Dextrocardia classification: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
There is no established system for the classification of [[dextrocardia]]. Despite that, it has been proposed to categorize it according to its relationship with some congenital cardiac anomalies including [[situs inversus]], [[situs solitus]], and [[situs ambiguous]].
 
==Classification==
 
There is no established system for the classification of dextrocardia but it may be categorized with some of the congenital cardiac anomalies that may be seen in association with it:<ref name="MaldjianSaric2007">{{cite journal|last1=Maldjian|first1=Pierre D.|last2=Saric|first2=Muhamed|title=Approach to Dextrocardia in Adults:Review|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=188|issue=6_supplement|year=2007|pages=S39–S49|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.06.1179}}</ref>
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 1000px"
|valign=top|
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px; color: #FFFFFF;"|'''Dextrocardia Types'''
 
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 600px; color: #FFFFFF;"|'''Description'''
 
|-
 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align=center | '''Dextrocardia with situs solitus '''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
:* Dextrocardia with normally related great arteries and D-transposition (complete transposition) or L-transposition (congenitally corrected transposition) of the great arteries. Some examples include dextrocardia with D-loop ventricles and normally related great arteries, with L-loop ventricles and L-TGA (congenitally corrected TGA).
:* Embryologic failure of the final leftward shift of the ventricles during development results in dextrocardia with situs solitus, D-loop ventricles, and normally related great arteries.
 
|-
 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align=center | '''Dextrocardia with situs inversus '''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
:* May present with dextrocardia with inversely related great arteries and D-transposition (congenitally corrected transposition) or L-transposition (“uncorrected” transposition) of the great arteries. An example is dextrocardia with D-loop ventricles and D-TGA (congenitally corrected TGA).
 
|-
 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align=center | '''Dextrocardia with situs ambiguous (either polyspenia or asplenia)''' || style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
:* Dextrocardia with any of the above relationships between the ventricles and great vessels.
|}


OR


[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].


OR
The table below shows the three possible basic truncoconal morphologies that occur in dextrocardia:<ref name="AnselmiMunoz1972">{{cite journal|last1=Anselmi|first1=G|last2=Munoz|first2=S|last3=Blanco|first3=P|last4=Machado|first4=I|last5=De la Cruz|first5=M V|title=Systematization and clinical study of dextroversion, mirror-image dextrocardia, and laevoversion.|journal=Heart|volume=34|issue=11|year=1972|pages=1085–1098|issn=1355-6037|doi=10.1136/hrt.34.11.1085}}</ref>


[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 1000px"
[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
|valign=top|
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px; color: #FFFFFF;"|'''Truncoconal Morphologies in Dextrocardia '''


OR
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 600px; color: #FFFFFF;"|'''Description'''


Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
|-


OR
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align=center | '''Dextrocardia without TGA '''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
:* Aorta and pulmonary artery in a normal relation
:* Most common type
:* Occurs in about 78% of cases


If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
|-
According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].


OR
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align=center | '''Dextrocardia with TGA '''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
:* Both vessels parallel to each other with the aorta emerging from the anterior ventricle in an anterior position and the pulmonary artery posterior to the aorta
:* Occurs in about 22% of cases.


The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
|-


OR
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align=center | '''Dextrocardia with a common trunk''' || style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
:* A single vessel emerges from the heart
:* Least common type
|}


There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].


==Classification==


There is no established system for the classification of dextrocardia but it may be categorized with some of the congenital cardiac anomalies that may be seen in association with it:
There are two possible ventricular positions that could be seen in dextrocardia:
*Dextrocardia with situs solitus: Dextrocardia with normally related great arteries and D-transposition (complete transposition) or L-transposition (congenitally corrected transposition) of the great arteries.
 
*Dextrocardia with situs inversus: One may have dextrocardia with inversely related great arteries and D-transposition (congenitally corrected transposition) or L-transposition (“uncorrected” transposition) of the great arteries.
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 1000px"
*Dextrocardia with situs ambiguous (either polysplenia or asplenia): One may have dextrocardia with any of the preceding relationships between the ventricles and great vessels.
|valign=top|
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px; color: #FFFFFF;"|'''Position of the ventricles '''
 
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 600px; color: #FFFFFF;"|'''Description'''
 
|-
 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align=center | '''Normal position '''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
:* The dorsal ventricle is located on the right and the ventral ventricle is located on the left.
 
|-
 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align=center | '''Ventricular inversion '''|| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
:* The ventral ventricle is located on the right and the dorsal located on the left
 
|}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 21:02, 3 July 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: José Eduardo Riceto Loyola Junior, M.D.[2]

Overview

There is no established system for the classification of dextrocardia. Despite that, it has been proposed to categorize it according to its relationship with some congenital cardiac anomalies including situs inversus, situs solitus, and situs ambiguous.

Classification

There is no established system for the classification of dextrocardia but it may be categorized with some of the congenital cardiac anomalies that may be seen in association with it:[1]

Dextrocardia Types Description
Dextrocardia with situs solitus
  • Dextrocardia with normally related great arteries and D-transposition (complete transposition) or L-transposition (congenitally corrected transposition) of the great arteries. Some examples include dextrocardia with D-loop ventricles and normally related great arteries, with L-loop ventricles and L-TGA (congenitally corrected TGA).
  • Embryologic failure of the final leftward shift of the ventricles during development results in dextrocardia with situs solitus, D-loop ventricles, and normally related great arteries.
Dextrocardia with situs inversus
  • May present with dextrocardia with inversely related great arteries and D-transposition (congenitally corrected transposition) or L-transposition (“uncorrected” transposition) of the great arteries. An example is dextrocardia with D-loop ventricles and D-TGA (congenitally corrected TGA).
Dextrocardia with situs ambiguous (either polyspenia or asplenia)
  • Dextrocardia with any of the above relationships between the ventricles and great vessels.


The table below shows the three possible basic truncoconal morphologies that occur in dextrocardia:[2]

Truncoconal Morphologies in Dextrocardia Description
Dextrocardia without TGA
  • Aorta and pulmonary artery in a normal relation
  • Most common type
  • Occurs in about 78% of cases
Dextrocardia with TGA
  • Both vessels parallel to each other with the aorta emerging from the anterior ventricle in an anterior position and the pulmonary artery posterior to the aorta
  • Occurs in about 22% of cases.
Dextrocardia with a common trunk
  • A single vessel emerges from the heart
  • Least common type


There are two possible ventricular positions that could be seen in dextrocardia:

Position of the ventricles Description
Normal position
  • The dorsal ventricle is located on the right and the ventral ventricle is located on the left.
Ventricular inversion
  • The ventral ventricle is located on the right and the dorsal located on the left

References

  1. ↑ Maldjian, Pierre D.; Saric, Muhamed (2007). "Approach to Dextrocardia in Adults:Review". American Journal of Roentgenology. 188 (6_supplement): S39–S49. doi:10.2214/AJR.06.1179. ISSN 0361-803X.
  2. ↑ Anselmi, G; Munoz, S; Blanco, P; Machado, I; De la Cruz, M V (1972). "Systematization and clinical study of dextroversion, mirror-image dextrocardia, and laevoversion". Heart. 34 (11): 1085–1098. doi:10.1136/hrt.34.11.1085. ISSN 1355-6037.

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