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==Overview==
==Overview==
The incidence of primary amenorrhea is approximately 3,000 cases per 100,000 individuals, mostly due to [[hypothalamic]] amenorrhea. The incidence of secondary amenorrhea is approximately 3,300 per 100,000 individuals in Sweden. The prevalence of amenorrhea is approximately 3,000 to 4,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The prevalence of amenorrhea was estimated to be 13,400 cases per 100,000 female athletes in Oslo marathon games. The [[Case fatality rate|case-fatality rate]]/[[mortality rate]] of amenorrhea is less than 1%, and seen in patients of [[Pituitary macroadenoma|pituitary macroadenomas]] or generally [[Brain tumor|brain lesions]] which cause amenorrhea. Primary amenorrhea is usually first diagnosed among [[adolescence|adolescents]] (around 16 years of age). There is no racial predilection for amenorrhea. Commonly, females in [[Developed country|developed countries]] experience [[puberty]] and [[menarche]] earlier than females of developing countries. This can be attributed to [[nutritional]] and socioeconomic situation but since the age of diagnosis of primary amenorrhea is based on the society's mean age of [[puberty]] onset and [[menarche]], there is not any difference between developing and [[Developed country|developed countries]] in terms of prevalence of amenorrhea.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*The incidence of primary amenorrhea is approximately 3,000 per 100,000 individuals, mostly due to [[hypothalamic]] amenorrhea.<ref name="pmid2407749">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenfield RL |title=Clinical review 6: Diagnosis and management of delayed puberty |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=559–62 |year=1990 |pmid=2407749 |doi=10.1210/jcem-70-3-559 |url=}}</ref>
*The incidence of secondary amenorrhea is approximately 3,300 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid4722382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pettersson F, Fries H, Nillius SJ |title=Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhea. I. Incidence and prevalence rates |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=80–6 |year=1973 |pmid=4722382 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The incidence of genital abnormality in patients with amenorrhea is about 15% (15,000 per each 100,000 individuals).<ref name="pmid19007635" />
*10% of primary amenorrhea cases are caused by [[Mullerian agenesis]], 10,000 cases per 100,000 cases.<ref name="pmid17055812" />
*[[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]] accounts for 5% cases of primary amenorrhea, 1.7 cases per 100,000 of population.<ref name="pmid2234749">{{cite journal |vauthors=Doody KM, Carr BR |title=Amenorrhea |journal=Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=361–87 |year=1990 |pmid=2234749 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Anatomical|Anatomic]] defects incidences are including [[imperforate hymen]] of 100 in 100,000 women and transverse [[vaginal septum]] of 1.25 in 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid17055812" />
*Among the women with [[fragile X syndrome]], 16,000 cases per 100,000 individuals would experience amenorrhea.<ref name="pmid10208170">{{cite journal |vauthors=Allingham-Hawkins DJ, Babul-Hirji R, Chitayat D, Holden JJ, Yang KT, Lee C, Hudson R, Gorwill H, Nolin SL, Glicksman A, Jenkins EC, Brown WT, Howard-Peebles PN, Becchi C, Cummings E, Fallon L, Seitz S, Black SH, Vianna-Morgante AM, Costa SS, Otto PA, Mingroni-Netto RC, Murray A, Webb J, Vieri F |title=Fragile X premutation is a significant risk factor for premature ovarian failure: the International Collaborative POF in Fragile X study--preliminary data |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=322–5 |year=1999 |pmid=10208170 |pmc=3728646 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The incidence of [[Rokitansky syndrome|Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome]] is approximately 20 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid8893702">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fedele L, Bianchi S, Tozzi L, Borruto F, Vignali M |title=A new laparoscopic procedure for creation of a neovagina in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=854–7 |year=1996 |pmid=8893702 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The incidence of [[Kallmann syndrome]] is approximately 2.5 per 100,000 girls.<ref name="pmid18985070">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dodé C, Hardelin JP |title=Kallmann syndrome |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–46 |year=2009 |pmid=18985070 |pmc=2986064 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.206 |url=}}</ref>
*The incidence of [[Turner syndrome]] is approximately 40 per 100,000 live female births.<ref name="pmid2037286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nielsen J, Wohlert M |title=Chromosome abnormalities found among 34,910 newborn children: results from a 13-year incidence study in Arhus, Denmark |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=81–3 |year=1991 |pmid=2037286 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The incidence of [[Premature ovarian failure|premature ovarian insufficiency]] is approximately 100 per 100,000 under 30 years, 400 per 100,000 around 35 years, and 1000 per 100,000 at 40 years of age.<ref name="pmid12836721">{{cite journal |vauthors=Timmreck LS, Reindollar RH |title=Contemporary issues in primary amenorrhea |journal=Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=287–302 |year=2003 |pmid=12836721 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Prevalence===
*The prevalence of amenorrhea is approximately 3,000 to 4,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.<ref name="pmid7114117">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bachmann GA, Kemmann E |title=Prevalence of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea in a college population |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=144 |issue=1 |pages=98–102 |year=1982 |pmid=7114117 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid47223822">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pettersson F, Fries H, Nillius SJ |title=Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhea. I. Incidence and prevalence rates |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=80–6 |year=1973 |pmid=4722382 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In Oslo marathon games, the prevalence of amenorrhea was estimated to be 13,400 cases per 100,000 female athletes.<ref name="pmid8827845">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomten SE |title=Prevalence of menstrual dysfunction in Norwegian long-distance runners participating in the Oslo Marathon games |journal=Scand J Med Sci Sports |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=164–71 |year=1996 |pmid=8827845 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The prevalence of both primary and secondary amenorrhea is estimated to be 10-15 cases annually, in highly specialized referral centres.<ref name="pmid19007635">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Current evaluation of amenorrhea |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=90 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S219–25 |year=2008 |pmid=19007635 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.038 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17055812">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Current evaluation of amenorrhea |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=86 |issue=5 Suppl 1 |pages=S148–55 |year=2006 |pmid=17055812 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.08.013 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Premature ovarian failure]] prevalence among women is 1,000 to 5,000 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid5786709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jones GS, De Moraes-Ruehsen M |title=A new syndrome of amenorrhae in association with hypergonadotropism and apparently normal ovarian follicular apparatus |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=597–600 |year=1969 |pmid=5786709 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Prevalence of [[oligomenorrhea]] and [[amenorrhea]] among [[polycystic ovary syndrome]] patients are 76% and 24%, respectively.<ref name="pmid11720900">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bili H, Laven J, Imani B, Eijkemans MJ, Fauser BC |title=Age-related differences in features associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in normogonadotrophic oligo-amenorrhoeic infertile women of reproductive years |journal=Eur. J. Endocrinol. |volume=145 |issue=6 |pages=749–55 |year=2001 |pmid=11720900 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The prevalence of [[weight]] related amenorrhea is approximately 1,000 to 5,000 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid9435412">{{cite journal |vauthors=Laughlin GA, Dominguez CE, Yen SS |title=Nutritional and endocrine-metabolic aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=25–32 |year=1998 |pmid=9435412 |doi=10.1210/jcem.83.1.4502 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hyperprolactinemia]] prevalence among patients with primary amenorrhea is about 1%.<ref name="pmid17701788">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel SS, Bamigboye V |title=Hyperprolactinaemia |journal=J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=455–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17701788 |doi=10.1080/01443610701406125 |url=}}</ref>
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*The case-[[fatality rate]]/[[mortality rate]] of amenorrhea is approximately below 1%, due to [[Pituitary macroadenoma|pituitary macroadenomas]] or generally [[Brain tumor|brain lesions]] which cause amenorrhea.
===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop secondary amenorrhea, before [[menopause]].
*The incidence of [[Premature ovarian failure|premature ovarian insufficiency]] is approximately 100 per 100,000 under 30 years, 400 per 100,000 around 35 years, and 1000 per 100,000 at 40 years of age.<ref name="pmid12836721" />
*Primary amenorrhea is usually first diagnosed among [[adolescence]] (around 16 years of age).
===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to amenorrhea.
*[[Menarche]] usually occurs earlier in non-Hispanic black girls compared to girls of the white race.
*Whereas, menarche in Mexican American girls is slightly earlier than girls of the white race.<ref name="pmid12509562" />
===Region===
*The incidence of secondary amenorrhea is approximately 3,300 per 100,000 individuals in Sweden. 0.7% of studied population have amenorrhea secondary to [[oral contraceptives]].<ref name="pmid4722382" />
*In Oslo marathon games, the prevalence of amenorrhea was estimated to be 13,400 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid8827845" />
===Developed Countries vs. Developing Countries===
* Majority of times, girls from [[Developed country|developed countries]] experience the [[puberty]] and [[menarche]] earlier than developing countries, due to [[nutritional]] and socioeconomic situation. But, since the diagnosing age of primary amenorrhea is based on society's mean age of [[puberty]] onset and [[menarche]],  there is not any difference between developing and [[Developed country|developed countries]] in prevalence of amenorrhea.<ref name="pmid12509562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chumlea WC, Schubert CM, Roche AF, Kulin HE, Lee PA, Himes JH, Sun SS |title=Age at menarche and racial comparisons in US girls |journal=Pediatrics |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=110–3 |year=2003 |pmid=12509562 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 20:22, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Overview

The incidence of primary amenorrhea is approximately 3,000 cases per 100,000 individuals, mostly due to hypothalamic amenorrhea. The incidence of secondary amenorrhea is approximately 3,300 per 100,000 individuals in Sweden. The prevalence of amenorrhea is approximately 3,000 to 4,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The prevalence of amenorrhea was estimated to be 13,400 cases per 100,000 female athletes in Oslo marathon games. The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of amenorrhea is less than 1%, and seen in patients of pituitary macroadenomas or generally brain lesions which cause amenorrhea. Primary amenorrhea is usually first diagnosed among adolescents (around 16 years of age). There is no racial predilection for amenorrhea. Commonly, females in developed countries experience puberty and menarche earlier than females of developing countries. This can be attributed to nutritional and socioeconomic situation but since the age of diagnosis of primary amenorrhea is based on the society's mean age of puberty onset and menarche, there is not any difference between developing and developed countries in terms of prevalence of amenorrhea.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

Prevalence

  • The prevalence of amenorrhea is approximately 3,000 to 4,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[11][12]
  • In Oslo marathon games, the prevalence of amenorrhea was estimated to be 13,400 cases per 100,000 female athletes.[13]
  • The prevalence of both primary and secondary amenorrhea is estimated to be 10-15 cases annually, in highly specialized referral centres.[3][4]
  • Premature ovarian failure prevalence among women is 1,000 to 5,000 per 100,000 individuals.[14]
  • Prevalence of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea among polycystic ovary syndrome patients are 76% and 24%, respectively.[15]
  • The prevalence of weight related amenorrhea is approximately 1,000 to 5,000 per 100,000 individuals.[16]
  • Hyperprolactinemia prevalence among patients with primary amenorrhea is about 1%.[17]

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop secondary amenorrhea, before menopause.
  • The incidence of premature ovarian insufficiency is approximately 100 per 100,000 under 30 years, 400 per 100,000 around 35 years, and 1000 per 100,000 at 40 years of age.[10]
  • Primary amenorrhea is usually first diagnosed among adolescence (around 16 years of age).

Race

  • There is no racial predilection to amenorrhea.
  • Menarche usually occurs earlier in non-Hispanic black girls compared to girls of the white race.
  • Whereas, menarche in Mexican American girls is slightly earlier than girls of the white race.[18]

Region

  • The incidence of secondary amenorrhea is approximately 3,300 per 100,000 individuals in Sweden. 0.7% of studied population have amenorrhea secondary to oral contraceptives.[2]
  • In Oslo marathon games, the prevalence of amenorrhea was estimated to be 13,400 cases per 100,000 individuals.[13]

Developed Countries vs. Developing Countries

References

  1. ↑ Rosenfield RL (1990). "Clinical review 6: Diagnosis and management of delayed puberty". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 70 (3): 559–62. doi:10.1210/jcem-70-3-559. PMID 2407749.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Pettersson F, Fries H, Nillius SJ (1973). "Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhea. I. Incidence and prevalence rates". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 117 (1): 80–6. PMID 4722382.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Current evaluation of amenorrhea". Fertil. Steril. 90 (5 Suppl): S219–25. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.038. PMID 19007635.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Current evaluation of amenorrhea". Fertil. Steril. 86 (5 Suppl 1): S148–55. 2006. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.08.013. PMID 17055812.
  5. ↑ Doody KM, Carr BR (1990). "Amenorrhea". Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 17 (2): 361–87. PMID 2234749.
  6. ↑ Allingham-Hawkins DJ, Babul-Hirji R, Chitayat D, Holden JJ, Yang KT, Lee C, Hudson R, Gorwill H, Nolin SL, Glicksman A, Jenkins EC, Brown WT, Howard-Peebles PN, Becchi C, Cummings E, Fallon L, Seitz S, Black SH, Vianna-Morgante AM, Costa SS, Otto PA, Mingroni-Netto RC, Murray A, Webb J, Vieri F (1999). "Fragile X premutation is a significant risk factor for premature ovarian failure: the International Collaborative POF in Fragile X study--preliminary data". Am. J. Med. Genet. 83 (4): 322–5. PMC 3728646. PMID 10208170.
  7. ↑ Fedele L, Bianchi S, Tozzi L, Borruto F, Vignali M (1996). "A new laparoscopic procedure for creation of a neovagina in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome". Fertil. Steril. 66 (5): 854–7. PMID 8893702.
  8. ↑ Dodé C, Hardelin JP (2009). "Kallmann syndrome". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 17 (2): 139–46. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.206. PMC 2986064. PMID 18985070.
  9. ↑ Nielsen J, Wohlert M (1991). "Chromosome abnormalities found among 34,910 newborn children: results from a 13-year incidence study in Arhus, Denmark". Hum. Genet. 87 (1): 81–3. PMID 2037286.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Timmreck LS, Reindollar RH (2003). "Contemporary issues in primary amenorrhea". Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 30 (2): 287–302. PMID 12836721.
  11. ↑ Bachmann GA, Kemmann E (1982). "Prevalence of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea in a college population". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 144 (1): 98–102. PMID 7114117.
  12. ↑ Pettersson F, Fries H, Nillius SJ (1973). "Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhea. I. Incidence and prevalence rates". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 117 (1): 80–6. PMID 4722382.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Tomten SE (1996). "Prevalence of menstrual dysfunction in Norwegian long-distance runners participating in the Oslo Marathon games". Scand J Med Sci Sports. 6 (3): 164–71. PMID 8827845.
  14. ↑ Jones GS, De Moraes-Ruehsen M (1969). "A new syndrome of amenorrhae in association with hypergonadotropism and apparently normal ovarian follicular apparatus". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 104 (4): 597–600. PMID 5786709.
  15. ↑ Bili H, Laven J, Imani B, Eijkemans MJ, Fauser BC (2001). "Age-related differences in features associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in normogonadotrophic oligo-amenorrhoeic infertile women of reproductive years". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 145 (6): 749–55. PMID 11720900.
  16. ↑ Laughlin GA, Dominguez CE, Yen SS (1998). "Nutritional and endocrine-metabolic aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1210/jcem.83.1.4502. PMID 9435412.
  17. ↑ Patel SS, Bamigboye V (2007). "Hyperprolactinaemia". J Obstet Gynaecol. 27 (5): 455–9. doi:10.1080/01443610701406125. PMID 17701788.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Chumlea WC, Schubert CM, Roche AF, Kulin HE, Lee PA, Himes JH, Sun SS (2003). "Age at menarche and racial comparisons in US girls". Pediatrics. 111 (1): 110–3. PMID 12509562.

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