Transitional cell carcinoma risk factors: Difference between revisions

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{{Transitional cell carcinoma}}
{{Transitional cell carcinoma}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{PSK}}{{AG}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of [[Transitional cell bladder carcinoma|transitional cell carcinoma]] are [[smoking]], occupational exposure to [[chemicals]], chronic [[bladder]] irritation, [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy]], [[arsenic]], personal history of [[Cancer (disease)|cancer]] in the [[urinary tract]], [[congenital]] [[Bladder|bladder anomalies]], and [[Aristolochic acid|aristolochic acids]].
== Risk Factors ==
== Risk Factors ==
*Cigarette smoking. Smoking greatly increases the risk of developing bladder cancer. Up to half of all bladder cancers in men and several in women may be caused by cigarette smoke.
Environmental exposures account for most cases of [[bladder cancer]].
*Chemical exposure at work. About one in four cases of bladder cancer is caused by coming into contact with to cancer-causing chemicals at work. These chemicals are called carcinogens. Dye workers, rubber workers, aluminum workers, leather workers, truck drivers, and pesticide applicators are at the highest risk.
 
*Chemotherapy: The chemotherapy drug [[cyclophosphamide]] (Cytoxan) may increase the risk of bladder cancer.
Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of [[transitional cell carcinoma]] are:<ref name="Canada">Risk factors for bladder cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks/?region=ab Accessed on February 10, 2016 </ref><ref name="KirkaliTuzel2003">{{cite journal|last1=Kirkali|first1=Ziya|last2=Tuzel|first2=Emre|title=Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis|journal=Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology|volume=47|issue=2|year=2003|pages=155–169|issn=10408428|doi=10.1016/S1040-8428(03)00079-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid21846855">{{cite journal| author=Freedman ND, Silverman DT, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC| title=Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women. | journal=JAMA | year= 2011 | volume= 306 | issue= 7 | pages= 737-45 | pmid=21846855 | doi=10.1001/jama.2011.1142 | pmc=3441175 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21846855  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26149669">{{cite journal| author=Cumberbatch MG, Rota M, Catto JW, La Vecchia C| title=The Role of Tobacco Smoke in Bladder and Kidney Carcinogenesis: A Comparison of Exposures and Meta-analysis of Incidence and Mortality Risks. | journal=Eur Urol | year= 2016 | volume= 70 | issue= 3 | pages= 458-66 | pmid=26149669 | doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.042 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26149669  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14750529">{{cite journal| author=Kogevinas M, 't Mannetje A, Cordier S, Ranft U, González CA, Vineis P et al.| title=Occupation and bladder cancer among men in Western Europe. | journal=Cancer Causes Control | year= 2003 | volume= 14 | issue= 10 | pages= 907-14 | pmid=14750529 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14750529  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17671226">{{cite journal| author=Jiang X, Yuan JM, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Yu MC| title=Environmental tobacco smoke and bladder cancer risk in never smokers of Los Angeles County. | journal=Cancer Res | year= 2007 | volume= 67 | issue= 15 | pages= 7540-5 | pmid=17671226 | doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0048 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17671226  }}</ref>
*Radiation treatment: Women who had radiation therapy to treat cervical cancer have an increased risk of developing bladder cancer.
 
*Bladder infection: A long-term (chronic) bladder infection or irritation may lead to a certain type of bladder cancer.
*[[Smoking]]
Some research has suggested a link between artificial sweeteners and bladder cancer. The evidence is weak.
**[[Smoking]] [[tobacco]] is the strongest risk factor for developing [[cancer]] of the r[[Renal pelvis|enal pelvis]] or [[ureter]].
**Risk increases with the length of time a person [[smokes]] and with the number of [[cigarettes]] smoked.
*Exposure to [[secondhand smoke]]
*[[Phenacetin]]
*[[Aromatic amines]], such as 2[[Naphthylamine|-naphthylamine]], [[benzidine]]
*[[Human papilloma virus]]
*[[Balkan nephropathy]]
*Well-characterized [[carcinogenic]] chemicals
** 4-aminobiphenyl
** 4-nitrobiphenyl
** 2-amino-1-naphthol
*Occupational exposure to [[chemicals]]
:*[[Metal]] workers
:* Painters
:* Rubber industry workers
:* Textile and electrical workers
:* Miners
:* Cement workers
:* Transport operators
:* Excavating-machine operators
:* Jobs that involve the manufacture of carpets, paints, plastics, and industrial chemicals.
* Chronic [[bladder]] irritation
* Drinking chlorinated [[water]]
* High concentrations of [[arsenic]] in drinking water
* Decreased fluid intake
* Consumption of Chinese herbs that contain [[aristolochic acid]]
*[[Inflammation]]
*Chronic [[urinary tract infection]]
*[[Bladder stones]]
*''[[Schistosoma haematobium]]''
 
*[[Trauma]]
* [[Chemotherapy]]
:* [[Cyclophosphamide]]
:* [[Ifosfamide]]
* [[Radiation therapy]]
* [[Arsenic]]
* [[Congenital]] [[bladder anomalies]]
:*[[Urachus]]
:*[[Bladder exstrophy|Exstrophy]]
*[[Urothelial cancer|Urothelial cancers]] of the [[renal pelvis]] and [[ureter]]
* Augmentation [[cystoplasty]]
*[[Thiazolidinediones]] given for [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]]
* Other factors
:* Air pollution
:*[[Artificial sweetener|Artificial sweeteners]]
:* Coffee and tea
:* Hair dyes
*[[Genetic]] effects
:*[[Hereditary]]
:*[[Mutations|Mutation]] in the [[TP53 (gene)|TP53 gene]]
:* Alterations of the [[Rb|RB gene]]
:* Differences in the endogenous mechanisms responsible for metabolizing chemical [[carcinogens]]
 
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Latest revision as of 17:10, 11 November 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Suveenkrishna Pothuru, M.B,B.S. [2]Anthony Gallo, B.S. [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of transitional cell carcinoma are smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, arsenic, personal history of cancer in the urinary tract, congenital bladder anomalies, and aristolochic acids.

Risk Factors

Environmental exposures account for most cases of bladder cancer.

Common risk factors in the development of transitional cell carcinoma are:[1][2][3][4][5][6]

  • Metal workers
  • Painters
  • Rubber industry workers
  • Textile and electrical workers
  • Miners
  • Cement workers
  • Transport operators
  • Excavating-machine operators
  • Jobs that involve the manufacture of carpets, paints, plastics, and industrial chemicals.

References

  1. ↑ Risk factors for bladder cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks/?region=ab Accessed on February 10, 2016
  2. ↑ Kirkali, Ziya; Tuzel, Emre (2003). "Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 47 (2): 155–169. doi:10.1016/S1040-8428(03)00079-9. ISSN 1040-8428.
  3. ↑ Freedman ND, Silverman DT, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC (2011). "Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women". JAMA. 306 (7): 737–45. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1142. PMC 3441175. PMID 21846855.
  4. ↑ Cumberbatch MG, Rota M, Catto JW, La Vecchia C (2016). "The Role of Tobacco Smoke in Bladder and Kidney Carcinogenesis: A Comparison of Exposures and Meta-analysis of Incidence and Mortality Risks". Eur Urol. 70 (3): 458–66. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.042. PMID 26149669.
  5. ↑ Kogevinas M, 't Mannetje A, Cordier S, Ranft U, González CA, Vineis P; et al. (2003). "Occupation and bladder cancer among men in Western Europe". Cancer Causes Control. 14 (10): 907–14. PMID 14750529.
  6. ↑ Jiang X, Yuan JM, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Yu MC (2007). "Environmental tobacco smoke and bladder cancer risk in never smokers of Los Angeles County". Cancer Res. 67 (15): 7540–5. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0048. PMID 17671226.

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