Dizziness causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Dizziness}}
{{Dizziness}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{MUT}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{MUT}} {{Norina Usman}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Dizziness may be caused by hypotension, dehydration, arrhythmia, labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease, stroke, or hypoglycemia. Other causes are based on the organ system such as cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, dermatological, endocrine, infectious, pulmonological or side effects of the medicine.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Common causes of dizziness may include<ref name="pmid21570240">{{cite journal| author=Kim AS, Sidney S, Klingman JG, Johnston SC| title=Practice variation in neuroimaging to evaluate dizziness in the ED. | journal=Am J Emerg Med | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue= 5 | pages= 665-72 | pmid=21570240 | doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2011.02.038 | pmc=4560264 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21570240  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18460956">{{cite journal| author=Keleş A, Demircan A, Kurtoğlu G| title=Carbon monoxide poisoning: how many patients do we miss? | journal=Eur J Emerg Med | year= 2008 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 154-7 | pmid=18460956 | doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3282efd519 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18460956  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23142830">{{cite journal| author=Lempert T, Olesen J, Furman J, Waterston J, Seemungal B, Carey J | display-authors=etal| title=Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria. | journal=J Vestib Res | year= 2012 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 167-72 | pmid=23142830 | doi=10.3233/VES-2012-0453 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23142830  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8367748">{{cite journal| author=Gilbert VE| title=Immediate orthostatic hypotension: diagnostic value in acutely ill patients. | journal=South Med J | year= 1993 | volume= 86 | issue= 9 | pages= 1028-32 | pmid=8367748 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8367748  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15820968">{{cite journal| author=Lawson J, Johnson I, Bamiou DE, Newton JL| title=Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: clinical characteristics of dizzy patients referred to a Falls and Syncope Unit. | journal=QJM | year= 2005 | volume= 98 | issue= 5 | pages= 357-64 | pmid=15820968 | doi=10.1093/qjmed/hci057 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15820968  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12369019">{{cite journal| author=Sarasin FP, Louis-Simonet M, Carballo D, Slama S, Junod AF, Unger PF| title=Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension among patients presenting with syncope in the ED. | journal=Am J Emerg Med | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 6 | pages= 497-501 | pmid=12369019 | doi=10.1053/ajem.2002.34964 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12369019  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26231273">{{cite journal| author=Newman-Toker DE, Edlow JA| title=TiTrATE: A Novel, Evidence-Based Approach to Diagnosing Acute Dizziness and Vertigo. | journal=Neurol Clin | year= 2015 | volume= 33 | issue= 3 | pages= 577-99, viii | pmid=26231273 | doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2015.04.011 | pmc=4522574 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26231273  }} </ref>:
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
 
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===Common Causes===
*[[Hypotension]]
*[[Hypotension]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Dehydration]]
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*[[Meniere's disease]]
*[[Meniere's disease]]
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<font color="white">{{Smallcaps|{{PAGENAME}} developed by WikiDoc.org}}</font>
 
=== Other Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="lightsteelblue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aortic Stenosis]], [[aortic valve stenosis]], [[atrial flutter]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[cardiac amyloidosis]], [[cardiomegaly]], [[cerebrovascular disease]], [[familial atrial fibrillation]], [[hypertension]], [[inappropriate sinus tachycardia]], [[peripheral arterial disease]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary valve stenosis]], [[second degree AV block]], [[sick sinus syndrome]], [[sinus bradycardia]], [[supraventricular tachycardia]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome]]
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="beige" ; border="1" | [[Aortic Stenosis]], [[aortic valve stenosis]], [[atrial flutter]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[cardiac amyloidosis]], [[cardiomegaly]], [[cerebrovascular disease]], [[familial atrial fibrillation]], [[hypertension]], [[inappropriate sinus tachycardia]], [[peripheral arterial disease]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary valve stenosis]], [[second degree AV block]], [[sick sinus syndrome]], [[sinus bradycardia]], [[supraventricular tachycardia]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol flush reaction]], [[amnesic shellfish poisoning]], [[amyl nitrite]], [[antimony]], [[bromomethane]], [[bothrops]], [[cadmium poisoning]], [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[cyanogen]], [[ephedra]], [[ethylene]], [[furfural]], [[ginkgo]], [[Green Tobacco Sickness|green tobacco sickness]], [[heavy metal ingestion]], [[hydrazine]], [[lead]], [[marine toxins]], [[mushroom poisoning]], [[norplant]], [[nutmeg]], [[opioid]], [[scombroid food poisoning]], [[rubbing alcohol]], [[solanine]], [[trichloroethylene]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Alcohol flush reaction]], [[amnesic shellfish poisoning]], [[amyl nitrite]], [[antimony]], [[bromomethane]], [[bothrops]], [[cadmium poisoning]], [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[cyanogen]], [[ephedra]], [[ethylene]], [[furfural]], [[ginkgo]], [[Green Tobacco Sickness|green tobacco sickness]], [[heavy metal ingestion]], [[hydrazine]], [[lead]], [[marine toxins]], [[mushroom poisoning]], [[norplant]], [[nutmeg]], [[opioid]], [[scombroid food poisoning]], [[rubbing alcohol]], [[solanine]], [[trichloroethylene]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[1,1,1-Trichloroethane]], [[1,4-Dichlorobenzene|1,4-dichlorobenzene]], [[3-quinuclidinyl benzilate]], [[5-HT3 antagonist]], [[abatacept]], [[abciximab]], [[Acamprosate calcium]], [[acebutolol]], [[aceclofenac]], [[acetaminophen]], [[acetohexamide]], [[acetylsalicylic acid]], [[aciclovir]], [[acitretin]], [[acyclovir]], [[adalimumab]], [[ajulemic acid]], [[alatrofloxacin]], [[Albendazole]], [[albuterol]], [[Armodafinil]], [[Ketorolac tromethamine]], [[Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide]], [[Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide]],[[Methylphenidate]], [[aldesleukin]], [[alendronate]], [[alfuzosin]], [[aliskiren]], [[alprazolam]], [[altretamine]], [[amantadine]], [[amifostine]], [[amiloride]], [[amiodarone]], [[amitriptyline]], [[amlodipine]], [[amobarbital]], [[Amoxicillin]], [[Amlodipine besylate and Valsartan]], [[amphetamine]], [[Amphotericin B|amphotericin b]], [[ampicillin]], [[anagrelide]], [[anastrozole]], [[angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor]], [[Antihemophilic Factor (Human) (patient information)|antihemophilic factor (human)]], [[Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant) (patient information)|antihemophilic factor (recombinant)]], [[Apomorphine hydrochloride]], [[aprepitant]], [[aripiprazole]], [[asparaginase]], [[atazanavir]], [[atenolol]], [[atorvastatin]], [[atovaquone]], [[azelastine]], [[azithromycin]], [[baclofen]], [[benazepril]], [[benzodiazepine]], [[benzonatate]], [[benztropine]], [[bepridil]], [[bethanechol]], [[bevacizumab]], [[bezafibrate]], [[bicalutamide]], [[biperiden]], [[bisoprolol]], [[bortezomib]], [[bosentan]], [[bromocriptine]], [[brompheniramine]], [[budesonide]], [[bumetanide]], [[bupivacaine]], [[buprenorphine]], [[bupropion]], [[buspirone]], [[busulfan]], [[butabarbital]], [[butalbital]], [[butanethiol]], [[butorphanol]], [[cabergoline]], [[cafergot]], [[calanolide A]], [[candesartan]], [[capecitabine]], [[captopril]], [[carbamazepine]], [[carbidopa]], [[Carbidopa and Levodopa]], [[carboplatin]], [[carisoprodol]], [[carteolol]], [[carvedilol]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[cefaclor]], [[centrophenoxine]], [[cetuximab]], [[chlorambucil]], [[chlordiazepoxide]], [[chloroform]], [[chloropyramine]], [[chlorothiazide]], [[chlorpheniramine]], [[chlorpropamide]], [[chlorpromazine]], [[chlorthalidone]], [[chlorzoxazone]], [[Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate (patient information)|choline magnesium trisalicylate]], [[ciclesonide]], [[cilastatin]], [[cilostazol]], [[cimetidine]], [[cinacalcet]], [[cinoxacin]], [[citalopram]], [[cladribine]], [[clarithromycin]], [[clemastine]], [[clofarabine]], [[clofibrate]],  [[Clomifene]], [[clomipramine]], [[clonazepam]], [[clonidine]], [[clopidogrel]], [[clorazepate]], [[clozapine]], [[co-trimoxazole]], [[codeine]], [[colistimethate]], [[colofac]], [[cyanocobalamin]], [[cyclobenzaprine]], [[cyclosporine]], [[cyproheptadine]], [[dacarbazine]], [[dactinomycin]], [[Dalteparin Sodium Injection (patient information)|dalteparin]], [[dantrolene]], [[daptomycin]], [[darbepoetin]], [[desipramine]], [[desloratadine]], [[Desmopressin]], [[desoxyn]], [[dexamethasone]], [[dexmethylphenidate]], [[dextroamphetamine]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[dezocine]], [[diampromide]], [[diazepam]], [[dicofol]], [[dicyclomine]], [[didanosine]], [[diethylcathinone]], [[diethylpropion]], [[diflunisal]], [[digoxin]], [[dihydroetorphine]], [[diltiazem]], [[dimenoxadol]], [[dinoprostone]], [[Dioxaphetyl Butyrate|dioxaphetyl butyrate]], [[Diphenhydramine]], [[Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) Vaccine (patient information)|Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) vaccine]], [[dipyridamole]], [[disopyramide]], [[dobutamine]], [[docetaxel]], [[dofetilide]], [[dolasetron]], [[donepezil]], [[dothiepin]], [[doxazosin]], [[doxepin]], [[duloxetine]], [[Dutasteride and Tamsulosin hydrochloride]], [[efavirenz]], [[eletriptan]], [[emtricitabine]], [[enalapril]], [[enfuvirtide]], [[enoxacin]], [[entacapone]], [[entecavir]], [[ephedrine]], [[eplerenone]], [[epoetin]], [[ergotamine ]], [[escitalopram]], [[estazolam]], [[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]], [[estrogen]], [[eszopiclone]], [[etanercept]], [[ethcathinone]], [[ethchlorvynol]], [[ethoheptazine]], [[ethosuximide]], [[ethotoin]], [[etodolac]], [[etoposide]], [[exemestane]], [[exenatide]], [[ezetimibe]], [[famotidine]], [[felodipine]], [[fenofibrate]], [[fenoprofen]], [[fentanyl]],[[fesoterodine]], [[fexofenadine]], [[fioricet]], [[flavoxate]], [[floxuridine]], [[fluconazole]], [[fludrocortisone acetate]], [[flunitrazepam]], [[flurazepam]], [[fluticasone]], [[fluvoxamine]], [[formoterol]], [[fosamprenavir]], [[fosinopril]], [[frovatriptan]], [[fulvestrant]], [[furosemide]], [[gabapentin]], [[galantamine]], [[ganciclovir]], [[gatifloxacin]], [[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride (patient information)|gemcitabine hydrochloride]], [[gemeprost]], [[gemfibrozil]], [[gentamicin]], [[glatiramer]], [[glimepiride]], [[glipizide]], [[glutaraldehyde]], [[glyburide]], [[Glyburide and Metformin]], [[glycopyrrolate]], [[granisetron]], [[Green Tobacco Sickness|green tobacco sickness]] [[grifulvin V]], [[griseofulvin]], [[guanabenz]], [[guanethidine]], [[guanfacine]], [[gyromitrin]], [[H2 antagonist]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[hydrocodone]], [[Hydrocodone bitartrate and Homatropine methylbromide]], [[hydrocortisone]], [[hydromorphone]], [[hydroxychloroquine]], [[hydroxyzine]], [[hyoscyamine]], [[Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen]], [[ibandronate]], [[idarubicin]], [[ifosfamide]], [[iloperidone]], [[imatinib]], [[imiglucerase]], [[imipenem]],    [[imipramine]], [[Immune Globulin Intravenous Injection (patient information)|immune globulin]], [[indapamide]], [[indinavir]], [[indomethacin]], [[infliximab]], [[Influenza Vaccine, Inactivated (patient information)|influenza vaccine, inactivated]], [[Influenza Vaccine, Live Intranasal (patient information)|influenza vaccine, live]], [[insulin lispro]], [[Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b Injection (patient information)|interferon alfa-2a]], [[Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b Injection (patient information)|interferon alfa-2b]], [[Interferon Alfacon-1 Injection (patient information)|interferon alfacon-1]], [[Interferon beta-1a|interferon beta-1a]], [[iodomethane]], [[ipratropium]], [[irbesartan]], [[isocarboxazid]], [[isopropyl alcohol]], [[isoproterenol]], [[isosorbide]], [[isoxsuprine]], [[isradipine]], [[itraconazole]], [[ivabradine]], [[Ivermectin]], [[kaopectate]], [[ketorolac]], [[labetalol]], [[lacosamide]], [[lamivudine]], [[lamotrigine]], [[lanthanum]], [[leflunomide]], [[Letrozole]], [[leuprolide]], [[levalbuterol]], [[levetiracetam]], [[levobupivacaine]], [[levodopa]], [[levofloxacin]], [[levomethadyl]], [[Levonorgestrel]], [[levorphanol]], [[lidocaine]], [[lindane]], [[lisinopril]], [[lithium]], [[Lorcaserin]], [[lomotil]], [[lomustine]], [[loperamide]], [[loratadine]], [[lorazepam]], [[losartan]], [[loxapine]], [[lysuride]], [[magnesium gluconate]], [[magnesium oxide]], [[mechlorethamine]], [[medroxyprogesterone]], [[mefenamic acid]], [[mefloquine]], [[megestrol]], [[melphalan]], [[memantine]], [[meperidine]], [[mercaptopurine]], [[meropenem]], [[mesoridazine]], [[metaproterenol]], [[metaxalone]], [[metethoheptazine]], [[metformin]], [[metheptazine]], [[methimazole]], [[methocarbamol]], [[methotrexate]], [[methoxsalen]], [[methyclothiazide]], [[methylergonovine]], [[methylphenidate]], [[methylprednisolone]], [[methyprylon]], [[metipranolol]], [[metoclopramide]], [[metolazone]], [[metoprolol]], [[metronidazole]], [[mexiletine]], [[mifepristone]], [[miglitol]], [[minocycline hydrochloride]], [[minoxidil]], [[mitomycin]], [[modafinil]], [[moexipril]], [[moricizine]], [[morphine]], [[motofen]], [[moxonidine]], [[mycophenolate]], [[n-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate]], [[n-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate]], [[nabilone]], [[nabumetone]], [[nadolol]], [[nalbuphine]], [[nalmefene]], [[naloxone]], [[naltrexone]], [[naratriptan]], [[natalizumab]], [[Naproxen sodium]], [[nateglinide]], [[nebivolol]], [[nelfinavir]], [[nevirapine]], [[niaprazine]], [[nicardipine]], [[nicotine gum]], [[nicotine lozenges]], [[nifedipine]], [[nilutamide]], [[nimodipine]], [[nisoldipine]], [[nitrazepam]], [[nitrous oxide]], [[nizatidine]], [[norethindrone]], [[ofloxacin]], [[olanzapine]], [[olmesartan]], [[omalizumab]], [[omeprazole]], [[ondansetron]], [[orphenadrine]], [[oseltamivir]], [[oxacillin]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[oxazepam]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[oxybutynin]], [[paclitaxel]], [[paliperidone]], [[permethrin]], [[pamidronate]], [[Pantoprazole]], [[paroxetine]], [[pegaspargase]], [[peginterferon alfa-2a]], [[peginterferon alfa-2b]], [[pemetrexed]], [[pemoline]], [[penbutolol]], [[pentamidine]], [[pentazocine]], [[pentosan polysulfate]], [[pentostatin]], [[pentoxifylline]], [[pergolide]], [[perhexiline]], [[perindopril]], [[perphenazine]], [[phenampromide]], [[phenazepam]], [[phenazopyridine]], [[phenelzine]], [[phenobarbital]], [[phenoxybenzamine]], [[phentermine]], [[phenylephrine]], [[phenytoin]], [[pholcodine]], [[pilocarpine]], [[pimozide]], [[pindolol]], [[pioglitazone]], [[pirbuterol]], [[piribedil]], [[piroxicam]], [[pizotifen]], [[plicamycin]], [[posaconazole]], [[pramipexole]], [[pramlintide]], [[prazepam]], [[praziquantel]], [[prazosin]], [[pregabalin]], [[primaquine]], [[probenecid]], [[procainamide]], [[procarbazine]], [[Prochlorperazine]], [[Progesterone]], [[proheptazine]], [[promethazine]], [[propafenone]], [[propantheline]], [[propiram]], [[propoxyphene]], [[propranolol]], [[propylthiouracil]], [[protriptyline]], [[pseudoephedrine]], [[quazepam]], [[quetiapine]], [[quinapril]], [[quinethazone]], [[quinidine]], [[quinoline]], [[rabeprazole]], [[ramelteon]], [[ramipril]], [[ranibizumab]], [[ranitidine]], [[ranolazine]], [[rasagiline]], [[reboxetine]], [[remifentanil]], [[repaglinide]], [[reserpine]], [[ribavirin]], [[rifaximin]], [[riluzole]], [[risedronate]], [[risperidone]], [[ritonavir]], [[rituximab]], [[rivastigmine]], [[rizatriptan]], [[roflumilast]], [[ropinirole]], [[ropivacaine]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[rosuvastatin]], [[roxithromycin]], [[salmeterol]], [[salsalate]], [[saquinavir]], [[sargramostim]], [[scopolamine]], [[Secobarbital sodium]], [[selegiline]], [[sibutramine]], [[sildenafil]], [[sitaxsentan]], [[sodium oxybate]], [[sodium stibogluconate]], [[solifenacin]], [[sotalol]], [[sparfloxacin]], [[spironolactone]], [[stimulant laxatives]], [[sulfadiazine]], [[sulfisoxazole]], [[sulindac]], [[sulprostone]], [[sumatriptan]], [[tamoxifen]], [[tamsulosin]], [[tapentadol]], [[tegaserod]], [[telbivudine]], [[telithromycin]], [[telmisartan]], [[temazepam]], [[temozolomide]], [[teniposide]], [[terbutaline]], [[teriparatide]], [[testosterone]], [[tetrabenazine]], [[tetrahydrocannabinol]], [[Thalidomide]], [[thiabendazole]], [[thioridazine]], [[ThioTEPA]], [[thiothixene]], [[tiagabine]], [[tianeptine]], [[ticarcillin]], [[tiludronate]], [[timolol]], [[tinidazole]], [[tizanidine]], [[tocainide]], [[tolazamide]], [[tolbutamide]], [[tolcapone]], [[topiramate]], [[Topotecan Hydrochloride (patient information)|topotecan hydrochloride]], [[torsemide]], [[tralomethrin]], [[tramadol]], [[trandolapril]], [[tranylcypromine]], [[trastuzumab]], [[trazodone]], [[treprostinil]], [[Tretinoin]], [[triamcinolone]], [[triamterene]], [[triazolam]], [[trichloroethylene]], [[triclofos]], [[tricyclic antidepressant]], [[trifluoperazine]], [[trihexyphenidyl]], [[trimeprazine]], [[trimetazidine]], [[trimethobenzamide]], [[trimetrexate glucuronate]], [[trimipramine]], [[tripelennamine]], [[tropisetron]], [[trovafloxacin]], [[valaciclovir]], [[valganciclovir]], [[valproic acid]], [[valsartan]], [[vancomycin]], [[vardenafil]], [[venlafaxine]], [[verapamil]], [[vicodin]], [[vigabatrin]], [[vinyl chloride]], [[Von Willebrand factor]], [[voriconazole]], [[vorinostat]], [[Vortioxetine]], [[zaleplon]], [[zanamivir]], [[ziconotide]], [[zidovudine]], [[zileuton]], [[ziprasidone]], [[Zoledronic Acid Injection (patient information)|zoledronic]], [[zolmitriptan]], [[zolpidem]], [[zonisamide]], [[zopiclone]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[1,1,1-Trichloroethane]], [[1,4-Dichlorobenzene|1,4-dichlorobenzene]], [[3-quinuclidinyl benzilate]], [[5-HT3 antagonist]], [[abatacept]], [[abciximab]], [[Acamprosate calcium]], [[acebutolol]], [[aceclofenac]], [[acetaminophen]], [[acetohexamide]], [[acetylsalicylic acid]], [[aciclovir]], [[acitretin]], [[acyclovir]], [[adalimumab]], [[ajulemic acid]], [[alatrofloxacin]], [[Albendazole]], [[albuterol]],  [[Amobarbital sodium]], [[Aminoglutethimide]], [[Armodafinil]], [[Ketorolac tromethamine]], [[Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide]], [[Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide]],[[Methylphenidate]], [[aldesleukin]], [[alendronate]], [[alfuzosin]], [[aliskiren]], [[alprazolam]], [[altretamine]], [[amantadine]], [[amifostine]], [[amiloride]], [[amiodarone]], [[amitriptyline]], [[amlodipine]], [[amobarbital]], [[Amoxicillin]], [[Amlodipine besylate and Valsartan]], [[amphetamine]], [[Amphotericin B|amphotericin b]], [[ampicillin]], [[anagrelide]], [[anastrozole]], [[angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor]], [[Antihemophilic Factor (Human) (patient information)|antihemophilic factor (human)]], [[Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant) (patient information)|antihemophilic factor (recombinant)]], [[Apomorphine hydrochloride]], [[aprepitant]], [[aripiprazole]], [[Artemether/lumefantrine]], [[asparaginase]], [[atazanavir]], [[atenolol]], [[atorvastatin]], [[atovaquone]], [[azelastine]], [[azithromycin]], [[Aztreonam]], [[baclofen]],[[Basiliximab]], [[benazepril]], [[benzodiazepine]], [[benzonatate]], [[benztropine]], [[Benzphetamine]], [[bepridil]], [[bethanechol]], [[bevacizumab]], [[bezafibrate]], [[bicalutamide]], [[biperiden]], [[bisoprolol]], [[bortezomib]], [[bosentan]], [[bromocriptine]], [[brompheniramine]], [[budesonide]], [[bumetanide]], [[bupivacaine]], [[buprenorphine]], [[bupropion]], [[buspirone]], [[busulfan]], [[butabarbital]], [[butalbital]], [[butanethiol]], [[butorphanol]], [[cabergoline]], [[cafergot]], [[calanolide A]], [[candesartan]], [[capecitabine]], [[captopril]], [[carbamazepine]], [[carbidopa]], [[Carbidopa and Levodopa]], [[carboplatin]], [[carisoprodol]], [[carteolol]], [[carvedilol]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[cefaclor]], [[centrophenoxine]], [[cetuximab]], [[chlorambucil]], [[chlordiazepoxide]], [[chloroform]], [[chloropyramine]], [[chlorothiazide]], [[chlorpheniramine]], [[chlorpropamide]], [[chlorpromazine]], [[chlorthalidone]], [[chlorzoxazone]], [[Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate (patient information)|choline magnesium trisalicylate]], [[ciclesonide]], [[cilastatin]], [[cilostazol]], [[cimetidine]], [[cinacalcet]], [[cinoxacin]], [[citalopram]], [[cladribine]], [[clarithromycin]], [[clemastine]], [[clofarabine]], [[clofibrate]],  [[Clomifene]], [[clomipramine]], [[clonazepam]], [[clonidine]], [[clopidogrel]], [[clorazepate]], [[clozapine]], [[co-trimoxazole]], [[codeine]], [[colistimethate]], [[colofac]], [[Crizotinib]], [[cyanocobalamin]], [[cyclobenzaprine]], [[Cycloserine]], [[cyclosporine]], [[cyproheptadine]], [[dacarbazine]], [[dactinomycin]], [[Dalteparin Sodium Injection (patient information)|dalteparin]], [[Dalfampridine]], [[dantrolene]], [[daptomycin]], [[darbepoetin]], [[desipramine]], [[desloratadine]], [[Desmopressin]], [[desoxyn]], [[dexamethasone]], [[dexmethylphenidate]], [[dextroamphetamine]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[dezocine]], [[diampromide]], [[diazepam]], [[dicofol]], [[dicyclomine]], [[didanosine]], [[diethylcathinone]], [[diethylpropion]], [[diflunisal]], [[digoxin]], [[dihydroetorphine]], [[diltiazem]], [[dimenoxadol]], [[dinoprostone]], [[Dioxaphetyl Butyrate|dioxaphetyl butyrate]], [[Diphenhydramine]], [[Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) Vaccine (patient information)|Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) vaccine]], [[dipyridamole]], [[disopyramide]], [[dobutamine]], [[docetaxel]], [[dofetilide]], [[dolasetron]], [[donepezil]], [[dothiepin]], [[doxazosin]], [[doxepin]], [[duloxetine]], [[Dutasteride and Tamsulosin hydrochloride]], [[Epinephrine (aerosol)]], [[Eslicarbazepine acetate]], [[efavirenz]], [[eletriptan]], [[emtricitabine]], [[enalapril]], [[enfuvirtide]], [[enoxacin]], [[entacapone]], [[entecavir]], [[ephedrine]], [[eplerenone]], [[epoetin]],[[Eliglustat]], [[ergotamine ]], [[escitalopram]], [[estazolam]], [[Ethosuximide]], [[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]], [[estrogen]], [[eszopiclone]], [[etanercept]], [[ethcathinone]], [[ethchlorvynol]], [[ethoheptazine]], [[ethosuximide]], [[ethotoin]], [[etodolac]], [[etoposide]], [[exemestane]], [[exenatide]], [[ezetimibe]], [[ezogabine]], [[famotidine]], [[felodipine]], [[fenofibrate]], [[fenoprofen]], [[fentanyl]],[[fesoterodine]], [[fexofenadine]], [[fioricet]], [[flavoxate]], [[floxuridine]], [[fluconazole]], [[fludrocortisone acetate]], [[flunitrazepam]], [[flurazepam]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[fluticasone]], [[fluvoxamine]], [[formoterol]], [[fosamprenavir]], [[fosinopril]],[[Fosfomycin]], [[Fosphenytoin sodium]]
[[frovatriptan]], [[fulvestrant]], [[furosemide]], [[gabapentin]], [[galantamine]], [[ganciclovir]], [[gatifloxacin]], [[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride (patient information)|gemcitabine hydrochloride]], [[gemeprost]], [[gemfibrozil]], [[gentamicin]], [[glatiramer]], [[glimepiride]], [[glipizide]], [[glutaraldehyde]], [[glyburide]], [[Glyburide and Metformin]], [[glycopyrrolate]], [[granisetron]], [[Green Tobacco Sickness|green tobacco sickness]] [[grifulvin V]], [[griseofulvin]], [[guanabenz]], [[guanethidine]], [[guanfacine]], [[gyromitrin]], [[H2 antagonist]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[hydrocodone]], [[Hydrocodone bitartrate and Homatropine methylbromide]], [[hydrocortisone]], [[hydromorphone]], [[hydroxychloroquine]], [[hydroxyzine]], [[hyoscyamine]], [[Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen]], [[ibandronate]], [[idarubicin]], [[ifosfamide]], [[iloperidone]], [[imatinib]], [[imiglucerase]], [[imipenem]],    [[imipramine]], [[Immune Globulin Intravenous Injection (patient information)|immune globulin]], [[indapamide]], [[indinavir]], [[indomethacin]], [[infliximab]], [[Influenza Vaccine, Inactivated (patient information)|influenza vaccine, inactivated]], [[Influenza Vaccine, Live Intranasal (patient information)|influenza vaccine, live]], [[insulin lispro]], [[Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b Injection (patient information)|interferon alfa-2a]], [[Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b Injection (patient information)|interferon alfa-2b]], [[Interferon Alfacon-1 Injection (patient information)|interferon alfacon-1]], [[Interferon beta-1a|interferon beta-1a]], [[iodomethane]], [[ipratropium]], [[irbesartan]], [[isocarboxazid]], [[isopropyl alcohol]], [[isoproterenol]], [[isosorbide]], [[isoxsuprine]], [[isradipine]], [[itraconazole]], [[ivabradine]], [[Ivacaftor]], [[Ivermectin]], [[kaopectate]], [[ketorolac]], [[labetalol]], [[lacosamide]], [[lamivudine]], [[lamotrigine]], [[lanthanum]], [[leflunomide]], [[Lenalidomide]], [[Letrozole]], [[leuprolide]], [[levalbuterol]], [[levetiracetam]], [[levobupivacaine]], [[levodopa]], [[levofloxacin]], [[levomethadyl]], [[Levonorgestrel]], [[levorphanol]], [[lidocaine]], [[lindane]], [[lisinopril]], [[lithium]], [[Lorcaserin]], [[Lomefloxacin hydrochloride]], [[lomotil]], [[lomustine]], [[loperamide]], [[loratadine]], [[lorazepam]], [[losartan]], [[loxapine]], [[lysuride]], [[magnesium gluconate]], [[magnesium oxide]], [[Maraviroc]], [[mechlorethamine]], [[medroxyprogesterone]], [[mefenamic acid]], [[mefloquine]], [[megestrol]], [[melphalan]], [[memantine]], [[meperidine]], [[mercaptopurine]], [[meropenem]], [[mesoridazine]], [[metaproterenol]], [[metaxalone]], [[metethoheptazine]], [[metformin]], [[metheptazine]], [[methimazole]], [[methocarbamol]], [[methotrexate]], [[methoxsalen]], [[methyclothiazide]], [[methylergonovine]], [[methylphenidate]], [[methylprednisolone]], [[methyprylon]], [[metipranolol]], [[metoclopramide]], [[metolazone]], [[metoprolol]], [[metronidazole]], [[mexiletine]], [[Meprobamate]], [[mifepristone]], [[miglitol]], [[Milnacipran hydrochloride]], [[minocycline hydrochloride]], [[minoxidil]], [[mitomycin]], [[modafinil]], [[moexipril]], [[moricizine]], [[morphine]], [[motofen]], [[moxonidine]], [[mycophenolate]], [[n-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate]], [[n-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate]], [[nabilone]], [[nabumetone]], [[nadolol]], [[nalbuphine]], [[nalmefene]], [[naloxone]], [[naltrexone]], [[naratriptan]], [[natalizumab]], [[Naproxen sodium]], [[nateglinide]], [[nebivolol]], [[nelfinavir]], [[nevirapine]], [[niaprazine]], [[nicardipine]], [[nicotine gum]], [[nicotine lozenges]], [[nifedipine]], [[nilutamide]], [[nimodipine]], [[nisoldipine]], [[nitrazepam]], [[Nitroglycerin]], [[nitrous oxide]], [[nizatidine]], [[norethindrone]], [[ofloxacin]], [[olanzapine]], [[olmesartan]], [[omalizumab]], [[omeprazole]], [[ondansetron]], [[Oprelvekin]], [[orphenadrine]], [[oseltamivir]], [[oxacillin]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[oxazepam]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[oxybutynin]], [[paclitaxel]], [[paliperidone]], [[permethrin]], [[pamidronate]], [[Pantoprazole]], [[paroxetine]], [[pegaspargase]], [[peginterferon alfa-2a]], [[peginterferon alfa-2b]], [[pemetrexed]], [[pemoline]], [[penbutolol]], [[pentamidine]], [[pentazocine]], [[pentosan polysulfate]], [[pentostatin]], [[pentoxifylline]], [[Perampanel]], [[pergolide]], [[perhexiline]], [[perindopril]], [[perphenazine]], [[phenampromide]], [[phenazepam]], [[phenazopyridine]], [[phenelzine]], [[phenobarbital]], [[phenoxybenzamine]], [[phentermine]], [[phenylephrine]], [[phenytoin]], [[pholcodine]], [[pilocarpine]], [[pimozide]], [[pindolol]], [[Pirfenidone]], [[pioglitazone]], [[pirbuterol]], [[piribedil]], [[piroxicam]], [[pizotifen]], [[Plerixafor]], [[plicamycin]], [[Polidocanol]], [[PolymyxinB]], [[posaconazole]], [[pramipexole]], [[pramlintide]], [[prazepam]], [[praziquantel]], [[prazosin]], [[pregabalin]], [[primaquine]], [[probenecid]], [[procainamide]], [[procarbazine]], [[Prochlorperazine]], [[Progesterone]], [[proheptazine]], [[promethazine]], [[propafenone]], [[propantheline]], [[propiram]], [[propoxyphene]], [[propranolol]], [[propylthiouracil]], [[Protirelin]], [[protriptyline]], [[pseudoephedrine]], [[Pyrantel pamoate]], [[quazepam]], [[quetiapine]], [[quinapril]], [[quinethazone]], [[quinidine]], [[quinoline]], [[rabeprazole]], [[ramelteon]], [[ramipril]], [[ranibizumab]], [[ranitidine]], [[ranolazine]], [[rasagiline]], [[reboxetine]], [[remifentanil]], [[repaglinide]], [[reserpine]], [[ribavirin]], [[rifaximin]], [[riluzole]], [[risedronate]], [[risperidone]], [[ritonavir]], [[rituximab]], [[rivastigmine]], [[rizatriptan]], [[roflumilast]], [[ropinirole]], [[ropivacaine]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[rosuvastatin]], [[Rotigotine]], [[roxithromycin]], [[Rufinamide]], [[Ruxolitinib]] [[salmeterol]], [[salsalate]], [[saquinavir]], [[sargramostim]], [[scopolamine]], [[Secobarbital sodium]], [[selegiline]], [[sibutramine]], [[sildenafil]], [[sitaxsentan]], [[sodium oxybate]], [[sodium stibogluconate]], [[solifenacin]], [[sotalol]], [[sparfloxacin]], [[spironolactone]], [[stimulant laxatives]], [[sulfadiazine]], [[sulfisoxazole]], [[sulindac]], [[sulprostone]], [[sumatriptan]], [[tamoxifen]], [[tamsulosin]], [[tapentadol]], [[tegaserod]], [[tedizolid]], [[telbivudine]], [[telithromycin]], [[telmisartan]], [[temazepam]], [[temozolomide]], [[teniposide]], [[terbutaline]], [[teriparatide]], [[testosterone]], [[tetrabenazine]], [[tetrahydrocannabinol]], [[Thalidomide]], [[thiabendazole]], [[thioridazine hydrochloride]], [[ThioTEPA]], [[thiothixene]], [[tiagabine]], [[tianeptine]], [[ticarcillin]], [[tiludronate]], [[timolol]], [[tinidazole]], [[tizanidine]], [[tocainide]], [[tolazamide]], [[tolbutamide]], [[tolcapone]], [[topiramate]], [[Topotecan Hydrochloride (patient information)|topotecan hydrochloride]], [[torsemide]], [[tralomethrin]], [[tramadol]], [[trandolapril]], [[tranylcypromine]], [[trastuzumab]], [[trazodone]], [[treprostinil]], [[Tretinoin]], [[triamcinolone]], [[triamterene]], [[triazolam]], [[trichloroethylene]], [[triclofos]], [[tricyclic antidepressant]], [[trifluoperazine]], [[trihexyphenidyl]], [[trimeprazine]], [[trimetazidine]], [[trimethobenzamide]], [[trimetrexate glucuronate]], [[trimipramine]], [[tripelennamine]], [[tropisetron]], [[trovafloxacin mesylate]], [[valaciclovir]], [[valganciclovir]], [[valproic acid]], [[valsartan]], [[vancomycin]], [[vardenafil]], [[venlafaxine]], [[verapamil]], [[vicodin]], [[vigabatrin]], [[Vilazodone]], [[vinyl chloride]], [[Von Willebrand factor]], [[voriconazole]], [[vorinostat]], [[Vortioxetine]], [[zaleplon]], [[zanamivir]], [[ziconotide]], [[zidovudine]], [[zileuton]], [[ziprasidone]], [[Zoledronic Acid Injection (patient information)|zoledronic]], [[zolmitriptan]], [[zolpidem]], [[zonisamide]], [[zopiclone]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Balance disorder]], [[benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]], [[labyrinthitis]], [[Ménière's disease]], [[otitis externa]], [[superior canal dehiscence]], [[vertigo]], [[vestibular neuronitis]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Balance disorder]], [[benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]], [[labyrinthitis]], [[Ménière's disease]], [[otitis externa]], [[superior canal dehiscence]], [[vertigo]], [[vestibular neuronitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Multiple chemical sensitivity]], [[sick building syndrome]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Multiple chemical sensitivity]], [[sick building syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Food intolerance]], [[gastric dumping syndrome]], [[proctitis]], [[staphylococcal enteritis]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Food intolerance]], [[gastric dumping syndrome]], [[proctitis]], [[staphylococcal enteritis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chediak-Higashi disease]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Chediak-Higashi disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Haemochromatosis]], [[leukemia]], [[methemoglobinemia]], [[polycythemia]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Haemochromatosis]], [[leukemia]], [[methemoglobinemia]], [[polycythemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ebola hemorrhagic fever]], [[giardia lamblia]], [[group A streptococcal infection]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[Marburg virus|marburg hemorrhagic fever]], [[rift valley fever]], [[tularemia]], [[yellow fever]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Ebola hemorrhagic fever]], [[giardia lamblia]], [[group A streptococcal infection]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[Marburg virus|marburg hemorrhagic fever]], [[rift valley fever]], [[tularemia]], [[yellow fever]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical spondylosis]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Cervical spondylosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arnold-Chiari malformation]], [[multi-infarct dementia]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[multiple system atrophy]], [[neuroglycopenia]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]], [[pure autonomic failure]], [[subdural hematoma]], [[syringobulbia]], [[transient ischaemic attack]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Arnold-Chiari malformation]], [[multi-infarct dementia]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[multiple system atrophy]], [[neuroglycopenia]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]], [[pure autonomic failure]], [[subdural hematoma]], [[syringobulbia]], [[transient ischaemic attack]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypervitaminosis A]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Hypervitaminosis A]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aortocaval compression syndrome]], [[pregnancy]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Aortocaval compression syndrome]], [[pregnancy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal metastases]], [[colorectal cancer]], [[medulloblastoma]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Adrenal metastases]], [[colorectal cancer]], [[medulloblastoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aneisokonia]], [[bifocals]], [[Cogan syndrome]], [[oscillopsia]], [[tunnel vision]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Aneisokonia]], [[bifocals]], [[Cogan syndrome]], [[oscillopsia]], [[tunnel vision]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetylsalicylic acid]] [[alfuzosin ]], [[aliskiren ]], [[atropine]], [[acetylene]], [[aniline]], [[benztropine Mesylate]], [[benzylpiperazine]], [[bortezomib]], [[buspirone]], [[darbepoetin alfa]], [[didanosine]], [[doxazosin]], [[eugenol]], [[fenoprofen]], [[fluticasone]],  [[ganciclovir]], [[grayanotoxin]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], [[metolachlor]], [[midazolam]], [[nicotine lozenges]], [[oxygen toxicity]], [[pimozide]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Acetylsalicylic acid]] [[alfuzosin ]], [[aliskiren ]], [[atropine]], [[acetylene]], [[aniline]], [[benztropine Mesylate]], [[benzylpiperazine]], [[bortezomib]], [[buspirone]], [[darbepoetin alfa]], [[didanosine]], [[doxazosin]], [[eugenol]], [[fenoprofen]], [[fluticasone]],  [[ganciclovir]], [[grayanotoxin]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], [[metolachlor]], [[midazolam]], [[nicotine lozenges]], [[oxygen toxicity]], [[pimozide]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Algophobia]], [[panic disorder]], [[Stendhal syndrome]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Algophobia]], [[panic disorder]], [[Stendhal syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperventilation syndrome]], [[respiratory alkalosis]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Hyperventilation syndrome]], [[respiratory alkalosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Takayasu arteritis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Takayasu arteritis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Coital cephalalgia]], [[emergency contraception]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Coital cephalalgia]], [[emergency contraception]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Concussion]], [[post-concussion syndrome]], [[suspension trauma]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Concussion]], [[post-concussion syndrome]], [[suspension trauma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Testicular torsion]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Testicular torsion]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Altitude sickness]], [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[chronic mountain sickness]], [[cinchonism]], [[decompression sickness]], [[dehydration]], [[Gulf War syndrome|gulf war syndrome]], [[hypotension]], [[Mal de debarquement]], [[motion sickness]], [[orthostatic hypotension]], [[shock]], [[sleep deprivation]], [[syncope]]
| bgcolor="beige" | [[Altitude sickness]], [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[chronic mountain sickness]], [[cinchonism]], [[decompression sickness]], [[dehydration]], [[Gulf War syndrome|gulf war syndrome]], [[hypotension]], [[Mal de debarquement]], [[motion sickness]], [[orthostatic hypotension]], [[shock]], [[sleep deprivation]], [[syncope]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 207: Line 202:
*[[Atazanavir]]
*[[Atazanavir]]
*[[Atenolol]]
*[[Atenolol]]
*[[Artemether/lumefantrine]]
*[[Atorvastatin]]
*[[Atorvastatin]]
*[[Atovaquone]]
*[[Atovaquone]]
Line 215: Line 211:
*[[Azelastine]]
*[[Azelastine]]
*[[Azithromycin]]
*[[Azithromycin]]
*[[Aztreonam]]
*[[Baclofen]]
*[[Baclofen]]
*[[Balance disorder]]
*[[Balance disorder]]
Line 312: Line 309:
*[[Cyclosporine]]
*[[Cyclosporine]]
*[[Cyproheptadine]]
*[[Cyproheptadine]]
*[[Cycloserine]]
*[[Dacarbazine]]
*[[Dacarbazine]]
*[[Dactinomycin]]
*[[Dactinomycin]]
Line 404: Line 402:
*[[Flunitrazepam]]
*[[Flunitrazepam]]
*[[Flurazepam]]
*[[Flurazepam]]
*[[Flurbiprofen]]
*[[Fluticasone Oral Inhalation (patient information)]]
*[[Fluticasone Oral Inhalation (patient information)]]
*[[Fluvoxamine]]
*[[Fluvoxamine]]
Line 496: Line 495:
*[[Itraconazole (patient information)]]
*[[Itraconazole (patient information)]]
*[[Ivabradine]]
*[[Ivabradine]]
*[[Ivacaftor]]
*[[Kaopectate]]
*[[Kaopectate]]
*[[Ketorolac]]
*[[Ketorolac]]
Line 522: Line 522:
*[[Lisinopril (patient information)]]
*[[Lisinopril (patient information)]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Lomefloxacin hydrochloride]]
*[[Lomotil]]
*[[Lomotil]]
*[[Lomustine (patient information)]]
*[[Lomustine (patient information)]]
Line 536: Line 537:
*[[Malaria prophylaxis]]
*[[Malaria prophylaxis]]
*[[Maprotiline]]
*[[Maprotiline]]
*[[Maraviroc]]
*[[Marburg virus|Marburg hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Marburg virus|Marburg hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Marine toxins]]
*[[Marine toxins]]
Line 578: Line 580:
*[[Mifepristone]]
*[[Mifepristone]]
*[[Miglitol (patient information)]]
*[[Miglitol (patient information)]]
*[[Milnacipran hydrochloride]]
*[[Minocycline Injection]]
*[[Minocycline Injection]]
*[[Minoxidil Oral (patient information)]]
*[[Minoxidil Oral (patient information)]]
Line 629: Line 632:
*[[Ondansetron (patient information)]]
*[[Ondansetron (patient information)]]
*[[Opioid]]
*[[Opioid]]
*[[Oprelvekin]]
*[[Orphenadrine (patient information)]]
*[[Orphenadrine (patient information)]]
*[[Orthostatic hypotension]]
*[[Orthostatic hypotension]]
Line 681: Line 685:
*[[Pioglitazone (patient information)]]
*[[Pioglitazone (patient information)]]
*[[Pirbuterol acetate oral inhalation (patient information)]]
*[[Pirbuterol acetate oral inhalation (patient information)]]
*[[Pirfenidone]]
*[[Piribedil]]
*[[Piribedil]]
*[[Piroxicam]]
*[[Piroxicam]]
*[[Pizotifen]]
*[[Pizotifen]]
*[[Plerixafor]]
*[[Plicamycin (patient information)]]
*[[Plicamycin (patient information)]]
*[[Polycythemia]]
*[[Polycythemia]]
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*[[Pulmonary valve stenosis]]
*[[Pure autonomic failure]]
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*[[Pyrantel pamoate]]
*[[Quazepam]]
*[[Quazepam]]
*[[Quetiapine]]
*[[Quetiapine]]
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*[[Quinoline]]
*[[Rabeprazole (patient information)]]
*[[Rabeprazole (patient information)]]
*[[Ramelteon (patient information)]]
*[[Ramelteon]]
*[[Ramipril]]
*[[Ramipril]]
*[[Ranibizumab injection (patient information)]]
*[[Ranibizumab injection (patient information)]]
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*[[Thiabendazole]]
*[[Thiabendazole]]
*[[Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency]]
*[[Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency]]
*[[Thioridazine]]
*[[Thioridazine hydrochloride]]
*[[ThioTEPA]]
*[[ThioTEPA]]
*[[Thiothixene]]
*[[Thiothixene]]
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*[[Tripelennamine]]
*[[Tripelennamine]]
*[[Tropisetron]]
*[[Tropisetron]]
*[[Trovafloxacin]]
*[[Trovafloxacina mesylate]]
*[[Tularemia]]
*[[Tularemia]]
*[[Tunnel vision]]
*[[Tunnel vision]]
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*[[Vicodin]]
*[[Vicodin]]
*[[Vigabatrin]]
*[[Vigabatrin]]
*[[Vilazodone]]
*[[Vinyl chloride]]
*[[Vinyl chloride]]
*[[Viral hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Viral hemorrhagic fever]]
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==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
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Latest revision as of 03:33, 10 September 2020

Dizziness Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2] Norina Usman, M.B.B.S[3]

Overview

Dizziness may be caused by hypotension, dehydration, arrhythmia, labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease, stroke, or hypoglycemia. Other causes are based on the organ system such as cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, dermatological, endocrine, infectious, pulmonological or side effects of the medicine.

Causes

Common causes of dizziness may include[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]:

Dizziness causes developed by WikiDoc.org

Other Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Aortic Stenosis, aortic valve stenosis, atrial flutter, atrial myxoma, cardiac amyloidosis, cardiomegaly, cerebrovascular disease, familial atrial fibrillation, hypertension, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, peripheral arterial disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis, second degree AV block, sick sinus syndrome, sinus bradycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, [[Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome]
Chemical / poisoning Alcohol flush reaction, amnesic shellfish poisoning, amyl nitrite, antimony, bromomethane, bothrops, cadmium poisoning, carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanogen, ephedra, ethylene, furfural, ginkgo, green tobacco sickness, heavy metal ingestion, hydrazine, lead, marine toxins, mushroom poisoning, norplant, nutmeg, opioid, scombroid food poisoning, rubbing alcohol, solanine, trichloroethylene
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, 5-HT3 antagonist, abatacept, abciximab, Acamprosate calcium, acebutolol, aceclofenac, acetaminophen, acetohexamide, acetylsalicylic acid, aciclovir, acitretin, acyclovir, adalimumab, ajulemic acid, alatrofloxacin, Albendazole, albuterol, Amobarbital sodium, Aminoglutethimide, Armodafinil, Ketorolac tromethamine, Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide, Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide,Methylphenidate, aldesleukin, alendronate, alfuzosin, aliskiren, alprazolam, altretamine, amantadine, amifostine, amiloride, amiodarone, amitriptyline, amlodipine, amobarbital, Amoxicillin, Amlodipine besylate and Valsartan, amphetamine, amphotericin b, ampicillin, anagrelide, anastrozole, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, antihemophilic factor (human), antihemophilic factor (recombinant), Apomorphine hydrochloride, aprepitant, aripiprazole, Artemether/lumefantrine, asparaginase, atazanavir, atenolol, atorvastatin, atovaquone, azelastine, azithromycin, Aztreonam, baclofen,Basiliximab, benazepril, benzodiazepine, benzonatate, benztropine, Benzphetamine, bepridil, bethanechol, bevacizumab, bezafibrate, bicalutamide, biperiden, bisoprolol, bortezomib, bosentan, bromocriptine, brompheniramine, budesonide, bumetanide, bupivacaine, buprenorphine, bupropion, buspirone, busulfan, butabarbital, butalbital, butanethiol, butorphanol, cabergoline, cafergot, calanolide A, candesartan, capecitabine, captopril, carbamazepine, carbidopa, Carbidopa and Levodopa, carboplatin, carisoprodol, carteolol, carvedilol, caspofungin acetate, cefaclor, centrophenoxine, cetuximab, chlorambucil, chlordiazepoxide, chloroform, chloropyramine, chlorothiazide, chlorpheniramine, chlorpropamide, chlorpromazine, chlorthalidone, chlorzoxazone, choline magnesium trisalicylate, ciclesonide, cilastatin, cilostazol, cimetidine, cinacalcet, cinoxacin, citalopram, cladribine, clarithromycin, clemastine, clofarabine, clofibrate, Clomifene, clomipramine, clonazepam, clonidine, clopidogrel, clorazepate, clozapine, co-trimoxazole, codeine, colistimethate, colofac, Crizotinib, cyanocobalamin, cyclobenzaprine, Cycloserine, cyclosporine, cyproheptadine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, dalteparin, Dalfampridine, dantrolene, daptomycin, darbepoetin, desipramine, desloratadine, Desmopressin, desoxyn, dexamethasone, dexmethylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, dextromethorphan, dezocine, diampromide, diazepam, dicofol, dicyclomine, didanosine, diethylcathinone, diethylpropion, diflunisal, digoxin, dihydroetorphine, diltiazem, dimenoxadol, dinoprostone, dioxaphetyl butyrate, Diphenhydramine, Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) vaccine, dipyridamole, disopyramide, dobutamine, docetaxel, dofetilide, dolasetron, donepezil, dothiepin, doxazosin, doxepin, duloxetine, Dutasteride and Tamsulosin hydrochloride, Epinephrine (aerosol), Eslicarbazepine acetate, efavirenz, eletriptan, emtricitabine, enalapril, enfuvirtide, enoxacin, entacapone, entecavir, ephedrine, eplerenone, epoetin,Eliglustat, ergotamine , escitalopram, estazolam, Ethosuximide, Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol, estrogen, eszopiclone, etanercept, ethcathinone, ethchlorvynol, ethoheptazine, ethosuximide, ethotoin, etodolac, etoposide, exemestane, exenatide, ezetimibe, ezogabine, famotidine, felodipine, fenofibrate, fenoprofen, fentanyl,fesoterodine, fexofenadine, fioricet, flavoxate, floxuridine, fluconazole, fludrocortisone acetate, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, Flurbiprofen, fluticasone, fluvoxamine, formoterol, fosamprenavir, fosinopril,Fosfomycin, Fosphenytoin sodium

frovatriptan, fulvestrant, furosemide, gabapentin, galantamine, ganciclovir, gatifloxacin, gemcitabine hydrochloride, gemeprost, gemfibrozil, gentamicin, glatiramer, glimepiride, glipizide, glutaraldehyde, glyburide, Glyburide and Metformin, glycopyrrolate, granisetron, green tobacco sickness grifulvin V, griseofulvin, guanabenz, guanethidine, guanfacine, gyromitrin, H2 antagonist, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocodone, Hydrocodone bitartrate and Homatropine methylbromide, hydrocortisone, hydromorphone, hydroxychloroquine, hydroxyzine, hyoscyamine, Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen, ibandronate, idarubicin, ifosfamide, iloperidone, imatinib, imiglucerase, imipenem, imipramine, immune globulin, indapamide, indinavir, indomethacin, infliximab, influenza vaccine, inactivated, influenza vaccine, live, insulin lispro, interferon alfa-2a, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon beta-1a, iodomethane, ipratropium, irbesartan, isocarboxazid, isopropyl alcohol, isoproterenol, isosorbide, isoxsuprine, isradipine, itraconazole, ivabradine, Ivacaftor, Ivermectin, kaopectate, ketorolac, labetalol, lacosamide, lamivudine, lamotrigine, lanthanum, leflunomide, Lenalidomide, Letrozole, leuprolide, levalbuterol, levetiracetam, levobupivacaine, levodopa, levofloxacin, levomethadyl, Levonorgestrel, levorphanol, lidocaine, lindane, lisinopril, lithium, Lorcaserin, Lomefloxacin hydrochloride, lomotil, lomustine, loperamide, loratadine, lorazepam, losartan, loxapine, lysuride, magnesium gluconate, magnesium oxide, Maraviroc, mechlorethamine, medroxyprogesterone, mefenamic acid, mefloquine, megestrol, melphalan, memantine, meperidine, mercaptopurine, meropenem, mesoridazine, metaproterenol, metaxalone, metethoheptazine, metformin, metheptazine, methimazole, methocarbamol, methotrexate, methoxsalen, methyclothiazide, methylergonovine, methylphenidate, methylprednisolone, methyprylon, metipranolol, metoclopramide, metolazone, metoprolol, metronidazole, mexiletine, Meprobamate, mifepristone, miglitol, Milnacipran hydrochloride, minocycline hydrochloride, minoxidil, mitomycin, modafinil, moexipril, moricizine, morphine, motofen, moxonidine, mycophenolate, n-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate, n-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate, nabilone, nabumetone, nadolol, nalbuphine, nalmefene, naloxone, naltrexone, naratriptan, natalizumab, Naproxen sodium, nateglinide, nebivolol, nelfinavir, nevirapine, niaprazine, nicardipine, nicotine gum, nicotine lozenges, nifedipine, nilutamide, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrazepam, Nitroglycerin, nitrous oxide, nizatidine, norethindrone, ofloxacin, olanzapine, olmesartan, omalizumab, omeprazole, ondansetron, Oprelvekin, orphenadrine, oseltamivir, oxacillin, oxaliplatin, oxazepam, oxcarbazepine, oxybutynin, paclitaxel, paliperidone, permethrin, pamidronate, Pantoprazole, paroxetine, pegaspargase, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, pemetrexed, pemoline, penbutolol, pentamidine, pentazocine, pentosan polysulfate, pentostatin, pentoxifylline, Perampanel, pergolide, perhexiline, perindopril, perphenazine, phenampromide, phenazepam, phenazopyridine, phenelzine, phenobarbital, phenoxybenzamine, phentermine, phenylephrine, phenytoin, pholcodine, pilocarpine, pimozide, pindolol, Pirfenidone, pioglitazone, pirbuterol, piribedil, piroxicam, pizotifen, Plerixafor, plicamycin, Polidocanol, PolymyxinB, posaconazole, pramipexole, pramlintide, prazepam, praziquantel, prazosin, pregabalin, primaquine, probenecid, procainamide, procarbazine, Prochlorperazine, Progesterone, proheptazine, promethazine, propafenone, propantheline, propiram, propoxyphene, propranolol, propylthiouracil, Protirelin, protriptyline, pseudoephedrine, Pyrantel pamoate, quazepam, quetiapine, quinapril, quinethazone, quinidine, quinoline, rabeprazole, ramelteon, ramipril, ranibizumab, ranitidine, ranolazine, rasagiline, reboxetine, remifentanil, repaglinide, reserpine, ribavirin, rifaximin, riluzole, risedronate, risperidone, ritonavir, rituximab, rivastigmine, rizatriptan, roflumilast, ropinirole, ropivacaine, rosiglitazone, rosuvastatin, Rotigotine, roxithromycin, Rufinamide, Ruxolitinib salmeterol, salsalate, saquinavir, sargramostim, scopolamine, Secobarbital sodium, selegiline, sibutramine, sildenafil, sitaxsentan, sodium oxybate, sodium stibogluconate, solifenacin, sotalol, sparfloxacin, spironolactone, stimulant laxatives, sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole, sulindac, sulprostone, sumatriptan, tamoxifen, tamsulosin, tapentadol, tegaserod, tedizolid, telbivudine, telithromycin, telmisartan, temazepam, temozolomide, teniposide, terbutaline, teriparatide, testosterone, tetrabenazine, tetrahydrocannabinol, Thalidomide, thiabendazole, thioridazine hydrochloride, ThioTEPA, thiothixene, tiagabine, tianeptine, ticarcillin, tiludronate, timolol, tinidazole, tizanidine, tocainide, tolazamide, tolbutamide, tolcapone, topiramate, topotecan hydrochloride, torsemide, tralomethrin, tramadol, trandolapril, tranylcypromine, trastuzumab, trazodone, treprostinil, Tretinoin, triamcinolone, triamterene, triazolam, trichloroethylene, triclofos, tricyclic antidepressant, trifluoperazine, trihexyphenidyl, trimeprazine, trimetazidine, trimethobenzamide, trimetrexate glucuronate, trimipramine, tripelennamine, tropisetron, trovafloxacin mesylate, valaciclovir, valganciclovir, valproic acid, valsartan, vancomycin, vardenafil, venlafaxine, verapamil, vicodin, vigabatrin, Vilazodone, vinyl chloride, Von Willebrand factor, voriconazole, vorinostat, Vortioxetine, zaleplon, zanamivir, ziconotide, zidovudine, zileuton, ziprasidone, zoledronic, zolmitriptan, zolpidem, zonisamide, zopiclone

Ear Nose Throat Balance disorder, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, labyrinthitis, Ménière's disease, otitis externa, superior canal dehiscence, vertigo, vestibular neuronitis
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental Multiple chemical sensitivity, sick building syndrome
Gastroenterologic Food intolerance, gastric dumping syndrome, proctitis, staphylococcal enteritis
Genetic Chediak-Higashi disease
Hematologic Haemochromatosis, leukemia, methemoglobinemia, polycythemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Ebola hemorrhagic fever, giardia lamblia, group A streptococcal infection, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, infectious mononucleosis, marburg hemorrhagic fever, rift valley fever, tularemia, yellow fever
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Cervical spondylosis
Neurologic Arnold-Chiari malformation, multi-infarct dementia, multiple sclerosis, multiple system atrophy, neuroglycopenia, Parkinson's disease, posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome, pure autonomic failure, subdural hematoma, syringobulbia, transient ischaemic attack
Nutritional / Metabolic Hypervitaminosis A, hypoglycemia, thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Aortocaval compression syndrome, pregnancy
Oncologic Adrenal metastases, colorectal cancer, medulloblastoma
Ophthalmologic Aneisokonia, bifocals, Cogan syndrome, oscillopsia, tunnel vision
Overdose / Toxicity Acetylsalicylic acid alfuzosin , aliskiren , atropine, acetylene, aniline, benztropine Mesylate, benzylpiperazine, bortezomib, buspirone, darbepoetin alfa, didanosine, doxazosin, eugenol, fenoprofen, fluticasone, ganciclovir, grayanotoxin, hydrogen sulfide, metolachlor, midazolam, nicotine lozenges, oxygen toxicity, pimozide
Psychiatric Algophobia, panic disorder, Stendhal syndrome
Pulmonary Hyperventilation syndrome, respiratory alkalosis
Renal / Electrolyte Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Takayasu arteritis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual Coital cephalalgia, emergency contraception
Trauma Concussion, post-concussion syndrome, suspension trauma
Urologic Testicular torsion
Miscellaneous Altitude sickness, chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic mountain sickness, cinchonism, decompression sickness, dehydration, gulf war syndrome, hypotension, Mal de debarquement, motion sickness, orthostatic hypotension, shock, sleep deprivation, syncope

Dizziness causes developed by WikiDoc.org

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Dizziness causes developed by WikiDoc.org

References

  1. ↑ Kim AS, Sidney S, Klingman JG, Johnston SC (2012). "Practice variation in neuroimaging to evaluate dizziness in the ED". Am J Emerg Med. 30 (5): 665–72. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.02.038. PMC 4560264. PMID 21570240.
  2. ↑ Keleş A, Demircan A, Kurtoğlu G (2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning: how many patients do we miss?". Eur J Emerg Med. 15 (3): 154–7. doi:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3282efd519. PMID 18460956.
  3. ↑ Lempert T, Olesen J, Furman J, Waterston J, Seemungal B, Carey J; et al. (2012). "Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria". J Vestib Res. 22 (4): 167–72. doi:10.3233/VES-2012-0453. PMID 23142830.
  4. ↑ Gilbert VE (1993). "Immediate orthostatic hypotension: diagnostic value in acutely ill patients". South Med J. 86 (9): 1028–32. PMID 8367748.
  5. ↑ Lawson J, Johnson I, Bamiou DE, Newton JL (2005). "Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: clinical characteristics of dizzy patients referred to a Falls and Syncope Unit". QJM. 98 (5): 357–64. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hci057. PMID 15820968.
  6. ↑ Sarasin FP, Louis-Simonet M, Carballo D, Slama S, Junod AF, Unger PF (2002). "Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension among patients presenting with syncope in the ED". Am J Emerg Med. 20 (6): 497–501. doi:10.1053/ajem.2002.34964. PMID 12369019.
  7. ↑ Newman-Toker DE, Edlow JA (2015). "TiTrATE: A Novel, Evidence-Based Approach to Diagnosing Acute Dizziness and Vertigo". Neurol Clin. 33 (3): 577–99, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2015.04.011. PMC 4522574. PMID 26231273.

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