Spina bifida screening: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MMJ}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MMJ}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
First time in 1975, it was reported that [[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]] levels are often raised in maternal blood in association with [[neural tube defect]] of the fetus and it is an important advance in obstetric practice since it presents the possibility of a screening programme leading to early diagnosis and termination of these abnormal pregnancies. Screening for spina bifida by mother's blood's [[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]] [alpha‐fetoprotein] is recommended for all pregnant women with Triple Test. Triple test looks for three specific substances: AFP, hCG, and Estriol. Triple test is performed between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy preferably in the 16th -18th week. All pregnant women should have triple test dureng pregnancy, but is is more important in pregnants with: Family history of birth defects, age of 35 years or older, [[Diabetes]] and use [[insulin]], viral infection during pregnancy andexposure to high levels of [[Radiation therapy|radiation]]. In patients with high level of [[AFP]], use of ultrasound and amniocentesis may be useful to diagnose open [[neural tube defects]] including spina bifida. | |||
==Screening== | ==Screening== | ||
* First time in 1975, it was reported that [[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]] levels are often raised in maternal blood in association with [[neural tube defect]] of the fetus and it is an important advance in obstetric practice since it presents the possibility of a screening programme leading to early diagnosis and termination of these abnormal pregnancies. | * First time in 1975, it was reported that [[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]] levels are often raised in maternal blood in association with [[neural tube defect]] of the fetus and it is an important advance in obstetric practice since it presents the possibility of a screening programme leading to early diagnosis and termination of these abnormal pregnancies.<ref name="pmid4486472">{{cite journal |vauthors=McFarlane JK |title=The nature of nursing and the place of research. 1 |journal=World Ir Nurs |volume=1 |issue=12 |pages=251 passim |date=December 1972 |pmid=4486472 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25537246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu Z, Liu X, Li L, Jia C, Li D, Liu R |title=[Predictive value of abnormal second-trimester maternal serum triple screening markers for adverse pregnancy outcomes] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=749–53 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25537246 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Screening for spina bifida by mother's blood's [[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]] [alpha‐fetoprotein] is recommended for all pregnant women with Triple Test. | * Screening for spina bifida by mother's blood's [[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]] [alpha‐fetoprotein] is recommended for all pregnant women with Triple Test.<ref name="pmid4381295">{{cite journal |vauthors=Péron FG, McCarthy JL, Guerra F |title=Further studies on corticosteroidogenesis. IV. Inhibition of utilization of biological substrates for corticoid synthesis by high calcium concentrations. Possible role of transhydrogenase in corticosteroidogenesis |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=450–69 |date=April 1966 |pmid=4381295 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1071059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wyshak G, Haase JV |title=Profile of dental hygienists |journal=Dent Hyg (Chic) |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=497–501 |date=November 1976 |pmid=1071059 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Triple test looks for three specific substances: AFP, hCG, and Estriol. | * Triple test looks for three specific substances: AFP, hCG, and Estriol.<ref name="pmid4381295">{{cite journal |vauthors=Péron FG, McCarthy JL, Guerra F |title=Further studies on corticosteroidogenesis. IV. Inhibition of utilization of biological substrates for corticoid synthesis by high calcium concentrations. Possible role of transhydrogenase in corticosteroidogenesis |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=450–69 |date=April 1966 |pmid=4381295 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25537246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu Z, Liu X, Li L, Jia C, Li D, Liu R |title=[Predictive value of abnormal second-trimester maternal serum triple screening markers for adverse pregnancy outcomes] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=749–53 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25537246 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Triple test is performed between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy preferably in the 16th -18th week. | * Triple test is performed between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy preferably in the 16th -18th week.<ref name="pmid4381295">{{cite journal |vauthors=Péron FG, McCarthy JL, Guerra F |title=Further studies on corticosteroidogenesis. IV. Inhibition of utilization of biological substrates for corticoid synthesis by high calcium concentrations. Possible role of transhydrogenase in corticosteroidogenesis |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=450–69 |date=April 1966 |pmid=4381295 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25537246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu Z, Liu X, Li L, Jia C, Li D, Liu R |title=[Predictive value of abnormal second-trimester maternal serum triple screening markers for adverse pregnancy outcomes] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=749–53 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25537246 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1071059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wyshak G, Haase JV |title=Profile of dental hygienists |journal=Dent Hyg (Chic) |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=497–501 |date=November 1976 |pmid=1071059 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3111043">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shcherbukhin VV, Khramtsov AV, Zemskov VM, Filatov AV |title=[Poisson equalization of multicomponent cytofluorograms] |language=Russian |journal=Tsitologiia |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=497–502 |date=April 1987 |pmid=3111043 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* All pregnant women should have triple test dureng pregnancy, but is is more important in pregnants with: | * All pregnant women should have triple test dureng pregnancy, but is is more important in pregnants with:<ref name="pmid4381295">{{cite journal |vauthors=Péron FG, McCarthy JL, Guerra F |title=Further studies on corticosteroidogenesis. IV. Inhibition of utilization of biological substrates for corticoid synthesis by high calcium concentrations. Possible role of transhydrogenase in corticosteroidogenesis |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=450–69 |date=April 1966 |pmid=4381295 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25537246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu Z, Liu X, Li L, Jia C, Li D, Liu R |title=[Predictive value of abnormal second-trimester maternal serum triple screening markers for adverse pregnancy outcomes] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=749–53 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25537246 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
** Family history of birth defects | ** Family history of birth defects | ||
** Age of 35 years or older | ** Age of 35 years or older | ||
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** Viral infection during pregnancy | ** Viral infection during pregnancy | ||
** Exposure to high levels of [[Radiation therapy|radiation]] | ** Exposure to high levels of [[Radiation therapy|radiation]] | ||
* In patients with high level of [[AFP]], use of ultrasound and amniocentesis may be useful to diagnose open [[neural tube defects]] including spina bifida. | * In patients with high level of [[AFP]], use of [[ultrasound]] and [[amniocentesis]] may be useful to diagnose open [[neural tube defects]] including spina bifida.<ref name="pmid25537246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu Z, Liu X, Li L, Jia C, Li D, Liu R |title=[Predictive value of abnormal second-trimester maternal serum triple screening markers for adverse pregnancy outcomes] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=749–53 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25537246 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1071059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wyshak G, Haase JV |title=Profile of dental hygienists |journal=Dent Hyg (Chic) |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=497–501 |date=November 1976 |pmid=1071059 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3111043">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shcherbukhin VV, Khramtsov AV, Zemskov VM, Filatov AV |title=[Poisson equalization of multicomponent cytofluorograms] |language=Russian |journal=Tsitologiia |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=497–502 |date=April 1987 |pmid=3111043 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 21:46, 28 January 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]
Overview
First time in 1975, it was reported that AFP levels are often raised in maternal blood in association with neural tube defect of the fetus and it is an important advance in obstetric practice since it presents the possibility of a screening programme leading to early diagnosis and termination of these abnormal pregnancies. Screening for spina bifida by mother's blood's AFP [alpha‐fetoprotein] is recommended for all pregnant women with Triple Test. Triple test looks for three specific substances: AFP, hCG, and Estriol. Triple test is performed between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy preferably in the 16th -18th week. All pregnant women should have triple test dureng pregnancy, but is is more important in pregnants with: Family history of birth defects, age of 35 years or older, Diabetes and use insulin, viral infection during pregnancy andexposure to high levels of radiation. In patients with high level of AFP, use of ultrasound and amniocentesis may be useful to diagnose open neural tube defects including spina bifida.
Screening
- First time in 1975, it was reported that AFP levels are often raised in maternal blood in association with neural tube defect of the fetus and it is an important advance in obstetric practice since it presents the possibility of a screening programme leading to early diagnosis and termination of these abnormal pregnancies.[1][2]
- Screening for spina bifida by mother's blood's AFP [alpha‐fetoprotein] is recommended for all pregnant women with Triple Test.[3][4]
- Triple test looks for three specific substances: AFP, hCG, and Estriol.[3][2]
- Triple test is performed between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy preferably in the 16th -18th week.[3][2][4][5]
- All pregnant women should have triple test dureng pregnancy, but is is more important in pregnants with:[3][2]
- In patients with high level of AFP, use of ultrasound and amniocentesis may be useful to diagnose open neural tube defects including spina bifida.[2][4][5]
References
- ↑ McFarlane JK (December 1972). "The nature of nursing and the place of research. 1". World Ir Nurs. 1 (12): 251 passim. PMID 4486472.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Hu Z, Liu X, Li L, Jia C, Li D, Liu R (October 2014). "[Predictive value of abnormal second-trimester maternal serum triple screening markers for adverse pregnancy outcomes]". Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 49 (10): 749–53. PMID 25537246.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Péron FG, McCarthy JL, Guerra F (April 1966). "Further studies on corticosteroidogenesis. IV. Inhibition of utilization of biological substrates for corticoid synthesis by high calcium concentrations. Possible role of transhydrogenase in corticosteroidogenesis". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 117 (2): 450–69. PMID 4381295.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Wyshak G, Haase JV (November 1976). "Profile of dental hygienists". Dent Hyg (Chic). 50 (11): 497–501. PMID 1071059.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Shcherbukhin VV, Khramtsov AV, Zemskov VM, Filatov AV (April 1987). "[Poisson equalization of multicomponent cytofluorograms]". Tsitologiia (in Russian). 29 (4): 497–502. PMID 3111043.