Fewer than three percent of individuals live more than fourteen years after diagnosis.<ref name="pmid7793228">{{cite journal
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| |author=Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK
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| |title=Long-term survival and predictors of mortality in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia
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| |journal=Acta Neurol. Scand.
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| |volume=91
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| |issue=3
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| |pages=159–64
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| |year=1995
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| |month=March
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| |pmid=7793228
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| }}</ref>
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| The cause of Alzheimer's disease is poorly understood. Research indicates that the disease is associated with [[Senile plaques|plaques]] and [[neurofibrillary tangles|tangles]] in the [[brain]].<ref name="pmid15184601"/> Currently-used treatments offer a small symptomatic benefit. No treatments to halt the progression of the disease are yet available. As of 2010, more than 700 [[clinical trials]] were investigating possible treatments for AD, but it is unknown if any of them will prove successful.<ref>{{cite web
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| |url=http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=alzheimer
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| |title= Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trials
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| |accessdate= 2008-08-18
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| |publisher= US National Institutes of Health
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| }}</ref> Many measures have been suggested for the [[preventive medicine|prevention]] of Alzheimer's disease, but the value of these measures is unproven in slowing the course and reducing the severity of the disease. Mental stimulation, [[exercise]], and a [[balanced diet]] are often recommended as both a possible prevention and a sensible way of managing the disease.<ref name="prevention1">
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| {{cite web
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| | title=Can Alzheimer's disease be prevented
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| | url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/63B5A29C-F943-4DB7-91B4-0296772973F3/0/CanADbePrevented.pdf
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| | format=pdf
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| | publisher=National Institute on Aging
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| | accessdate=2008-02-29
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| | date =2006-08-29
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| }}</ref>
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| Because AD cannot be cured, management of patients is essential as the disease progresses. The role of the main caregiver is often taken by a spouse or a close relative.<ref name="metlife.com">{{cite web
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| | title= The MetLife study of Alzheimer’s disease: The caregiving experience
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| | month= August | year= 2006
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| | url=http://www.metlife.com/WPSAssets/14050063731156260663V1FAlzheimerCaregivingExperience.pdf
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| | publisher=MetLife Mature Market Institute
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| | format=PDF
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| | accessdate=2008-02-12
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| }}</ref> Alzheimer's disease is known for [[caregiving and dementia|placing a great burden on caregivers]]; the pressures can be wide-ranging, affecting social, psychological, physical, and economic components of the caregiver's life.<ref name="pmid17662119">{{cite journal
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| |author=Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson J
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| |title=Systematic review of information and support interventions for caregivers of people with dementia
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| |journal=BMC Geriatr
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| |volume=7
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| |pages=18
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| |year=2007
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| |pmid=17662119
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| |pmc=1951962
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| |doi=10.1186/1471-2318-7-18
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| }}</ref><ref name="pmid10489656">{{cite journal
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| |author=Schneider J, Murray J, Banerjee S, Mann A
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| |title=EUROCARE: a cross-national study of co-resident spouse carers for people with Alzheimer's disease: I—Factors associated with carer burden
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| |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
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| |volume=14
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| |issue=8
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| |pages=651–661
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| |year=1999
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| |month=August
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| |pmid=10489656
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| |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<651::AID-GPS992>3.0.CO;2-B
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| |accessdate=2008-07-04
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| }}</ref><ref name="pmid10489657">{{cite journal
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| |author=Murray J, Schneider J, Banerjee S, Mann A
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| |title=EUROCARE: a cross-national study of co-resident spouse carers for people with Alzheimer's disease: II--A qualitative analysis of the experience of caregiving
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| |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
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| |volume=14
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| |issue=8
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| |pages=662–667
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| |year=1999
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| |month=August
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| |pmid=10489657
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| |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<662::AID-GPS993>3.0.CO;2-4
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| }}</ref> In developed countries, AD is one of the most economically costly diseases to society.<ref name="pmid15685097">{{cite journal
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| |author=Bonin-Guillaume S, Zekry D, Giacobini E, Gold G, Michel JP
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| |title=Impact économique de la démence (English: The economical impact of dementia)
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| |language=French
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| |journal=Presse Med
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| |issn=0755-4982
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| |volume=34
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| |issue=1
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| |pages=35–41
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| |year=2005
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| |month=January
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| |pmid=15685097
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| }}</ref><ref name="pmid9543467">{{cite journal
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| |author=Meek PD, McKeithan K, Schumock GT
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| |title=Economic considerations in Alzheimer's disease
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| |journal=Pharmacotherapy
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| |volume=18
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| |issue=2 Pt 2
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| |pages=68–73; discussion 79–82
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| |year=1998
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| |pmid=9543467
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| }}</ref>
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| ==References == | | ==Related Chapters== |
| {{reflist|2}}
| | * [[Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease]] |
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