Amenorrhea causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Amenorrhea}}
{{Amenorrhea}}


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{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{EG}}, {{KS}}


{{CMG}}; {{KS}}
==Overview==
Common causes of amenorrhea are [[breastfeeding]], [[pregnancy]], [[menopause]], and [[stress]]. Common causes of primary amenorrhea are [[craniopharyngioma]], [[idiopathic gonadotropin deficiency]], [[Kallmann's Syndrome]], [[Mayer-Rokitansky-Hauser Syndrome]], [[Mullerian dysgenesis]], and outflow tract disorders. Common causes of secondary amenorrhea are craniocerebral [[trauma]], [[curettage]], [[Cushing's Syndrome]], [[depression]], [[diabetes mellitus]], and drug side effects. Common causes of functional [[amenorrhea]] are [[stress]], rapid [[weight loss]], and excessive [[exercise]].
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent [[disability]] within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of amenorrhea, however complications resulting from untreated amenorrhea are common.
 
===Common Causes===
* [[Breastfeeding]]
* [[Menopause]]
* [[Pregnancy]]
* [[Stress]]
* [[Turner syndrome]]
* Excessive [[exercise]]
* [[Dieting]]
* [[Obesity]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[Hypothyroidism]]


==Overview==
===Less Common Causes===
* [[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]] ([[testicular feminization]])
* [[Autoimmune disorders]]
** [[Autoimmune]] [[oophoritis]] (in [[myasthenia gravis]], [[thyroiditis]], or [[vitiligo]])
* [[Aneurysms]] of the [[pituitary]]
* [[Cachexia]]
 
* Chronic disorders
** [[Crohn disease]]
** [[Cystic fibrosis]]
** [[Sickle cell disease]]
** [[Thalassemia major]]
* [[Chemotherapy]] (e.g., high-dose [[Alkylating agent|alkylating drugs]])
 
* Congenital [[adrenal]] [[virilism]]
* [[Cushing syndrome]]
* [[Drug abuse]]
** [[Alcohol]]
** [[Cocaine]]
** [[Marijuana]]
** [[Opioids]]


* Drug-induced [[virilization]]
** [[Androgens]]
** [[Antidepressants]]
** [[Danazol]]
** High-dose [[progestins]]
* [[Eating disorders]]
** [[Anorexia nervosa]]
** [[Bulimia]]


==Causes==
* [[Genetic disorder]]
=== Primary Amenorrhea<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>===
** Congenital [[gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] deficiency
* [[17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]]
** [[GnRH]] receptor [[gene]] mutations
* [[Agonadism]]
** [[Prader-Willi syndrome]]
* After trauma
** Congenital [[Thymus|thymic]] [[aplasia]]
* [[Anorexia Nervosa]]
** [[Fragile X syndrome]]
* [[Anovulation]]
** Idiopathic accelerated [[ovarian]] [[follicular atresia]]
* [[androgen insenstivity syndrome|Complete androgen insenstivity syndrome]]
* [[Gestational trophoblastic disease]]
* [[Constitutional bradygenesis]]
* [[Constitutional delay of puberty]]  
* [[Diabetes Mellitus]]
* Early infantile brain damage
* [[Gonadal dysgenesis]]
* [[Gonadal dysgenesis]]
* [[adrenogenital syndrome|Homozygous adrenogenital syndrome]]
* [[HIV infection]]
* [[Hymenal atresia]]
* [[Hyperprolactinemia]]
* [[Hyperandrogenism]]
* [[Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]]
* Hypothalamic and [[pituitary tumor]]s
* Infiltrative disorders of the [[pituitary]]  
*:* [[Hyperprolactinemia]] / [[Prolactin-secreting tumors]]
** [[Hemochromatosis]]
*:* [[Dysgerminoma]]
** [[Langerhans cell granulomatosis]]
*:* [[Craniopharyngioma]]
** [[Sarcoidosis]]
* [[Idiopathic gonadotropin deficiency]]
** [[TB]]
* [[Kallmann's Syndrome]]
 
* [[Mayer-Rokitansky-Hauser Syndrome]]
* Isolated [[gonadotropin]] deficiency
* [[Mullerian dysgenesis]]
* [[Immunodeficiency]]  
* Outflow tract disorders
* Infiltrative disorders of the [[hypothalamus]]  
* [[Pituitary insufficiency]]
** [[Langerhans cell granulomatosis]]
*:* [[schistosomiasis|Pituitary schistosomiasis]]
** [[Lymphoma]]
*:* [[tuberculosis|Pituitary tuberculosis]]
** [[Sarcoidosis]]
*:* [[Empty Sella Syndrome]]
** [[TB|Tuberculosis (TB)]]
* [[Polycystic Ovary Syndrome]]
* [[Irradiation]] to the [[pelvis]]
* Post-hormonal contraceptive [[Amenorrhea]]
* [[Irradiation]] to the [[hypothalamus]]
* Severe systemic diseases
 
* [[Swyer's Syndrome]]
* [[Kallmann syndrome]]
* [[Testicular feminization]]
* [[Malnutrition]]
* [[Turner's Syndrome]]
* [[Metabolic disorders]]
* [[Uterine atresia]]
** [[Addison disease]]
* [[hypoplasia|Uterine hypoplasia]]
** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
* [[Vaginal atresia]] / gynatresia
** [[Galactosemia]]
* [[Psychiatric disorders]]
** [[Stress]]
** [[Depression]]
** [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]]
** [[Schizophrenia]]
** [[Psychoactive drugs]]


=== Secondary Amenorrhea ===
* [[Sheehan's syndrome|Postpartum pituitary necrosis (Sheehan syndrome)]]
* [[5-alpha-reductase deficiency]]
* [[Tumors]] of the [[brain]]  
* Addiction
** [[Meningioma]]
* [[Addison's Disease]]
** [[Craniopharyngioma]]
* [[Adrenocortical insuffiency]]
** [[Gliomas]]
* After [[curettage]]
** [[Pituitary microadenoma]]
* After [[hysterectomy]]
* After [[radiation]] (can be reversed)
* [[Adrenal tumor]]s
* [[Anovulation]]
* [[Asherman's Syndrome]]
* Autoimmune diseases
* Body building (and use of androgens)
* Castration (radiation or surgical)
* Central nervous system tumor (CNS)
* Cervical stenosis
* Change of environment
* Complete and incomplete [[androgen insensitivity]]
* [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
* Craniocerebral [[trauma]]
* [[Cushing's Syndrome]]
* [[Depression]]
* [[Diabetes Mellitus]]
* Drug Side Effect-  [[Chlorpromazine]], [[Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol]], [[Docetaxel]], [[Epirubicin hydrochloride]], [[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]], [[Fluoxymesterone]], [[Histrelin]], [[Iloperidone]], [[Loxapine]], [[Medroxyprogesterone]], [[Norgestimate and Ethinyl estradiol]], [[Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol]], [[Sertraline]], [[Methyltestosterone]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Prochlorperazine]], [[Tiagabine]], [[Trifluoperazine]]
* [[Encephalitis]]
* Enzymatic defects in [[testosterone]] biosynthesis
* Exposure to maternal androgens in utero
* [[Obesity|Extreme obesity]]
* During [[chemotherapy]]
* Functional hypothalalmic [[Amenorrhea]] due to:
*:* Stress
*:* [[Eating disorders]]
*:* Excessive exercise
*:* [[Weight loss]]
* Gonadotropin deficiency in tumors
* Hormone-active ovarian tumor
* [[Hermaphroditism]]
* Heterozygous [[adrenogenital syndrome]]
* [[Hyperprolactinemia]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
* [[Hysterectomy]]
* Imprisonment
* [[Meningitis]]
* Mullerian anomalies
* [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
* [[Pituitary insufficiency]]
* [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
* Post-hormonal contraception
* Post-infection ([[mumps]], severe [[pelvic inflammatory disease]])
* Postoerative gonadotropin deficiency
* [[Pregnancy]]
* Premature [[menopause]]
* [[Prolactinoma]]
* [[Sheehan's Syndrome]]
* [[Stress]]
* [[Testicular feminization]]
* Transsexuality when taking androgens
* [[Turner's Syndrome]]
* Uterine cavity sclerosis
*:* Uterine [[Schistosomiasis]]
*:* [[Abortion]]
*:* Severe generalized infections of the pelvis
*:* Post uterine surgery
*:* Overzealous or repeated uterine curettage
*:* [[Tuberculosis]] [[endometritis]]


===Life Threatening Causes===
* [[Traumatic brain injury]]
* [[Tumors]] of the [[hypothalamus]]
* [[True hermaphroditism]]


===Common Causes===
* Tumors producing [[androgens]] ([[ovarian]] or [[adrenal]])


* [[Viral infections]] ([[mumps]])


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width: 80%; height: 100px; text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute;" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Haemosiderosis]], [[heart disease]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alcoholism]], [[Alcohol poisoning|Alcohol poisoning]], [[Lead poisoning|Lead poisoning]], [[Mercury poisoning|Mercury poisoning]], [[Morphine|Morphine poisoning]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Antidepressants]], [[Antipsychotics]], [[Chemotherapy]], [[Combined oral contraceptive pill]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Epirubicin]], [[Ethanol]], [[Fluoxymesterone]], [[Medroxyprogesterone acetate|Medroxy-progesterone acetate]], [[Metoclopramide]], [[Nandrolone]], [[Spironolactone]], [[Stanozolol]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[ Acromegaly]], [[5-alpha-reductase deficiency]], [[Achard-Thiers syndrome]], [[Addison's disease]], [[Adrenal cortex cancer|Adrenal cortex tumours]], [[Adrenal gland disorders]], [[Adrenocortical hyperplasia]], Ahumada-Del Castillo syndrome, [[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]], [[Anorexia nervosa]], [[Anovulation]], [[Hypopituitarism|Anterior pituitary failure]], [[Arrhenoblastoma]], [[Autoimmune adrenalitis]], [[Breastfeeding]], [[C21-hydroxylase deficiency]], [[Chiari-Frommel syndrome]], [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia ]], Conn syndrome, [[Constitutional delay of puberty]], [[Corpus luteum|Corpus luteum cyst]], [[Cortisone reductase deficiency]], [[Cretinism]], [[Cushing's disease]], [[Cushing syndrome]], [[Diabetes mellitus]], [[Dystrophia adipose-genitalis]], [[Eating disorders]], [[Empty sella syndrome]], [[Androgen|Exogenous androgen use]], [[Female athlete triad|Female athlete syndrome]], [[Forbes-Albright syndrome]], [[Frohlich's syndrome]], [[Follicle-stimulating hormone|FSH receptor deficiency]], [[Galactorrhea|Galactorrhea]], [[Galactorrhea|Galactorrhoea-hyperprolactinaemia]], [[GnRH|GnRH deficiency]], [[Hyperprolactinaemia]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Hypogonadism]], [[Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]], [[Hypopituitarism]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Incomplete androgen insensitivity]], [[Kallmann syndrome]], [[Laron syndrome ]], [[Virilization|Masculinization disorders]], [[Mayer-Rokitansky-Hauser syndrome|Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome]], [[Menopause]], [[Mullerian agenesis|Mullerian aplasia]], [[Mullerian dysgenesis|Mullerian dysgenesis]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]], [[Myxoedema]], [[Obesity]], [[Ovarian failure]], [[Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance|Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance]], [[Ovarian insufficiency, familial|Familial ovarian insufficiency]], [[Panhypopituitarism]], [[Menopause|Perimenopause]], [[Pituitary apoplexy]], [[Laron syndrome|Pituitary dwarfism]], [[Pituitary infarct]], [[Pituitary tumour]], [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]], [[Premature ovarian failure]], [[Prolactinoma]], Pseudoamenorrhea, [[Pseudocyesis]], [[Rapid weight loss]], [[Sheehan syndrome]], [[Simmonds' disease|Simmonds' disease]], [[Stein-Leventhal syndrome]], [[Testicular feminization syndrome]], [[Testosterone]], [[Thyrotoxicosis]], [[Underweight]], [[Weight gain]], [[Swyer's syndrome|XY female]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |Climate change
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Anorexia nervosa]], [[Autoimmune hepatitis]], [[Bearn-Kunkel syndrome]], [[Celiac disease ]], [[Cystic fibrosis]], [[Eating disorders]], [[Hemosiderosis]], [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]], [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Liver cirrhosis]], [[Malabsorption syndrome]], [[Rapid weight loss]], [[Weight gain]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[De Grouchy Syndrome|18p minus syndrome]], [[Vaginal agenesis|Agenesis of lower vagina]], [[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]], [[C21-hydroxylase deficiency]], [[Celiac disease]], [[Chromosome 15q trisomy|Chromosome 15q duplication syndrome]], Chromosome 17p - partial deletion, [[Cortisone reductase deficiency]], [[Swyer's syndrome|Defect in sry gene]], [[Cystic fibrosis]], [[Down's syndrome]], [[Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1|FGFR1 mutation]], [[Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency]], [[Gonadal dysgenesis]], [[KAL1 gene|Kal1 mutation]], [[Kallmann syndrome]], [[Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome]], [[Mayer-Rokitansky-Hauser syndrome|Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome]], [[Premature ovarian failure|Ovarian insufficiency - familial]], [[Prader-Willi syndrome ]], [[Prokineticin receptor 2|PROKR2 mutation]], [[Tetrasomy X]], [[Triple X syndrome]], [[Turner syndrome]], [[Werner syndrome]], [[Swyer's syndrome|XY female]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Anemia]], [[Hemosiderosis]], [[Hodgkin's disease]], [[Leukemia]] 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Antidepressants]], [[Antipsychotics]], [[Chemotherapy]], [[Combined oral contraceptive pill]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Epirubicin]], [[Ethanol]], [[Fluoxymesterone]], [[Medroxyprogesterone acetate|Medroxy-progesterone acetate]], [[Metoclopramide]], [[Nandrolone]], [[Spironolactone]], [[Stanozolol]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Mumps]], [[Tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Brain tumor]], [[Craniopharyngioma]], [[Dystrophia adipose-genitalis]], [[Empty sella syndrome]], [[Frohlich's syndrome]], [[Glioma]], [[Hypothalamic tumor]], [[Meningioma]], [[Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter|Ovarioleukodystrophy]], [[Traumatic brain injury]] 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Diet (nutrition)|Dietetic deficiency]], [[Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency]], [[Underweight|Low weight]], [[Malabsorption syndrome]], [[Malnutrition]], [[Obesity]], [[Proprotein convertase|Proprotein convertase 1,3 deficiency]], [[Rapid weight loss]], [[Underweight]], [[Vitamin A|Vitamin A]] embryopathy, [[Weight gain]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Anovulation]], [[Asherman syndrome]], [[Autoimmune hepatitis]], [[Oophoritis|Autoimmune oophoritis]], Cervical closure, [[Combined oral contraceptive pill]], [[Dilation and curettage (patient information)|Complications from D&C procedure]], [[Corpus luteum|Corpus luteum cyst]], [[Swyer's syndrome|Defect in SRY gene]], [[Ectopic pregnancy]], [[Asherman's syndrome|Endometrial scarring]], [[Follicle-stimulating hormone|FSH receptor deficiency]], [[Germinoma]], [[Granulosa cell tumor|Granulosa-cell tumor]], [[Hematocolpos]], [[Hematometra]], [[Hematosalpinx]], [[Hydatidiform mole]], [[Hypogonadism]], [[Hysterectomy]], [[Imperforate hymen]], [[Mayer-Rokitansky-Hauser syndrome|Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome]], [[Menopause]], [[Mullerian agenesis|Mullerian aplasia]], [[Mullerian dysgenesis]], [[Ovarian cancer]], [[Ovarian failure]], [[Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance|Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance]], [[Premature ovarian failure|Ovarian insufficiency - familial]], [[Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter|Ovarioleukodystrophy]], Ovary damage, [[Menopause|Perimenopause]], [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]], [[Pregnancy]], [[Premature ovarian failure]], Pseudoamenorrhea, [[Pseudocyesis]], [[Reproduction|Reproductive disorders]], [[Sheehan syndrome]], [[Stein-Leventhal syndrome]], [[Tubal ligation|Tubal ligation syndrome]], [[mullerian agenesis|Uterine aplasia]], [[Vaginal agenesis]], [[Vaginal atresia|vaginal closure]], [[vaginal septum]], [[Ovarian cancer|Virilizing ovarian tumor]], [[Swyer's syndrome|XY female]] 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Granulosa cell tumor]], [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]], [[Hodgkin's disease]], [[Hypothalamic tumor]], [[Leukemia]], [[Meningioma]], [[Ovarian cancer]], [[Prolactinoma]], [[Ovarian cancer|Virilizing ovarian tumor]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alcohol poisoning|Alcohol poisoning]], [[Lead poisoning|Lead poisoning]], [[Mercury poisoning|Mercury poisoning]], [[Morphine|Morphine poisoning]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alcoholism]], [[Anorexia nervosa]], [[Anxiety]], [[Bulimia]], [[Depression]], [[Eating disorders]], [[Emotion|Emotional]] turmoil, Excessive [[Physical exercise|exercise]], [[Female athlete triad|Female athlete syndrome]], [[Grief]], [[Insanity]], [[Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter|Ovarioleukodystrophy]], Primary affection disorder, [[Stress]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cystic fibrosis]], [[Tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Chronic renal failure]], [[Denys-Drash syndrome]], [[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]], [[Nephritis]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Autoimmune adrenalitis]], [[Autoimmune hepatitis]], Autoimmune [[Oophoritis|oophoritis]], [[Celiac disease]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Traumatic brain injury]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Frasier syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Irradiation|Cranial irradiation]], [[Illness|Chronic illness]], [[Radiotherapy]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|
*[[5-alpha-reductase deficiency]]
*[[5-alpha-reductase deficiency]]  
*[[Triple X Syndrome]]
*[[De Grouchy Syndrome|18p minus syndrome]]
*[[ovarian hormones|Absence of ovarian hormones]]
*[[Achard-Thiers syndrome]]
*[[Vaginal atresia]]
*[[Acromegaly]]
*[[Achard-Thiers syndrome]]  
*[[Acromegaly]]  
*[[Addison's disease]]
*[[Addison's disease]]
*[[Adrenal tumor|Adrenal cortex tumours]]
*[[Adrenal cortex cancer|Adrenal cortex tumours]]
*[[Adrenal disease|Adrenal disorder]]
*[[Adrenal gland disorders]]
*[[Adrenal tumor]]
*[[Adrenocortical hyperplasia]]
*[[Adrenocortical hyperplasia]]
*[[Adrenocortical hypofunction]]  
*[[Vaginal agenesis|Agenesis of lower vagina]]  
*[[galactorrhea|Ahumada-Del Castillo syndrome (galactorrhea-amenorrhea not associated with pregnancy)]]
*Ahumada-del castillo syndrome
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Alcoholism]]  
*[[Anaemia]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]]
*[[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]] <ref name="pmid25192814">{{cite journal| author=Abed J, Judeh H, Abed E, Kim M, Arabelo H, Gurunathan R| title="Fixing a heart": the game of electrolytes in anorexia nervosa. | journal=Nutr J | year= 2014 | volume= 13 | issue=  | pages= 90 | pmid=25192814 | doi=10.1186/1475-2891-13-90 | pmc=PMC4168120 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25192814  }} </ref>
*[[Anovulation]]
*[[Anovulation]]
*[[Anterior pituitary failure]]
*[[Hypopituitarism|Anterior pituitary failure]]
*[[Antipsychotic agents]]
*[[Antidepressants]]
*[[Anxiety disorder]]  
*[[Antipsychotics]]
*[[Anxiety]]
*[[Arrhenoblastoma]]
*[[Arrhenoblastoma]]
*[[Asherman syndrome]]
*[[Asherman syndrome]]
*[[Autoimmune adrenalitis]]
*[[Autoimmune adrenalitis]]
*[[Hepatitis|Autoimmune hepatitis]]  
*[[Autoimmune hepatitis ]]
*[[Oophoritis|Autoimmune oophoritis]]
*Autoimmune [[Oophoritis|oophoritis]]
*[[Autoimmune ovary disorder]]
*[[Thyroid disease|Autoimmune thyroid disease]]  
*[[Bearn-Kunkel syndrome]]
*[[Bearn-Kunkel syndrome]]
*[[Blepharophimosis|Blepharophimosis syndrome]]
*[[Brain tumor]]
*[[Brain tumor]]
*[[Breast feeding]]
*[[Breastfeeding]]
*[[Bulimia]]  
*[[C21-hydroxylase deficiency]]
*[[C21-hydroxylase deficiency]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Celiac disease ]]
*[[Cervical closure due to injury]]
*[[Cervical closure]]
*[[Cervical closure following an operation]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]  
*[[Cessation of oral contraceptives]]
*[[Chiari-Frommel syndrome]]  
*[[Chiari-Frommel syndrome]]
*[[Chromosome 15q trisomy|Chromosome 15q duplication syndrome ]]
*[[Chromosome 15q, trisomy]]
*Chromosome 17p, partial deletion
*[[Chromosome 17p, partial deletion]]
*[[18p Deletion Syndrome|Chromosome 18, monosomy 18p]]
*[[Chromosome 18p minus syndrome]]
*[[Alcohol poisoning|Chronic alcohol poisoning]]
*[[Alcohol poisoning|Chronic alcohol poisoning]]
*[[Lead poisoning|Chronic lead poisoning]]
*[[Illness|Chronic illness]]
*[[Mercury poisoning|Chronic mercury poisoning]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]  
*[[Chronic morphine poisoning]]
*[[Climate change]]
*[[Climate change]]  
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]
*[[Celiac disease|Collagenous celiac disease]]
*[[Dilation and curettage (patient information)|Complications from D&C procedure]]  
*[[Complete androgen insensitivity]]
*[[Complications from d&c procedure]]
*[[Congenital absence of ovaries]]
*[[Congenital absence of uterus]]
*[[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
*[[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
*[[Congenital adrenal hypoplasia]]
*[[Congenital cervix abnormality]]
*[[Congenital gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) deficiency]]
*[[Congenital uterus abnormality]]
*[[Conn syndrome]]
*[[Conn syndrome]]
*[[Corpus luteum|Corpus luteum cyst]]
*[[Constitutional delay of puberty]]
*[[Corpus luteum|Corpus luteum cyst ]]  
*[[Cortisone reductase deficiency]]
*[[Cortisone reductase deficiency]]
*[[Cranial irradiation]]
*[[Irradiation|Cranial irradiation]]
*[[Craniopharyngioma]]
*[[Cretinism]]
*[[Cretinism]]
*[[Curettage]]
*[[Cushing syndrome]]
*[[Cushing's Disease|Cushing disease]]
*[[Cushing's disease]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]  
*[[Cytotoxic therapeutic agents]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Defect in sry gene]]
*[[Swyer's syndrome|Defect in SRY gene]]
*[[Denys-Drash syndrome]]
*[[Denys-Drash syndrome]]  
*[[Depression]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Dietetic deficiency]]
*[[Diet (nutrition)|Dietetic]] deficiency
*[[Double uterus]]
*[[Down's syndrome]]
*[[Down's syndrome]]
*[[Dystrophia adipose-genitalis]]
*[[Dystrophia adipose-genitalis]]
*[[Dystrophia myotonica 1]]
*[[Eating disorders]]<ref name="pmid19935043">{{cite journal| author=Andersen AE, Ryan GL| title=Eating disorders in the obstetric and gynecologic patient population. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 2009 | volume= 114 | issue= 6 | pages= 1353-67 | pmid=19935043 | doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c070f9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19935043  }} </ref>
*[[Eating disorders]]
*[[Ectopic pregnancy]] <ref name="pmid25603672">{{cite journal| author=Shaikh NB, Shaikh S, Shaikh F| title=A clinical study of ectopic pregnancy. | journal=J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad | year= 2014 | volume= 26 | issue= 2 | pages= 178-81 | pmid=25603672 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25603672  }} </ref>
*[[Ectopic pregnancy]]
*[[Emotion|Emotional]] turmoil
*[[Emaciation]]
*[[Empty sella syndrome]]  
*[[Emotional disorders]]
*[[Asherman's syndrome|Endometrial scarring]]
*[[Empty sella syndrome]]
*[[Epirubicin]]  
*[[Asherman's syndrome overview|Endometrial scarring]]  
*[[Epirubicin]]
*[[Ethanol]]
*[[Ethanol]]
*[[Excessive dieting]]  
*Excessive [[Physical exercise|exercise]]
*[[Excessive exercise]]
*Exogenous [[Androgen|androgen]] use
*[[Female athlete syndrome]]  
*[[Female athlete triad|Female athlete syndrome]]<ref name="pmid10865930">{{cite journal| author=Hobart JA, Smucker DR| title=The female athlete triad. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2000 | volume= 61 | issue= 11 | pages= 3357-64, 3367 | pmid=10865930 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10865930  }} </ref>
*[[Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1|FGFR1]] mutation
*[[Fluoxymesterone]]
*[[Fluoxymesterone]]
*[[Forbes-Albright syndrome]]
*[[Forbes-Albright syndrome]]  
*[[Frasier syndrome]]
*[[Frasier syndrome]]
*[[Adiposogenital dystrophy|Frohlich's syndrome]]
*[[Adiposogenital dystrophy|Fröhlich's syndrome]]
*[[Follicle-stimulating hormone|FSH receptor deficiency]]
*[[Follicle-stimulating hormone|FSH receptor deficiency]]
*[[Galactorrhea]]
*[[Galactorrhea]]
*[[Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency]]
*[[Galactorrhea|Galactorrhoea-hyperprolactinaemia]]  
*[[Galactosemia|Galactosemia type 1]]
*[[Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency]]  
*[[Hypopituitarism|Genetic causes of hypopituitarism]]
*[[Germinoma]]  
*[[Germinoma]]
*[[Glioma]]
*[[Glioma]]
*[[GnRH|GnRH deficiency]]
*[[GnRH|GnRH deficiency]]
*[[Gonadal dysgenesis]]
*[[Gonadal dysgenesis]]
*[[Granulosa cell tumour]]  
*[[Granulosa cell tumor]]  
*[[Grief]]
*[[Grief]]
*[[Hematometra]]
*[[Hemosiderosis]]
*[[Heart disease]]
*[[Hematocolpos]]
*[[Hematocolpos]]
*[[Hematometra]]
*[[Hematosalpinx]]
*[[Hematosalpinx]]
*[[Haemosiderosis]]
*[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
*[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
*[[Hodgkin's disease]]
*[[Herbal Agent overdose]]
*[[Mutation|Heterozygous mutations]]
*[[Hodgkin's disease]]
*[[Hormone|Hormonal disorders]]
*[[Hydatidiform mole]]
*[[Hydatidiform mole]]
*[[Hypergonadotropic ovarian failure]]
*[[Hyperprolactinaemia]]
*[[Hyperprolactinaemia]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]  
*[[Hypogonadism]]
*[[Hypogonadism]]
*[[Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]]
*[[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]]
*[[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]]
*[[Hypopituitarism]]  
*[[Hypopituitarism]]  
*[[Hypothalamus disorders]]
*[[Hypothalamic tumor]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hysterectomy]]
*[[Hysterectomy]]  
*[[Premature ovarian failure|Idiopathic premature ovarian failure]]
*[[Imperforate hymen]]  
*[[Illness]]
*[[Imperforate cervix]]
*[[Imperforate hymen]]
*[[Imperforate vagina]]
*[[Incomplete androgen insensitivity]]
*[[Incomplete androgen insensitivity]]
*[[Inflammatory diseases]]  
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]  
*[[Insanity]]
*[[Insanity]]
*[[Insulin resistance]]
*[[KAL1 gene|Kal1 mutation]]
*[[Isolated defect]]
*[[Kallmann syndrome]]  
*[[Steroidogenesis|Isolated disordered steroidogenesis]]
*[[Laron syndrome ]]  
*[[Kallmann syndrome]]
*[[Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome]]
*[[Lactation]]
*[[Lead poisoning]]
*[[cirrhosis]]
*[[Leukemia]]  
*[[Some forms of heart disease]]
*[[Liver cirrhosis]]
*[[Nephritis]]
*[[Underweight|Low weight]]  
*[[Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome|Laurence-Moon-biedl]]
*[[Leukemia]]
*[[Low body fat]]
*[[Low weight]]
*[[Major lifestyle changes]]  
*[[Malabsorption syndrome]]
*[[Malabsorption syndrome]]
*[[Malignant growth]]
*[[Malnutrition]]
*[[Masculinization disorders]]
*[[Virilization|Masculinization disorders]]
*[[Medroxyprogesterone acetate]]  
*[[Mayer-Rokitansky-Hauser syndrome|Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome]]  
*[[Meningioma]]
*[[Medroxyprogesterone acetate]]
*[[Meningioma]]  
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Metoclopramide]]
*[[Metoclopramide]]  
*[[Müllerian agenesis]]  
*[[Mercury poisoning]]
*[[morphine|Morphine]] poisoning
*[[Mullerian agenesis|Mullerian aplasia]]
*[[Mullerian dysgenesis]]
*[[Mullerian dysgenesis]]
*[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
*[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 ]]
*[[Mumps]]
*[[Mumps]]
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Myxoedema]]
*[[Myxoedema]]
*[[Nandrolone]]
*[[Nandrolone]]
*[[Narrow cervix]]
*[[Nephritis]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Ovarian agenesis]]
*[[Oral contraceptives]]
*[[Ovarian cancer]]
*[[Ovarian cancer]]  
*[[Ovarian destruction by double ovarian growth]]
*[[Ovarian failure]]
*[[Ovarian destruction by irradiation]]
*[[Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance|Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance ]]  
*[[Ovarian destruction by pelvic inflammation]]
*[[Premature ovarian failure|Ovarian insufficiency, familial]]
*[[Ovarian dysgensis]]
*[[Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter|Ovarioleukodystrophy]]
*[[Ovarian hormone disorders]]
*[[Ovarian insufficiency]]  
*[[Ovarioleukodystrophy]]
*[[Ovary damage]]  
*[[Ovary damage]]  
*[[Panhypopituitarism]]
*[[Panhypopituitarism ]]  
*[[Perimenopause]]
*[[Menopause|Perimenopause]]
*[[Pituitary disorder]]
*[[Pituitary apoplexy]]
*[[Pituitary apoplexy]]
*[[Pituitary tumor]]
*[[Laron syndrome|Pituitary dwarfism]]
*[[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]]
*[[Pituitary infarct]]
*[[Prader-Willi syndrome]]
*[[Pituitary tumour]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
*[[Prader-Willi syndrome ]]
*[[Pregnancy]]  
*[[Premature ovarian failure]]
*[[Premature ovarian failure]]
*[[Primary affective disorder]]
*[[Primary affective disorder]]
*[[Primary hypothalamic-pituitary failure]]
*[[Prokineticin receptor 2|PROKR2 mutation]]
*[[Prior dilatation and currettage]]
*[[Progeria short stature pigmented nevi]]
*[[Prolactinoma]]
*[[Prolactinoma]]
*[[Prolonged suppuration]]
*[[proprotein convertase|Proprotein convertase 1/3]] deficiency
*[[proprotein convertase|Proprotein convertase 1/3 deficiency]]
*[[Pseudoamenorrhea]]
*[[Pseudoamenorrhea]]
*[[Pseudocyesis]]
*[[Pseudocyesis]]
*[[Pseudohermaphroditism]]
*[[pseudohermaphroditism|Pseudohermaphroditism, female]]
*[[Psychiatric disorders]]
*[[Radiotherapy]]
*[[Radiotherapy]]
*[[Rapid weight loss]]
*[[Rapid weight loss]]  
*[[Refractory celiac disease]]
*[[Reproduction|Reproductive disorders]]
*[[Renal failure, chronic]]
*[[Sheehan syndrome]]
*[[Reproductive disorders]]
*[[Simmonds' disease]]
*[[Resistance to LH]]
*[[Retinitis pigmentosa]]
*[[Satoyoshi syndrome]]
*[[Severe or prolonged illness]]
*[[Sheehan's syndrome]]
*[[Simmond's disease]]
*[[Spironolactone]]
*[[Spironolactone]]
*[[Stanozolol]]
*[[Stanozolol]]
*[[Starvation]]
*[[Stein-Leventhal Syndrome]]
*[[Stein-Leventhal syndrome]]
*[[Stress]]
*[[Stress]]
*[[Swyer syndrome]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]  
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Testicular feminization syndrome]]
*[[Testicular feminization syndrome]]
*[[Testosterone]]
*[[Testosterone]]
*[[Tetrasomy X]]
*[[48, XXXX|Tetrasomy X]]  
*[[Thyroid disorder]]
*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
*[[Transverse vaginal septum]]
*[[Traumatic brain injury]]
*[[Traumatic brain injury]]
*[[Trisomy X]]
*[[Triple X syndrome]]
*[[Tubal ligation syndrome]]
*[[Tubal ligation|Tubal ligation]]syndrome
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]  
*[[Turner syndrome]]
*[[Turner syndrome]]  
*[[Type 1 diabetes]]
*[[Type 2 diabetes]]
*[[Underweight]]
*[[Underweight]]
*[[Uterine hypoplasia]]
*[[Mullerian agenesis|Uterine aplasia]]
*[[Vaginal agenesis]]
*[[Vaginal agenesis]]
*[[Vaginal closure due to fever]]
*[[Vaginal atresia|Vaginal closure]]
*[[Vaginal closure due to injury]]
*[[Vaginal septum]]
*[[Vanishing testes syndrome]]  
*[[Ovarian cancer|Virilizing ovarian tumor]]  
*[[Virilizing ovarian tumor]]
*[[Vitamin A|Vitamin A]] embryopathy
*[[Vitamin a embryopathy]]
*[[Weight gain]]
*[[Weight gain]]
*[[Werner's syndrome]]
*[[Werner syndrome]]
*[[Williams syndrome]]
*[[Swyer's syndrome|XY female]]
 
}}
}}
==Causes Based on Classification==
=== <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref>===
* [[17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]]
* [[Agonadism]]
* [[Anorexia Nervosa]]
* [[Anovulation]]
* [[androgen insenstivity syndrome|Complete androgen insenstivity syndrome]]
* [[Constitutional bradygenesis]]
* [[Constitutional delay of puberty]]
* [[Diabetes Mellitus]]
* Early infantile [[brain]] damage
* [[Gonadal dysgenesis]]
* [[adrenogenital syndrome|Homozygous adrenogenital syndrome]]
* [[Hymenal atresia]]
* [[Hyperandrogenism]]
* [[Hypothalamic]] and [[pituitary tumor]]s
** [[Hyperprolactinemia]] / [[Prolactin-secreting tumors]]
** [[Dysgerminoma]]
** [[Craniopharyngioma]]
* [[Idiopathic gonadotropin deficiency]]
* [[Kallmann's Syndrome]]
* [[Mayer-Rokitansky-Hauser Syndrome]]
* [[Mullerian dysgenesis]]
* Outflow tract disorders
* [[Pituitary insufficiency]]
** [[schistosomiasis|Pituitary schistosomiasis]]
** [[tuberculosis|Pituitary tuberculosis]]
** [[Empty Sella Syndrome]]
* [[Polycystic Ovary Syndrome]]
* Post-hormonal [[contraceptive]] amenorrhea
* Severe systemic diseases
* [[Swyer's Syndrome]]
* [[Testicular feminization]]
* [[Trauma]]
* [[Turner's Syndrome]]
* [[Uterine atresia]]
* [[hypoplasia|Uterine hypoplasia]]
* [[Vaginal atresia]] / gynatresia
=== Secondary Amenorrhea ===
* [[5-alpha-reductase deficiency]]
* [[Addiction]]
* [[Addison's Disease]]
* [[Adrenocortical insuffiency]]
* [[Adrenal tumor]]s
* [[Asherman's Syndrome]]
* [[Autoimmune diseases]]
* Body building (use of [[androgens]])
* [[Castration]] ([[radiation]] or surgical)
* [[Central nervous system|Central nervous system (CNS)]] tumor
* [[Cervical]] stenosis
* Change of environment
* Complete and incomplete [[androgen insensitivity]]
* [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
* Craniocerebral [[trauma]]
* [[Curettage]]
* [[Cushing's Syndrome]]
* [[Depression]]
* [[Diabetes Mellitus]]
* Drug Side Effect ([[Chlorpromazine]], [[Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol]], [[Docetaxel]], [[Epirubicin hydrochloride]], [[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]], [[Fluoxymesterone]], [[Histrelin]], [[Iloperidone]], [[Loxapine]], [[Medroxyprogesterone]], [[Norgestimate and Ethinyl estradiol]], [[Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol]], [[Sertraline]], [[Methyltestosterone]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Prochlorperazine]], [[Tiagabine]], and [[Trifluoperazine]])
* [[Encephalitis]]
* [[Enzymatic]] defects in [[testosterone]] biosynthesis
* Exposure to maternal [[androgens]] [[in utero]]
* [[Obesity|Extreme obesity]]
* During [[chemotherapy]]
* [[Gonadotropin]] deficiency in tumors
* Hormone-active [[ovarian]] tumor
* [[Hermaphroditism]]
* Heterozygous [[adrenogenital syndrome]]
* [[Hyperprolactinemia]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
* [[Hysterectomy]]
* Imprisonment
* [[Meningitis]]
* [[Mullerian dysgenesis|Mullerian anomalies]]
* [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
* [[Pituitary insufficiency]]
* [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
* Post-hormonal [[contraception]]
* Post-infection ([[mumps]] and severe [[pelvic inflammatory disease]])
* Post-operative [[gonadotropin]] deficiency
* [[Pregnancy]]
* Premature [[menopause]]
* [[Prolactinoma]]
* [[Radiation]]
* [[Sheehan's Syndrome]]
* [[Testicular feminization]]
* [[Transsexuality]] when taking androgens
* [[Turner's Syndrome]]
* [[Uterine]] cavity sclerosis
** [[Uterine]] [[Schistosomiasis]]
** [[Abortion]]
** Severe generalized [[infections]] of the [[pelvis]]
** Post uterine surgery
** Overzealous or repeated uterine [[curettage]]
** [[Tuberculosis]] [[endometritis]]
=== Functional amenorrhea ===
* [[Stress]]
* [[Eating disorders]]
* Excessive [[exercise]]
* [[Weight loss]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


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[[Category:Obstetrics]]

Latest revision as of 20:22, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2], Kiran Singh, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common causes of amenorrhea are breastfeeding, pregnancy, menopause, and stress. Common causes of primary amenorrhea are craniopharyngioma, idiopathic gonadotropin deficiency, Kallmann's Syndrome, Mayer-Rokitansky-Hauser Syndrome, Mullerian dysgenesis, and outflow tract disorders. Common causes of secondary amenorrhea are craniocerebral trauma, curettage, Cushing's Syndrome, depression, diabetes mellitus, and drug side effects. Common causes of functional amenorrhea are stress, rapid weight loss, and excessive exercise.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of amenorrhea, however complications resulting from untreated amenorrhea are common.

Common Causes

Less Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Haemosiderosis, heart disease
Chemical/Poisoning Alcoholism, Alcohol poisoning, Lead poisoning, Mercury poisoning, Morphine poisoning
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Systemic lupus erythematosus
Drug Side Effect Antidepressants, Antipsychotics, Chemotherapy, Combined oral contraceptive pill, Cyclophosphamide, Epirubicin, Ethanol, Fluoxymesterone, Medroxy-progesterone acetate, Metoclopramide, Nandrolone, Spironolactone, Stanozolol
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Acromegaly, 5-alpha-reductase deficiency, Achard-Thiers syndrome, Addison's disease, Adrenal cortex tumours, Adrenal gland disorders, Adrenocortical hyperplasia, Ahumada-Del Castillo syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Anorexia nervosa, Anovulation, Anterior pituitary failure, Arrhenoblastoma, Autoimmune adrenalitis, Breastfeeding, C21-hydroxylase deficiency, Chiari-Frommel syndrome, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia , Conn syndrome, Constitutional delay of puberty, Corpus luteum cyst, Cortisone reductase deficiency, Cretinism, Cushing's disease, Cushing syndrome, Diabetes mellitus, Dystrophia adipose-genitalis, Eating disorders, Empty sella syndrome, Exogenous androgen use, Female athlete syndrome, Forbes-Albright syndrome, Frohlich's syndrome, FSH receptor deficiency, Galactorrhea, Galactorrhoea-hyperprolactinaemia, GnRH deficiency, Hyperprolactinaemia, Hyperthyroidism, Hypogonadism, Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, Hypopituitarism, Hypothyroidism, Incomplete androgen insensitivity, Kallmann syndrome, Laron syndrome , Masculinization disorders, Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome, Menopause, Mullerian aplasia, Mullerian dysgenesis, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Myxoedema, Obesity, Ovarian failure, Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance, Familial ovarian insufficiency, Panhypopituitarism, Perimenopause, Pituitary apoplexy, Pituitary dwarfism, Pituitary infarct, Pituitary tumour, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Premature ovarian failure, Prolactinoma, Pseudoamenorrhea, Pseudocyesis, Rapid weight loss, Sheehan syndrome, Simmonds' disease, Stein-Leventhal syndrome, Testicular feminization syndrome, Testosterone, Thyrotoxicosis, Underweight, Weight gain, XY female
Environmental Climate change
Gastroenterologic Anorexia nervosa, Autoimmune hepatitis, Bearn-Kunkel syndrome, Celiac disease , Cystic fibrosis, Eating disorders, Hemosiderosis, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Inflammatory bowel disease, Liver cirrhosis, Malabsorption syndrome, Rapid weight loss, Weight gain
Genetic 18p minus syndrome, Agenesis of lower vagina, Androgen insensitivity syndrome, C21-hydroxylase deficiency, Celiac disease, Chromosome 15q duplication syndrome, Chromosome 17p - partial deletion, Cortisone reductase deficiency, Defect in sry gene, Cystic fibrosis, Down's syndrome, FGFR1 mutation, Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency, Gonadal dysgenesis, Kal1 mutation, Kallmann syndrome, Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome, Ovarian insufficiency - familial, Prader-Willi syndrome , PROKR2 mutation, Tetrasomy X, Triple X syndrome, Turner syndrome, Werner syndrome, XY female
Hematologic Anemia, Hemosiderosis, Hodgkin's disease, Leukemia
Iatrogenic Antidepressants, Antipsychotics, Chemotherapy, Combined oral contraceptive pill, Cyclophosphamide, Epirubicin, Ethanol, Fluoxymesterone, Medroxy-progesterone acetate, Metoclopramide, Nandrolone, Spironolactone, Stanozolol
Infectious Disease Mumps, Tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Brain tumor, Craniopharyngioma, Dystrophia adipose-genitalis, Empty sella syndrome, Frohlich's syndrome, Glioma, Hypothalamic tumor, Meningioma, Ovarioleukodystrophy, Traumatic brain injury
Nutritional/Metabolic Dietetic deficiency, Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency, Low weight, Malabsorption syndrome, Malnutrition, Obesity, Proprotein convertase 1,3 deficiency, Rapid weight loss, Underweight, Vitamin A embryopathy, Weight gain
Obstetric/Gynecologic Anovulation, Asherman syndrome, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmune oophoritis, Cervical closure, Combined oral contraceptive pill, Complications from D&C procedure, Corpus luteum cyst, Defect in SRY gene, Ectopic pregnancy, Endometrial scarring, FSH receptor deficiency, Germinoma, Granulosa-cell tumor, Hematocolpos, Hematometra, Hematosalpinx, Hydatidiform mole, Hypogonadism, Hysterectomy, Imperforate hymen, Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome, Menopause, Mullerian aplasia, Mullerian dysgenesis, Ovarian cancer, Ovarian failure, Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance, Ovarian insufficiency - familial, Ovarioleukodystrophy, Ovary damage, Perimenopause, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Pregnancy, Premature ovarian failure, Pseudoamenorrhea, Pseudocyesis, Reproductive disorders, Sheehan syndrome, Stein-Leventhal syndrome, Tubal ligation syndrome, Uterine aplasia, Vaginal agenesis, vaginal closure, vaginal septum, Virilizing ovarian tumor, XY female
Oncologic Granulosa cell tumor, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, Hypothalamic tumor, Leukemia, Meningioma, Ovarian cancer, Prolactinoma, Virilizing ovarian tumor
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity Alcohol poisoning, Lead poisoning, Mercury poisoning, Morphine poisoning
Psychiatric Alcoholism, Anorexia nervosa, Anxiety, Bulimia, Depression, Eating disorders, Emotional turmoil, Excessive exercise, Female athlete syndrome, Grief, Insanity, Ovarioleukodystrophy, Primary affection disorder, Stress
Pulmonary Cystic fibrosis, Tuberculosis
Renal/Electrolyte Chronic renal failure, Denys-Drash syndrome, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Nephritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Autoimmune adrenalitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmune oophoritis, Celiac disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Traumatic brain injury
Urologic Frasier syndrome
Miscellaneous Cranial irradiation, Chronic illness, Radiotherapy

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Causes Based on Classification

[5]

Secondary Amenorrhea

Functional amenorrhea

References

  1. ↑ Abed J, Judeh H, Abed E, Kim M, Arabelo H, Gurunathan R (2014). ""Fixing a heart": the game of electrolytes in anorexia nervosa". Nutr J. 13: 90. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-90. PMC 4168120. PMID 25192814.
  2. ↑ Andersen AE, Ryan GL (2009). "Eating disorders in the obstetric and gynecologic patient population". Obstet Gynecol. 114 (6): 1353–67. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c070f9. PMID 19935043.
  3. ↑ Shaikh NB, Shaikh S, Shaikh F (2014). "A clinical study of ectopic pregnancy". J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 26 (2): 178–81. PMID 25603672.
  4. ↑ Hobart JA, Smucker DR (2000). "The female athlete triad". Am Fam Physician. 61 (11): 3357–64, 3367. PMID 10865930.
  5. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016

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