Diphyllobothriasis overview: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Diphyllobothriasis is an infection caused commonly by [[Diphyllobothrium|diphyllobothrium latum.]] It usually causes [[abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]], and [[numbness]] of extremeties. The diagnosis is made by identifying eggs of the parasite in the stools. This infection is medically treated with a single dose of [[praziquantel]]. The transmission of diphyllobothriasis can be prevented by avoiding undercooked or raw fish meat.
Diphyllobothriasis is an infection commonly caused by [[Diphyllobothrium|''Diphyllobothrium latum.'']] Eggs of ''[[Diphyllobothrium]]'' that date back to 4000 BC have been found in France and Germany. In 1592 AD, T. Dunus gave the first recognizable description of the disease and the life cycle was fully elucidated at the end of the 19th century.'' D. latum'' has an aquatic life cycle and it is usually transmitted to humans by ingestion of the affected aquatic [[intermediate host]] (freshwater or marine fish).  It usually causes [[abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]], and [[numbness]] of [[extremities]]. Diphyllobothriasis is common in areas with lakes and rivers where humans consume raw or undercooked freshwater fish particularly Japan, Scandinavia, Siberia, and sporadic cases in North and South America. A common risk factor in the development of diphyllobothriasis is consumption of raw or poorly cooked fish meat.The symptoms of [[diphyllobothriasis]] usually develop after eating undercooked or raw infected fish meat and start with symptoms such as [[abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea]], [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]], and [[tiredness]]. If left untreated, patients with [[diphyllobothriasis]] may progress to develop complications such as [[megaloblastic anemia]], [[cholecystitis]]/[[cholangitis]], and [[intestinal obstruction]]. The prognosis of diphyllobothriasis is generally good. Patients with [[diphyllobothriasis]] are usually [[asymptomatic]] but may be irritated. Physical examination of patients with [[diphyllobothriasis]] is usually remarkable for [[abdominal tenderness]], pale [[conjunctiva]], pale skin, and [[Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord|decreased vibration and position senses]]. The diagnosis is made by identifying eggs of the [[Parasites|parasite]] in [[stool]]. Blood tests may show [[megaloblastic anemia]], [[eosinophilia]], and a [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|low vitamin B12 level]]. Diphyllobothriasis is medically treated with a single dose of [[praziquantel]]. The transmission of diphyllobothriasis can be prevented by avoiding undercooked or raw fish meat.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Eggs of [[Diphyllobothrium]] are found in France and Germany dates back to 4000 BC. In 1592 AD, first recognizable description of the disease was by T. Dunus and the lifecycle was fully elucidated at the end of 19th century.
Eggs of ''[[Diphyllobothrium]]'' that date back to 4000 BC have been found in France and Germany. In 1592 AD, T. Dunus gave the first recognizable description of the disease and the life cycle was fully elucidated at the end of the 19th century.


==Classification==
==Classification==
Line 12: Line 13:


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
Diphyllobothriasis is a disease caused by ''[[Diphyllobothrium|Diphyllobothrium latum]]''. ''D. latum'' has an aquatic life cycle and it is usually transmitted to the humans by ingesting the affected aquatic intermediate host (freshwater or marine fish). ''D. latum'' decreases the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 resulting in megaloblastic anemia in humans.
Diphyllobothriasis is a disease caused by ''[[Diphyllobothrium|Diphyllobothrium latum]]''. ''D. latum'' has an aquatic life cycle and is usually transmitted to the humans by ingestion of the affected aquatic [[intermediate host]] (freshwater or marine fish). ''D. latum'' decreases the [[intestinal]] absorption of [[vitamin B12]], resulting in [[megaloblastic anemia]] in humans.


==Causes==
==Causes==
'''''Diphyllobothrium''''' is a genus of [[tapeworm]] which can cause [[Diphyllobothriasis]] in humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The principal species causing diphyllobothriosis is ''[[Diphyllobothrium]] latum'', known as the '''broad''' or '''fish tapeworm''',  or '''broad fish tapeworm'''.  ''D. latum'' is a pseudophyllid [[cestode]] that infects fish and [[mammals]].  ''D. latum'' is native to Scandinavia, western Russia, and the Baltics, though it is now also present in North America, especially the Pacific Northwest.
'''Diphyllobothrium''' is a genus of [[tapeworm]] that can cause [[Diphyllobothriasis]] in humans through consumption of raw or under cooked fish. The principal species causing diphyllobothriosis is ''[[Diphyllobothrium]] latum'', known as the '''broad''' or '''fish tapeworm''',  or '''broad fish tapeworm'''.  ''D. latum'' is a [[pseudophyllidea]] [[cestode]] that infects fish and [[mammals]].  ''D. latum'' is native to Scandinavia, western Russia, and the Baltics, though it is now also present in North America, especially the Pacific Northwest. Other members of the genus [[Diphyllobothrium]] include ''Diphyllobothrium dendriticum'' (the '''salmon tapeworm'''), which has a much larger range (the whole northern hemisphere), '''''D. pacificum'', ''D. cordatum'', ''D. ursi'', ''D. lanceolatum'', ''D. dalliae'', and ''D. yonagoensis''''', all of which infect humans only infrequently.  In Japan, the most common species causing human [[infection]] is ''D. nihonkaiense'', which was only identified as a separate species from ''D. latum'' in 1989.<ref>{{cite journal | title=A human infection of the cestode, ''Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense'' | year=1989 | author=Lou YS, Koga M, Higo H, ''et al.'' | journal=Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi | volume=80 | pages=446–50 |pmid=2807129 }}</ref>
Other members of the genus ''[[Diphyllobothrium]]'' include ''Diphyllobothrium dendriticum'' (the '''salmon tapeworm'''), which has a much larger range (the whole northern hemisphere), '''''D. pacificum'', ''D. cordatum'', ''D. ursi'', ''D. lanceolatum'', ''D. dalliae'', and ''D. yonagoensis''''', all of which infect humans only infrequently.  In Japan, the most common species in human infection is ''D. nihonkaiense'', which was only identified as a separate species from ''D. latum'' in 1989.<ref>{{cite journal | title=A human infection of the cestode, ''Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense'' | year=1989 | author=Lou YS, Koga M, Higo H, ''et al.'' | journal=Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi | volume=80 | pages=446–50 |pmid=2807129 }}</ref>
==Differentiating (Disease name) from other Conditions==
==Differentiating (Disease name) from other Conditions==
Diphyllobothriasis must be differentiated from threadworm infections like [[taeniasis]], [[hymenolepiasis]], and [[schistosomiasis]].
Diphyllobothriasis must be differentiated from tapeworm infections like [[taeniasis]], [[hymenolepiasis]], and [[schistosomiasis]].


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
Diphyllobothriasis occurs in areas where lakes and rivers coexist with human consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish. It is particularly common in Japan, Scandinavia, Siberia, with sporadic cases in North and South America.
Diphyllobothriasis occurs in areas with lakes and rivers where humans consume raw or under cooked freshwater fish. It is particularly common in Japan, Scandinavia, Siberia, with sporadic cases in North and South America.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
The common risk factors in the development of diphyllobothriasis are eating raw or poorly cooked fish meat.
A common risk factor in the development of diphyllobothriasis is consumption of raw or poorly cooked fish meat.
==Screening==
==Screening==
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for diphyllobothriasis.
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for diphyllobothriasis.


==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
If left untreated, patients with diphyllobothriasis may progress to develop [[cholecystitis]]/[[cholangitis]] and [[anemia]]. Common complications of diphyllobothriasis include [[megaloblastic anemia]], [[cholecystitis]]/[[cholangitis]], and intestinal obstruction. Prognosis is generally good.
The symptoms of [[diphyllobothriasis]] usually develop after eating undercooked or raw infected fish meat and start with symptoms such as [[abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea]], [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]], and [[tiredness]]. If left untreated, patients with [[diphyllobothriasis]] may progress to develop complications such as [[megaloblastic anemia]], [[cholecystitis]]/[[cholangitis]], and [[intestinal obstruction]]. The prognosis of diphyllobothriasis is generally good.


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==


===History and Symptoms===
===History and Symptoms===
The symptoms of diphyllobothriasis may include [[abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], and less commonly numbness of toes and fingers.
The history of patients with [[diphyllobothriasis]] is significant for eating raw or poorly cooked fish meat. The symptoms of [[diphyllobothriasis]] may include [[abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]], [[Nausea and Vomiting|nausea]], [[vomiting]], and, less commonly, [[numbness]] of toes and fingers.


===Physical Examination===
===Physical Examination===
Patients with diphyllobothriasis are usually asymptomatic but may be irritated. Physical examination of patients with diphyllobothriasis is usually remarkable for [[abdominal tenderness]], pale conjunctiva/skin, and decreased vibration and position senses.<ref name="Medical microbiology">{{cite book | last = Baron | first = Samuel | title = Medical microbiology | publisher = University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston | location = Galveston, Tex | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19136438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scholz T, Garcia HH, Kuchta R, Wicht B |title=Update on the human broad tapeworm (genus diphyllobothrium), including clinical relevance |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=146–60, Table of Contents |year=2009 |pmid=19136438 |pmc=2620636 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00033-08 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2620636">{{cite journal |vauthors=Feng XF |title=[Cervical anastomosis of the stomach transposed through the esophageal bed--report of 536 cases] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=374–6 |year=1989 |pmid=2620636 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Patients with [[diphyllobothriasis]] are usually [[asymptomatic]] but may be irritated. Physical examination of patients with [[diphyllobothriasis]] is usually remarkable for [[abdominal tenderness]], pale [[conjunctiva]], pale skin, and [[Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord|decreased vibration and position senses]].
 
===Laboratory Findings===
===Laboratory Findings===
Diphyllobothriasis can be diagnosed with the morphological identification of [[diphyllobothrium]] eggs and adults. Molecular diagnosis can also be made with the [[PCR]].
Diphyllobothriasis can be diagnosed with the morphological identification of ''[[diphyllobothrium|Diphyllobothrium]]'' eggs and adults in the stool exam. Molecular diagnosis can also be made with the [[PCR]]. Blood tests may show [[megaloblastic anemia]], [[eosinophilia]], and a [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|low vitamin B12 level]].


===Chest X Ray===
===Chest X Ray===
There are no X-ray findings associated with Diphyllobothriasis.
There are no X-ray findings associated with [[diphyllobothriasis]].
 
===CT===
===CT===
There are no CT findings associated with Diphyllobothriasis
There are no CT findings associated with [[diphyllobothriasis]].
 
===MRI===
===MRI===
There are no MRI findings associated with Diphyllobothriasis
There are no MRI findings associated with [[diphyllobothriasis]].
 
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
There are no echocardiography or ultrasound findings associated with Diphyllobothriasis.
There are no [[echocardiography]] or [[ultrasound]] findings associated with [[diphyllobothriasis]].
 
===Other Imaging Findings===
===Other Imaging Findings===
There are no other imaging findings associated with Diphyllobothriasis.
There are no other imaging findings associated with [[diphyllobothriasis]].
 
===Other diagnostic findings===
===Other diagnostic findings===
There are no other diagnostic findings associated with Diphyllobothriasis.
Colonoscopy can reveal ''[[Diphyllobothrium|Diphyllobothrium latum]]'', usually located in the terminal [[ileum]] and extending to the [[sigmoid colon]].


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
===Medical Therapy===
===Medical Therapy===
Drugs used for [[diphyllobothriasis]] include either [[praziquantel]] or [[niclosamide]].
Drugs used for [[diphyllobothriasis]] include [[praziquantel]] and [[niclosamide]].


===Surgery===
===Surgery===
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of Diphyllobothriasis.
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [[diphyllobothriasis]].


===Primary Prevention===
===Primary Prevention===
Effective measures for the primary prevention of diphyllobothriasis include avoiding/limiting consuming raw fish, proper cooking, and storing of fish meat.
Effective measures for the primary prevention of diphyllobothriasis include avoiding/limiting consumption of raw fish and proper cooking and storing of fish meat.


===Secondary Prevention===
===Secondary Prevention===
The primary and secondary prevention strategies for Diphyllobothriasis are the same.
The secondary prevention strategies for [[diphyllobothriasis]] are similar to its [[Diphyllobothriasis primary prevention|primary preventive measures]].


==Reference==
==Reference==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


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[[Category: Foodborne illnesses]]
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Latest revision as of 21:24, 29 July 2020

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Overview

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Furqan M M. M.B.B.S[2], Kalsang Dolma, M.B.B.S.[3]

Overview

Diphyllobothriasis is an infection commonly caused by Diphyllobothrium latum. Eggs of Diphyllobothrium that date back to 4000 BC have been found in France and Germany. In 1592 AD, T. Dunus gave the first recognizable description of the disease and the life cycle was fully elucidated at the end of the 19th century. D. latum has an aquatic life cycle and it is usually transmitted to humans by ingestion of the affected aquatic intermediate host (freshwater or marine fish). It usually causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, and numbness of extremities. Diphyllobothriasis is common in areas with lakes and rivers where humans consume raw or undercooked freshwater fish particularly Japan, Scandinavia, Siberia, and sporadic cases in North and South America. A common risk factor in the development of diphyllobothriasis is consumption of raw or poorly cooked fish meat.The symptoms of diphyllobothriasis usually develop after eating undercooked or raw infected fish meat and start with symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and tiredness. If left untreated, patients with diphyllobothriasis may progress to develop complications such as megaloblastic anemia, cholecystitis/cholangitis, and intestinal obstruction. The prognosis of diphyllobothriasis is generally good. Patients with diphyllobothriasis are usually asymptomatic but may be irritated. Physical examination of patients with diphyllobothriasis is usually remarkable for abdominal tenderness, pale conjunctiva, pale skin, and decreased vibration and position senses. The diagnosis is made by identifying eggs of the parasite in stool. Blood tests may show megaloblastic anemia, eosinophilia, and a low vitamin B12 level. Diphyllobothriasis is medically treated with a single dose of praziquantel. The transmission of diphyllobothriasis can be prevented by avoiding undercooked or raw fish meat.

Historical Perspective

Eggs of Diphyllobothrium that date back to 4000 BC have been found in France and Germany. In 1592 AD, T. Dunus gave the first recognizable description of the disease and the life cycle was fully elucidated at the end of the 19th century.

Classification

There is no known classification for diphyllobothriasis but it may be classified on the basis of the organisms causing it.

Pathophysiology

Diphyllobothriasis is a disease caused by Diphyllobothrium latum. D. latum has an aquatic life cycle and is usually transmitted to the humans by ingestion of the affected aquatic intermediate host (freshwater or marine fish). D. latum decreases the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, resulting in megaloblastic anemia in humans.

Causes

Diphyllobothrium is a genus of tapeworm that can cause Diphyllobothriasis in humans through consumption of raw or under cooked fish. The principal species causing diphyllobothriosis is Diphyllobothrium latum, known as the broad or fish tapeworm, or broad fish tapeworm. D. latum is a pseudophyllidea cestode that infects fish and mammals. D. latum is native to Scandinavia, western Russia, and the Baltics, though it is now also present in North America, especially the Pacific Northwest. Other members of the genus Diphyllobothrium include Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (the salmon tapeworm), which has a much larger range (the whole northern hemisphere), D. pacificum, D. cordatum, D. ursi, D. lanceolatum, D. dalliae, and D. yonagoensis, all of which infect humans only infrequently. In Japan, the most common species causing human infection is D. nihonkaiense, which was only identified as a separate species from D. latum in 1989.[1]

Differentiating (Disease name) from other Conditions

Diphyllobothriasis must be differentiated from tapeworm infections like taeniasis, hymenolepiasis, and schistosomiasis.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Diphyllobothriasis occurs in areas with lakes and rivers where humans consume raw or under cooked freshwater fish. It is particularly common in Japan, Scandinavia, Siberia, with sporadic cases in North and South America.

Risk Factors

A common risk factor in the development of diphyllobothriasis is consumption of raw or poorly cooked fish meat.

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for diphyllobothriasis.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

The symptoms of diphyllobothriasis usually develop after eating undercooked or raw infected fish meat and start with symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and tiredness. If left untreated, patients with diphyllobothriasis may progress to develop complications such as megaloblastic anemia, cholecystitis/cholangitis, and intestinal obstruction. The prognosis of diphyllobothriasis is generally good.

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

The history of patients with diphyllobothriasis is significant for eating raw or poorly cooked fish meat. The symptoms of diphyllobothriasis may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and, less commonly, numbness of toes and fingers.

Physical Examination

Patients with diphyllobothriasis are usually asymptomatic but may be irritated. Physical examination of patients with diphyllobothriasis is usually remarkable for abdominal tenderness, pale conjunctiva, pale skin, and decreased vibration and position senses.

Laboratory Findings

Diphyllobothriasis can be diagnosed with the morphological identification of Diphyllobothrium eggs and adults in the stool exam. Molecular diagnosis can also be made with the PCR. Blood tests may show megaloblastic anemia, eosinophilia, and a low vitamin B12 level.

Chest X Ray

There are no X-ray findings associated with diphyllobothriasis.

CT

There are no CT findings associated with diphyllobothriasis.

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with diphyllobothriasis.

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography or ultrasound findings associated with diphyllobothriasis.

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with diphyllobothriasis.

Other diagnostic findings

Colonoscopy can reveal Diphyllobothrium latum, usually located in the terminal ileum and extending to the sigmoid colon.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Drugs used for diphyllobothriasis include praziquantel and niclosamide.

Surgery

Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of diphyllobothriasis.

Primary Prevention

Effective measures for the primary prevention of diphyllobothriasis include avoiding/limiting consumption of raw fish and proper cooking and storing of fish meat.

Secondary Prevention

The secondary prevention strategies for diphyllobothriasis are similar to its primary preventive measures.

Reference

  1. Lou YS, Koga M, Higo H; et al. (1989). "A human infection of the cestode, Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense". Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 80: 446–50. PMID 2807129.

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