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==Differentiating Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone from other Diseases==
==Differentiating Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone from other Diseases==
[[SIADH]] must be differentiated from cerebral salt wasting, [[ adrenal insufficiency]], [[hypopituitarism]], [[hypothyroidism]], and [[psychogenic polydipsia]]<ref name="pmid27936532">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ |title=Endocrinology Update: Hypopituitarism |journal=FP Essent |volume=451 |issue= |pages=25–30 |year=2016 |pmid=27936532 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15241506">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hammer F, Arlt W |title=[Hypopituitarism] |language=German |journal=Internist (Berl) |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=795–811; quiz 812–3 |year=2004 |pmid=15241506 |doi=10.1007/s00108-004-1216-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25712898">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Fost M, Oussaada SM, Endert E, Linthorst GE, Serlie MJ, Soeters MR, DeVries JH, Bisschop PH, Fliers E |title=The water deprivation test and a potential role for the arginine vasopressin precursor copeptin to differentiate diabetes insipidus from primary polydipsia |journal=Endocr Connect |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=86–91 |year=2015 |pmid=25712898 |pmc=4401105 |doi=10.1530/EC-14-0113 |url=}}</ref>
[[SIADH]] must be differentiated from cerebral salt wasting, [[ adrenal insufficiency]], [[hypopituitarism]], [[hypothyroidism]], and [[psychogenic polydipsia]]<ref name="pmid27936532">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heidelbaugh JJ |title=Endocrinology Update: Hypopituitarism |journal=FP Essent |volume=451 |issue= |pages=25–30 |year=2016 |pmid=27936532 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15241506">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hammer F, Arlt W |title=[Hypopituitarism] |language=German |journal=Internist (Berl) |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=795–811; quiz 812–3 |year=2004 |pmid=15241506 |doi=10.1007/s00108-004-1216-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25712898">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Fost M, Oussaada SM, Endert E, Linthorst GE, Serlie MJ, Soeters MR, DeVries JH, Bisschop PH, Fliers E |title=The water deprivation test and a potential role for the arginine vasopressin precursor copeptin to differentiate diabetes insipidus from primary polydipsia |journal=Endocr Connect |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=86–91 |year=2015 |pmid=25712898 |pmc=4401105 |doi=10.1530/EC-14-0113 |url=}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Causes
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Symptoms
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Diagnosis and treatment
|- Diagnostic criteria of SIADH include:
|[[SIADH]]
|[[SIADH]] is a syndrome characterized by excessive release of [[Vasopressin|antidiuretic hormone]] (ADH or vasopressin) from the [[posterior pituitary]] gland or another source. The result is [[hyponatremia]], and sometimes [[fluid]] overload
|
*[[Nausea]] / [[vomiting]]
*[[Cramps]]
*[[Depressed mood]]
*[[Irritability]]
*[[Confusion]]
*[[ Hallucinations]]
*[[Seizures]], [[stupor]] or [[coma ]]
|
*[[Hyponatremia ]] <135 mmol/l
*Effective serum [[osmolality]]<275mosm
*Urine [[sodium]] concentration>40mmol/litre
*Plasma [[uric acid]] <200;FeUrate>12%
*Absence of [[Edematous malnutrition|edematous]] disease like[[ cardiac failure]], [[liver cirrhosis]],[[ nephrotic syndrome]].


{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 1000px" align=center
|valign=top|
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Differential Diagnosis}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 300px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Similar Features}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 300px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Differentiating Features}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;"|[[SIADH]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
*Excessive release of [[Vasopressin|antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)]]  from the [[posterior pituitary]] gland or another source.
*[[Hyponatremia]]
*[[Fluid]] overload
*[[Hyponatremia]] <135 mmol/l
*Effective serum [[osmolality]] < 275 mOsm
*Urine [[sodium]] concentration > 40 mMol/l
*Plasma [[uric acid]] < 200
*Absence of [[edema]]-inducing diseases, such as [[heart failure]], [[liver cirrhosis]], and [[nephrotic syndrome]]
*Normal [[adrenal]] and [[thyroid]] function
*Normal [[adrenal]] and [[thyroid]] function
 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
-
|-
|-
|[[Cerebral salt wasting syndrome]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;"|[[Cerebral salt wasting syndrome]]
 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
|[[ Cerebral salt wasting syndrome]] is defined as the[[ renal]] loss of [[sodium]] during [[Intracranial Bleeding|intracranial]] [[disease]] leading to [[hyponatremia]] and a decrease in extracellular [[fluid]] volume
*[[Hypovolemia]]  
 
*[[Hyponatremia]]
*[[Trauma]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
*[[Tumor]]
*Intracranial [[diseases]], such as:
*[[Hematoma]]
**[[Tumor]]
 
**[[Trauma]]
|The patient is
**[[Hematoma]]
*[[Hypovolemic]]  
*[[Hyponatremia|Hyponatremic]]
 
|Treatment is
*[[Hydration]] and
*[[Sodium]] replacement
|-
|-
|[[Adrenal insufficiency]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;"|[[Adrenal insufficiency]]
 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
|[[Adrenal insufficiency]]
*[[Hypovolemia]]  
* [[ Mineralocorticoid deficiency]] is present. [[Secondary]] or [[tertiary adrenal insufficiency]] will  have preserved[[ mineralocorticoid]] function owing to  separate feedback mechanisms
*[[Hyponatremia]]
Adrenal insufficiency can be
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
*[[Primary]]
*[[Secondary]]
*[[Tertiary]]
 
Common causes of primary [[adrenal]] insufficiency:  
*[[Autoimmune]]
*[[Iatrogenic]]
*[[Drugs]]
* [[Adrenal hemorrhage]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Infection]]
*[[Congenital]]
*Secondary [[Adrenal gland|adrenal]] insufficiency: ( [[Aldosterone]]) levels normal
*Most common causes are:
*[[Traumatic brain injury (TBI) ]]
*[[Panhypopituitarism]] 
*Tertiary [[Adrenal gland|adrenal]] insufficiency
*Exogenous[[ steroid]] administration is the most common cause of tertiary [[adrenal]] insufficiency
|
* [[Fatigue]]
*[[ Muscle weakness]]
* [[Loss of appetite]]
*[[ Weight loss]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
*[[Diarrhea]]
*[[Vomiting]]
 
Chronic disease is characterized by
*[[Weight loss]]
*[[Weight loss]]
*Sparse [[axillary]] hair
*Sparse [[axillary]] hair
*[[Hyperpigmentation]]  
*[[Hyperpigmentation]]  
*[[Orthostatic hypotension]].
*[[Orthostatic hypotension]]
 
Acute [[addisonian]] crisis is characterized by:
*[[Fever]]  
*[[Fever]]  
*[[ Hypotension]]
*[[Hypotension]]
|The diagnosis of [[Addisons]] disease is made through rapid [[ACTH]] administration and measurement of [[cortisol]].
*[[Eosinophilia]]
*Lab findings include:
*[[White blood cell]] count with moderate [[neutropenia]]
*[[Lymphocytosis]]
*[[ Eosinophilia]]
*[[Hyperkalemia]]  
*[[Hyperkalemia]]  
* [[Hypoglycemia]]
*[[Hypoglycemia]]
*Morning low plasma [[cortisol]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;"|[[Hypopituitarism]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
*[[Hypovolemia]]  
*[[Hyponatremia]]
*[[Hyponatremia]]
* Morning low plasma [[cortisol]].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
The definitive diagnosis is the [[cosyntropin]] or [[ACTH]] stimulation test. A[[ cortisol]] level is obtained before and after administering [[ACTH]]. A normal person should show a brisk rise in [[cortisol]] level after [[ACTH]] administration.
 
 
Management: The management of [[Addison]] [[disease]] involves:
*[[Gluocorticoid]]
*[[Mineralocorticoid]]
*[[Sodium chloride]] replacement.
[[Adrenal gland|Adrenal]] crisis:  
*In adrenal crisis,measure [[cortisol]] level,then rapidly administer
*[[ Fluids]]
*[[ Hydrocortisone]] 
|-
|[[Hypopituitarism]]
| Abnormality in [[anterior pituitary]] function
Etiology is as follows:
*[[Pituitary]] [[tumors]]
*[[Sellar tumors]]
*[[Head trauma]]
*[[Infection]]
*[[Empty sella]]
*[[Infiltration]]
*Idiopathic
*[[Congenital]]
|
[[Signs]] and [[symptoms]] of[[ hypopituitarism]] vary, depending on the deficient
 
[[hormone ]] and severity of the disorder,some of the [[symptoms]] may be as follows:
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Weight loss]]
* [[Weight loss]]
Line 141: Line 68:
* [[Anemia]]
* [[Anemia]]
* [[Infertility]]
* [[Infertility]]
*[[ Cold insensitivity]].
* [[Cold intolerance]]
* [[Amenorrha]]
* [[Amenorrhea]]
*[[Inability to lactate]] in [[breast feeding]] women
* Inability to lactate in [[breast feeding]] women
* Decreased [[facial]] or[[ body hair]] in men
* Decreased [[facial]] or [[body hair]] in men
* [[Short stature]] in children
* [[Short stature]] in children
|
* [[History]] and[[ physical examination]], including [[visual field]] testing, are important.
The [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment]] of permanent [[hypopituitarism]] consists of replacement of the peripheral [[hormones]]
*[[Hydrocortisone]]
*[[DHEA]]
*[[Thyroxine]]
*[[Testosterone]] or [[oestradiol]]
*[[ Growth hormone]]
*[[Surgery]] and/or
*[[ Radiotherapy]] to restore normal [[endocrine]] function and quality of life
*Life long [[Monitoring competence|monitoring]] of serum [[hormone]] levels and [[symptoms]] of hormone deficiency or excess is needed in these [[patients]]
|-
|-
|[[Hypothyroidism]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;"|[[Psychogenic polydipsia]]  
|Hypofunctioning of the thyroid gland due to multifactorial etiology ranging from congenital to [[autoimmune]] causes described below:
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
*[[Congenital]]
*[[Hypovolemia]]  
*[[Autoimmune]]
*[[Hyponatremia]]
*[[Drugs]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;"|
*Post [[surgery]]
*Defect in the [[hypothalamus]]
*Post [[radiation]]
*Infiltrative e.g., [[amyloid]]
|
*[[ Fatigue]]
* [[Constipation]]
*[[ Dry skin]]
*[[ Weight gain]]
* [[Cold intolerance]]
*[[ Puffy face]]
*[[ Hoarseness]]
*[[ Muscle weakness]]
* Elevated blood [[cholesterol]] level
* [[Bradycardia]]
*[[ Myopathy]]
*[[ Depression]]
* Impaired [[memory]]
| Diagnosis of [[hypothyroidism]] is based on [[blood]] tests:
*T3([[triiodothyronine]])
*T4([[Thyroxine]]) and
*TSH ([[thyroid]] stimulating hormone).
*Signs and [[symptoms]] are neither [[sensitive]] nor [[specific]] for the [[diagnosis]].
*[[TSH]] is the most [[Sensitive Skin|sensitive]] tool for [[Screening (medicine)|screening]],diagnosis and [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment]] follow up, when[[ pituitary]] is normal.
*The [[drug]] of choice for treatment is [[Levothyroxine]]
|-
|[[Psychogenic polydipsia]]  
| Also called as primary [[polydipsia]] is characterized by[[ polyuria]] and [[polydipsia]]. Causes are:
 
*Adverse effect of a [[medication]]
*Traumatic[[ brain]] injury
*[[Psychiatric]] disorders such as [[schizophrenia]]
* Defect in the [[hypothalamus]]
|
*[[Polyuria]]
*[[Polyuria]]
*[[Polydipsia]]
*[[Polydipsia]]
Line 202: Line 85:
*[[Lethargy]]
*[[Lethargy]]
*[[Psychosis]]
*[[Psychosis]]
*[[Seizures]] and
*[[Seizures]]  
*Sometimes, even death
|Evaluation of[[ psychiatric]] patients with [[polydipsia]] requires an evaluation for other medical causes of polydipsia, [[polyuria]],[[ hyponatremia]], and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of [[antidiuretic]] hormone.
*The management strategy in[[ psychiatric]] patients should include:
 
*[[Fluid]] restriction and[[ behavioral]] and [[pharmacologic]] modalities.
*The water deprivation test is the [[gold standard]] test
|}
|}


Revision as of 18:27, 11 October 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone consists of hyponatremia, inappropriately elevated urine osmolality, excessive urine sodium, and decreased serum osmolality in a euvolemic patient without edema. These findings should occur in the absence of diuretic treatment with normal cardiac, renal, adrenal, hepatic, and thyroid function. Hyponatremia occurs in about 30% of hospitalized patients and SIADH is the most frequent cause of hyponatremia. Differentiating SIADH from other causes of hyponatremia becomes essential to evaluate the treatment plan.

Differentiating Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone from other Diseases

SIADH must be differentiated from cerebral salt wasting, adrenal insufficiency, hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, and psychogenic polydipsia[1][2][3]

Differential Diagnosis Similar Features Differentiating Features
SIADH

-

Cerebral salt wasting syndrome
Adrenal insufficiency
Hypopituitarism
Psychogenic polydipsia

References

  1. ↑ Heidelbaugh JJ (2016). "Endocrinology Update: Hypopituitarism". FP Essent. 451: 25–30. PMID 27936532.
  2. ↑ Hammer F, Arlt W (2004). "[Hypopituitarism]". Internist (Berl) (in German). 45 (7): 795–811, quiz 812–3. doi:10.1007/s00108-004-1216-5. PMID 15241506.
  3. ↑ de Fost M, Oussaada SM, Endert E, Linthorst GE, Serlie MJ, Soeters MR, DeVries JH, Bisschop PH, Fliers E (2015). "The water deprivation test and a potential role for the arginine vasopressin precursor copeptin to differentiate diabetes insipidus from primary polydipsia". Endocr Connect. 4 (2): 86–91. doi:10.1530/EC-14-0113. PMC 4401105. PMID 25712898.


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